Fluidization behavior in a circulating slugging fluidized bed reactor. Part II: Plug characteristics

In the transporting square nosed slugging fluidization regime () a bed of polyethylene powder with a low density () and a large particle size distribution () was operated in two circulating fluidized bed systems (riser diameters 0.044 and 0.105 m). A relation was derived for the plug velocity as a function of the gas velocity, solids flux, riser diameter, particle size range and particle and powder properties. The influence of the plug length on the plug velocity, the raining rate of solids onto and from the plugs and the influence of the particle size range on the plug velocity is accounted for.     

Fluidization characteristics of rice husk in a bubbling fluidized bed

An investigation was carried out in a circulating fluidized bed to explore if rice husk could be fluidized without mixing it with any foreign solids. Experimental results indicate that bed cross‐section has an important influence on the fluidization characteristics of rice husk. Larger the cross‐section, easier it is to fluidize the husk without slugging. Particle size, sphericity, bulk density, and transport velocity of husk were measured. The riser was operated under bubbling bed regimes. Efforts were made to measure the minimum fluidization velocity by varying the bed depth and cross‐section.     

Removal characteristics of some priority organic pollutants from water in a fixed bed fly ash column

The efficiency of a coal fly ash (generated from a thermal power plant) adsorption column for the removal of some priority organic pollutants, viz phenol, o‐hydroxyphenol, m‐hydroxyphenol and 4‐nitrophenol from aqueous solution has been studied. The column performance was evaluated from the concept of the formation of a primary adsorption zone and the breakthrough curve. The extent of solute removal obtained from breakthrough curve during column operation was compared with that obtained from the isotherm parameters for batch operation. The loaded solutes in the column were successfully eluted with acetone, achieving 98% recovery. In order to determine the practical applicability of the column operation the process was repeated a number of times and the variation of column capacity with number of operation cycles was evaluated. Even after six successive cycles, the column was found to retain almost 80% capacity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fluidization dynamic characteristics of carbon nanotube particles in a tapered fluidized bed

In this work, a tapered fluidized bed (TFB) without a distributor for fluidizing carbon nanotube (CNT) was applied for improving the dead zone, blockage, and fracture of distributor, which occurred in actual production. Experiments were performed under different superficial gas velocities, static bed heights, CNT agglomerate size, and positions of pressure probe. To obtain multi-perspective and multi-scale understanding of fluidization dynamics of gas–CNT flow in the TFB without a distributor, the standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, wavelet decompositions and homogeneous index analysis methods were adopted. Some noticeable phenomena were observed. Particle movements including inter-particle, gas–particle and particle–wall dominate dynamic characteristics. The amplitudes of pressure fluctuations of coarse agglomerated multi-walled CNT were more sensitive to the gas velocity than that of fine agglomerated multi-walled CNT. The sensitively of energy contribution of the meso- and macro-structures was that the sensitivity of the measured position was less than the sensitivity of the energy contribution by the changes of particle size, and the sensitivity of the energy contribution by the changes of particle size was less than the energy contribution by the changes of gas velocity. The fluidization quality of coarse agglomerated multi-walled CNT was better than that of fine agglomerated multi-walled CNT, which was verified by the skewness and wavelet analysis.     

Fluidization characteristics of oil palm frond particles in agitated bed

Fluidization characteristics of crushed oil palm fronds were studied. The elongated shape of the particles and their fibrous nature created entanglement between the particles and caused the bed to form crack and plug flow when aerated in ordinary fluidized bed. Fluidization of the fibres became feasible with the aid of mechanical agitation. Agitation helped to loosen the entanglement of the fibres which prevents air to pass through the bed of particles, as a result, fluidization state could be attained. Experiments were carried out in a column with height of 72 cm and ID of 14.4 cm. Superficial air velocities used ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 m/s, bed heights ranged from 4 to 8.5 cm, agitation speeds ranged from 300 to 500 rpm and particle initial moisture contents from 0.5 to 2.4 g water/g dry solids. Analysis of the fluidization characteristics showed that minimum fluidization velocity was independent with bed height and agitation speed. However, investigation on the effect of particle initial moisture content showed that minimum fluidization velocity increased with particle moisture content. A new empirical correlation to predict minimum fluidization velocity has been derived which gives good agreement with experimental data in this study and the data from other study in the literature.     

MRI investigations of particle motion within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed

The unique ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide spatial and temporal information from optically opaque systems, in three dimensions, make it an ideal tool to study the internal motion of rapid granular flows. This paper will focus on the use of ultra-fast velocity compensated MRI measurements to study particle velocity and density distributions in a granular gas, produced by vibrating vertically a bed of mustard seeds at 40 Hz. Specifically, a velocity compensated, double spin-echo, triggered, one-dimensional MRI profiling pulse sequence was developed. This gives an MRI temporal resolution of approximately 2 ms and also minimises MRI velocity artefacts. 12 phase measurements per vibration cycle were used. The data can be used to extract values of the mustard seed average velocity and velocity propagators (probability distributions functions) as a function of the phase of the vibration cycle and vertical height within the cell. The data show strong transient effects during the impact phase of the vibration. A detailed discussion of the temporal passage of the individual phase resolved, height resolved velocity distributions, along with seed velocity propagators at a fix height from the vibrating base is presented.     

