Effect of different treatments and SiO2/PVDF coatings on morphology and wettability of electrospun polyamide 6 membranes

The electrospun polyamide 6 (PA6) membranes are treated with different methods. The rough surfaces with different protuberances size and the fiber diameter are prepared by wet, dry heat, wet heat, and ethanol treatments under relaxation, and the formation mechanisms are analyzed. A relative stable structure of PA6 membrane is also prepared by ethanol treatment under tension, and its structure is as same as the untreated membrane. The dynamic water contact angles (WCAs) of the treated membranes are measured. The starting WCA of the membrane with wet heat treatment under relaxation is 90.95°, which is larger than those of wet, dry heat, and ethanol treatments under relaxation. The effects of surface morphologies with different treatments on wettability are analyzed. For obtaining hydrophobicity, the membrane with wet heat treatment under relaxation was coated by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The WCA of the membrane increases to 127.1° after coating. From another point of view, the WCA of the PVDF/treated PA6 membrane is much larger than that of the pure casting PVDF membrane, which means the rough surface of the treated PA6 membrane can improve the hydrophobicity of the PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the membrane is endowed with superhydrophobicity (WCA of 153.5°) after being coated by SiO₂/PVDF due to the multilevel structured surface roughness. It is a relative low cost and convenient operation method to prepare the superhydrophobic material. The results provide a novel preparation method of the superhydrophobic material and a treatment method of the electrospun PA6 membrane to obtain a stable structure. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48804.     

Synthesis and Properties of Boron Doped NaxCo2O4 Nanocrystalline Ceramics

Sodium cobalt oxide (NaCo₂O₄) nanofibers with diameters ranging between 20 and 200?nm were prepared by electrospinning a precursor mixture of PVA/(Na–Co) acetate. This was the first time any such attempt was made. Afterwards, the electrospun nanofibers were subjected to calcination treatment. The characteristics of the fibers were investigated using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a X-ray diffractometer, and a scanning electron microscopy. The boron doped and undoped NaCo₂O₄ nanofibers calcined at 850?°C were polycrystalline of the γ Na_xCo₂O₄ phase having diameters ranging between 20 and 60?nm with grain sizes of 5–10?nm, and the nanofibers calcined at 800?°C were single crystals having linked particles or crystallites with particle sizes ranging between 60 and 200?nm. The results indicated a significant effect of calcination temperature on the crystalline phase and morphology of the nanofibers. It could be seen in the SEM micrograph of the fibers that when boron was added, this resulted in the formation of cross-linked bright-surfaced fibers. The average fiber diameter for boron doped and undoped fiber mats were 204 and 123?nm, respectively. The grain diameters of boron doped and undoped nanocrystalline sintered powders were measured as 140 and 118?nm, respectively.     

Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic polysiloxane/magnetite nanocomposite coatings with electromagnetic shielding property

Superhydrophobic coatings, with a water contact angle (WCA) of 158.3° and a sliding angle of 4.3°, were readily prepared by mixing silicone resin, aminopropyltriethoxysilane and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and subsequently curing at an ambient temperature. The surface wettability, surface morphology and composition, and long-term durability of the coatings were investigated by WCA analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and QUV accelerated weathering tests, respectively. The results show that the coatings display a pencil hardness of B, excellent weatherability, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness beyond 60% in the frequency range of 10–3000 MHz.     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane)‐grafted silica hybrid nanoparticles prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization

Poly(γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (PMPTS)‐grafted silica hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP). The resulting PMPTS‐grafted silica hybrid nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static water contact angle (WCA) measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combined FTIRS, NMR, XPS, SEM, and TGA studies confirmed that these hybrid nanoparticles were successfully prepared by surface‐initiated ATRP. SEM and AFM studies revealed that the surfaces of the nanoparticles were rough at the nanoscale. In addition, the results of the static WCA measurements showed that the nanoparticles are of low surface energy and their surface energy reaches as low as 6.10 mN m^?1. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Magnetic characteristics and optical band alignments of rare earth (Sm+3, Nd+3) doped garnet ferrite nanoparticles (NPs)

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanoparticles (NPs) doped with rare earth (RE) metal ions (Y_2.5Sm_0.5Fe₅O₁₂, Y_2.5Nd_0.5Fe₅O₁₂) were successfully synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion approach. The cubic crystalline structure and morphology of the prepared garnet ferrite NPs were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The cubic crystalline garnet phase of the synthesized YIG, Sm-YIG and Nd-YIG samples was successfully achieved at 950 °C sintering temperature. The force constant and absorption bands were estimated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The doping effect of RE metal ions on the chemical states of YIG were examined by x-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). The valence band (from 12.63 eV to 13.22 eV), conduction band (from 10.89 eV to 11.34 eV) edges and optical bandgap values of RE doped YIG samples were calculated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and ultraviolet photo electron spectroscopy (UPS). The magnetic analysis of the prepared NPs was studied using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XPS analysis of RE doped YIG samples exhibit the existence of RE (Sm⁺³, Nd⁺³) contents on the surface of YIG ferrite by decreasing the oxygen lattice in garnet structure. The optical bandgap (from 1.74 eV to 1.88 eV) explains the semiconducting nature of the synthesized NPs. The UPS results confirm the valence band position of YIG doped samples. The saturation magnetization and remanence of RE doped garnet ferrite samples increased from 13.45 to 18.83 emu/g and 4.06–6.53 emu/g, respectively.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ru doped CuO thin films for supercapacitor based on Bronsted acidic ionic liquid

The synthesis of nanostructured ruthenium (Ru) doped copper oxide (CuO) thin films by colloidal solution method and ionic liquid are presented. The prepared colloidal solution was spin coated on the stainless steel substrates. The coated films were used to measure the specific capacitance in the task specific Bronsted acidic that is in 3-carboxymethyl-1-methylimidazolium bisulfate [CMIM] [HSO₄] ionic liquid (IL). Further, the films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The Ru doped CuO films exhibit higher specific capacitance, C_sp (C_sp = ratio of average current in CV and a product of scan rate and mass deposited on the film) with the larger potential window as compared to undoped CuO film. The highest C_sp of 406 F g⁻¹ was observed for 15 volume percent of Ru doping concentration. This is the first successful step towards development of ecofriendly CuO based supercapacitors in task specific IL synthesized by green technology.     

Superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic wettability transition of functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles

The superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces and their transitions are of great interest for the production of self-cleaning, anti-biofouling, or corrosion-resistant materials. This work reports the wettability transition from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic SiO₂ nanoparticles functionalized with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) and induced by temperature. The functionalization of these nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy. The functionalization of SiO₂ nanoparticles with POTS resulted in superhydrophobic surfaces with water contact angles up to 157°. A sudden transition to superhydrophilic behavior with water contact angles (WCA) below 5° was observed when the sample was heat-treated at 500 °C, despite the presence of fluorine on the surface of these nanoparticles, as confirmed by XPS and transmission electron microscopy. XPS suggested that the transition was caused by the change in orientation of the fluoroalkyl molecules and its partial decomposition due to the loss of the –CF₃ group, resulting in shorter chains with a tail-end group with C–O bonds, which promoted the superhydrophilicity.     

Structural,morphological, and optical properties of W-doped VO2 thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating method

Thermochromic VO₂ thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass via sol-gel method. Doping was done through adding tungstic acid solution to the vanadium solution precursor. Grazing incidence x-ray diffractometer (GIXRD) results showed that VO₂ and V₆O₁₃ phases were formed together in the heat-treated sample. According to the GIXRD result of the W-doped sample, only VO₂ remained. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs showed that the VO₂ grain size decreased from about 70 to about 25 nm for undoped film and 2 wt% W-doped films, respectively. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that the root mean square roughness for the film with 180 nm thickness was about 18 nm, and 2 wt% W-doped film had a smoother surface. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results showed that the band gap energy for undoped, 1 wt% W- doped, and 2 wt% W-doped VO₂ thin films was 1.7, 1.3, and 0 eV, respectively. Four-point probe resistivity measurements showed a significant decrement, from approximately 1 MΩ at 15°C to <100 Ω at 80°C. Regarding Vis-NIR spectroscopy results, maximum optical transmission for undoped and W-doped films was approximately 75% and 35%, respectively.     

Surface Chemical Modification of Poly(Methylphenylphosphazene)

Summary The surface reactivity of poly(methylphenylphosphazene), PMPP, and its derivatives containing silane, PMPP-SiH, and alcohol, PMPP-OH, substituents was investigated. These polymers were fabricated into films by casting from THF solutions and reactions were carried out at the interface between solid film samples and solutions. The surface of PMPP was successfully modified by deprotonation under dilute conditions followed by reactions with RMe₂SiCl [where R = CH=CH₂, and H]. While surfaces of PMPP-OH were not readily modified, those containing Si-H groups reacted with oxygen when heated and with carbon tetrachloride. The polymer surfaces were examined by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We dedicate the paper to Christopher W. Allen in recognition of his outstanding contributions to inorganic ring and polymer chemistry.     