燃煤流化床飞灰湿法固定CO_2反应特性研究

为处理流化床飞灰堆积,实现CO2减排,以燃煤循环流化床锅炉飞灰作为碳捕获剂,进行了流化床飞灰湿法碳酸化固定CO2的工艺参数研究。考察了反应压力、反应温度、液固比对CO2单位固定量(每克飞灰固定的CO2质量)的影响。结果表明:反应压力只影响反应速率,不影响CO2固定量;在液固比为1 m L/g、反应温度70℃、反应压力3 MPa、搅拌转速300 r/min的条件下,最大CO2单位固定量为0.0879 g/g,碳酸化效率高达49.58%,说明流化床飞灰有较强的CO2固定能力。因此,利用燃煤流化床飞灰固定CO2具有一定的应用价值。     

振动流化床中流体力学的研究

建立了振动流化床冷模试验装置，以陶瓷球、柠檬酸、尼龙１０１０等为试料，研究了一定振幅和较低开孔率下振动频率、床层高度、气速等参数对振动流化床床层压力降的影响，得出了振动对床层最小流化压力降降低的程度。     

循环流化床中烟气飞灰汞迁移规律

在小型热态循环流化床试验台上进行褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧试验,研究3种典型煤的烟气气态汞和飞灰颗粒汞迁移规律。试验结果表明：褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤在燃烧过程中,炉膛温度、空截面风速、给煤量以及煤颗粒大小变化时,汞元素在烟气和飞灰之间的迁移规律相似;降低炉膛密相区温度和增大炉膛空截面风速可促进烟气气态总汞Hg^T（g）迁移到飞灰颗粒汞Hg（p）中,同时也促进烟气气态零价汞Hg⁰（g）向烟气气态二价汞Hg²⁺（g）和Hg（p）转化;增加给煤量,烟气气态总汞Hg^T（g）和烟气气态零价汞Hg⁰（g）减少,飞灰颗粒汞Hg（p）含量增加,并且影响Hg⁰（g）的转化;选择合适的煤颗粒粒度可以促进Hg⁰（g）的转化以及Hg^T（g）向Hg（p）迁移。随燃烧工况的变化,3种煤Hg^T（g）、Hg（p）和Hg⁰（g）含量变化趋势相似,但含量相差较大,Hg⁰（g）占Hg^T（g）的比例y值也不同,其中无烟煤的y值高于烟煤和褐煤的y值。     

Effects of fly ash and bottom ash on the frictional behavior of composites

Immense quantities of coal combustion by-products are produced every year, and only a small fraction of them are currently utilized. Our recent work has focused on developing value-added products especially from fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber sludge. We explored the potential utilization of fly ash, bottom ash, and sulfate-rich scrubber sludge as frictional modifiers and additives for automotive frictional composites. The surfaces of the frictional composites, fabricated from scrubber sludge and fly ash or bottom ash, were characterized with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of by-products containing composites were evaluated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The frictional behavior of the composites was probed with the help of friction assessment and screening test (FAST). The frictional results suggested that fly ash or bottom ash had a profoundly different effect on the frictional coefficient (μ) and wear of the composite than those observed for scrubber sludge particles. It appeared that fly ash or bottom ash particles had abrasive characteristics and gave frictional composites a higher μ-value. The FAST test also revealed that the fluctuations in the μ-value were a minimum for composites that contained 20 vol% fly ash or bottom ash among the ash-derived composites. The composites that contained 30 vol% fly ash or bottom ash showed fade after approximately 60 min of continuous FAST test. We compared the frictional and wear performance of our composites with a commercial automotive brake, and it appeared that frictional composites could be formed which contained up to 20 vol% fly ash or bottom ash and 25 vol% scrubber sludge.     

振动流化床中磷石膏颗粒流态化性能研究

在振动流化床中进行了磷石膏颗粒流态化性能的冷模实验研究。结果表明,磷石膏颗粒在普通流化床中流化性能很差,难以实现正常的流化态,不适合在普通流化床中进行流态化分解反应。而振动的引入极大地改善了磷石膏颗粒的流态化性能。并考察了振幅和进料高径比对磷石膏颗粒的床层压降、膨胀比、最小流化速度的影响。为热模实验条件的选择提供了理论基础。     

不同负荷下循环流化床锅炉粉煤灰的理化性质研究

为拓展循环流化床锅炉粉煤灰的利用途径,开发粉煤灰综合利用技术,研究了不同负荷下循环流化床(CFB)锅炉粉煤灰的粒径分布、化学组成、物相组成、Al_2O_3溶出特性和微观形貌等理化性质,考察了锅炉负荷对粉煤灰理化性质的影响。结果显示,CFB锅炉负荷对粉煤灰的粒径分布、化学组成和物相组成等性质影响较小,对粉煤灰中Al_2O_3溶出率影响较大,Al_2O_3溶出率与样品颗粒的微观形貌有关,颗粒表面孔隙和裂缝越多,Al_2O_3溶出率越高。CFB锅炉粉煤灰中的无定形相含量较高,在70%以上;CaO在粉煤灰中的主要存在形式有3种:硬石膏、生石灰和无定形CaO。Al_2O_3均是以无定形氧化物的形式存在,煤样中的Al_2O_3在燃烧过程中更容易以飞灰的形式排出;石英和硬石膏更容易以底渣的形式排出。     

Removal of mercury in aqueous solution by fluidized bed plant fly ash

Coal combustion in power plant produces fly ash. Fly ash may be used in water treatment to remove mercury (Hg²⁺) from water or to immobilize mercury mobile forms in silts and soils. Experiments were carried out on two kinds of fly ashes produced by two circulating fluidized bed plants with different chemical composition: silico-aluminous fly ashes and sulfo-calcic fly ashes. For the two kinds of fly ashes, adsorption equilibrium were reached in 3 days. Furthermore, removal of mercury was increased with increasing pH. Sulfo-calcic fly ashes allow us to remove mercury more efficiently and more steady. The chemical analysis of fly ash surface was carried out by electron spectroscopy. The results show that mercury is bound to ash surface thanks to several chemical reactions between mercury and various oxides (silicon, aluminium and calcium silicate) of the surface of the ashes.     

Microwave attenuation characteristics of unburned carbon in fly ash

Experimental research was conducted on the relationship between the unburned carbon content in fly ash and the microwave power attenuation at frequencies ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 GHz. The experimental results show that the unburned carbon in fly ash exhibits the frequency characteristics of microwave power attenuation. At some frequencies, the microwave power attenuation increases with the carbon content. At other frequencies, the relationship between them changes. There is also a range of frequencies where the loss decreases while the unburned carbon content increases. A detailed analysis on the mechanisms of this phenomenon is made based on the conductivity loss, absorption and dispersion theories.     

低低温条件下飞灰工况比电阻特性

为研究电除尘器低低温工况条件下飞灰工况比电阻特性,探讨采用数学模型计算飞灰工况比电阻的可行性,采用BDL型工况飞灰比电阻测试仪对3个典型项目开展飞灰工况比电阻现场在线测定,同时基于R.E.Bickelhaupt模型计算玉环电厂、温州电厂、长兴电厂3个项目飞灰工况比电阻值,并对计算值和实测值进行对比。结果表明,低低温工况时飞灰工况比电阻值明显低于常温工况,但模型计算值与实测数据尚存一定差距,该模型仍需修正。     

Influence of fly ash characteristics on the strength of portland-fly ash mixtures

Modern thermal power plants are producing large amounts of fly ash that is generally quite suitable for use as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. However, for this purpose the fly ash utilization in the United States continues to remain low, mainly on account of lack of quality control. This is because the current standards on fly ash do not contain specifications and test methods that are able to assess adequately the performance of a fly ash in concrete. Based on tests on 11 different fly ashes and direct determination of compressive strength of test mortars made with a fixed proportion of fly ash by weight of the cementitious materials, and a fixed ratio between water and the cementitious material, it seems that the calcium content and particle size distribution of the fly ash are the most important parameters governing the strength development rate in normally cured portland cement-fly ash mixtures.     

粉煤灰显微结构与流态化脱炭实验

在分析粉煤灰显微结构的基础上，提出了采用流态化方法脱除粉煤灰中残余炭并提高粉煤灰活性的基本思路，流态化分选实验表明：这种思路是有效的，这一思路将为解决我国粉煤灰的综合利用问题提供有益的借鉴。     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰可燃物的探讨与实践

针对2台燃用福建无烟煤的DG75/3.82-11型CFB锅炉所存在的飞灰可燃物含量较高的问题,通过分析福建无烟煤特有煤质特性、燃料颗粒特性、锅炉总体设计和运行调整工况是影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的主要因素。针对性采取优化筛分破碎系统、增强二次风的扰动穿透能力、提高旋风分离器的分离效率、改造回料风系统以减少返料偏流等措施;同时不断摸索CFB锅炉运行规律,完善和优化运行方式,应用锅炉燃烧优化控制系统实现CFB锅炉的自动优化控制运行。2台锅炉平均飞灰可燃物含量从2003年的22.17%降低到2009年第1季度的15.03%。