Superhydrophilic Cu-doped TiO2 thin film for solar-driven photocatalysis

Nanosized Cu-doped TiO₂ film was prepared by the sol–gel spin coating technique. XPS analysis showed that Cu atoms had been successfully doped into TiO₂ lattice, which hence modified the surface chemical composition. As a result, the Cu-doped TiO₂ thin film possessed a superhydrophilic surface with a water contact angle (WCA) only 5.1° and exhibited excellent anti-fogging behavior. The Cu-doped TiO₂ thin film also exhibited a much better photocatalytic activity than the reference TiO₂ thin film, as evaluated by the degradation of 10 mg/L methylene blue (MB) solution under simulated solar-driven irradiation.     

Effect of Cu and Zr Co-doped SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nanoparticles on the Stability of Phases (Quartz-Tridymite-Cristobalite) and Degradation of Methyl Orange at High Temperature

SiO₂ nanoparticles doped by 10 mol% Zr and 10 mol% Cu were prepared via the sol-gel method in a controled process. The effects of doping and calcination temperature on the structural and photo-catalytic properties of SiO₂ nanopowders were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The phases of cristobalite, quartz and tridymite were found at a calcinations temperature range of 800 to 1000 ^°C and only cristobalite phase was formed at a temperature of 1200 ^°C. The degradation of methyl orange was examined under visible light radiation indicating that the effect of doped elements (Zr, Cu) on SiO₂ reduces the band gap effectively.     

Physicochemical properties of electrochemically prepared poly(pyrrole hexafluorophosphate)

Poly(pyrrole hexafluorophosphate) (PPPF₆) was prepared with the potentiostatic method to supply a constant potential of 1.21 V for 5 h in water/acetonitrile (1/99 vol %) solution of 0.2M pyrrole containing 0.1M tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate as a supporting electrolyte. The result of elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that it was a PPPF₆ that was doped with ∼28 wt % 6 was irreversible. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to know the morphology of PPPF₆. The result of the differential scanning calorimetry did not show any special peak in temperature range of 25–800°C. From the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and electron spin resonance measurement, it was suggested that a possible conduction mechanism for the PPPF₆ polymer should be a small polaron hopping conduction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 605–612, 1998     

A study on high-performance poly(azo-pyridine-benzophenone-imide) nanocomposites via self-reinforcement of electrospun nanofibers

In this study, initially high molecular weight poly(azo-pyridine-benzophenone-imide) (PAPBI) has been fabricated using facile approach. Uniformly aligned electrospun PAPBI and PAPBI/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanofibers were then produced via electrospinning of desired solutions. Self-reinforcement technique was used to fabricate PAPBI-based nanofiber reinforced films. Uniform dispersion, orientation and adhesion between carbon nanotubes and polymer improved the physical properties of resulting nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the structures of polymer and self-reinforced nanocomposite films. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the electrospun PAPBI/MWCNT nanofibers were uniformly aligned and free of defects. Moreover, polyimide matrix was evenly coated on the surface of electrospun nanofibers, thus, preventing the fibers from bundling together. Samples of 1–3 wt% of as-prepared electrospun nanofibers were self-reinforced to enhance the tensile strength of the films. Films of 3 wt% PAPBI/MWCNT nanofiber-based nanocomposite showed higher value in tensile strength (417 MPa) relative to 3 wt% PAPBI nanofibers (361 MPa) reinforced film. Tensile modulus of the PAPBI/MWCNT system was also significantly improved (19.9–22.1 GPa) compared with PAPBI system (13.9–16.2 GPa). Thermal stability of PAPBI/MWCNT nanofibers reinforced polyimide was also superior having 10 % gravimetric loss at 600–634 °C and glass transition temperature 272–292 °C relative to the neat polymer (T ₁₀ 545 °C, T _g 262 °C) and PAPBI nanofiber-based system (T ₁₀ 559–578 °C, T _g 264–269 °C). New high-performance self-reinforced polyimide nanocomposites may act as potential contenders for light-weight aerospace materials.     

Influence of different additives on anatase–rutile transformation in titania system

Abstract

Hydrated titanium oxide gel samples containing 5% Fe, La, Ce, and Y oxides were prepared. Discs of size 10 mm dia. and ～1·5 mm thickness pressed from dry precursor gels were heated to temperatures in the range of 400–1000°C at intervals of 200 K for 2 h. The thermal behaviour of the doped and undoped gels was studied by DTA. The phase changes occurring in the gel precursors were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The changes in electrical response of doped and undoped samples were monitored at room temperature by impedance spectral measurements. La₂O₃ was found to be the most effective in increasing the anatase to rutile transformation temperature while Fe₂O₃ has the reverse effect. Impedance spectroscopy studies reflected the conducting nature of the anatase matrix and the insulating rutile phase and appear to be simple tool for characterisation of such systems by bulk measurements.     

Preparation of Gadolina Stabilized Bismuth Oxide Doped with Boron via Electrospinning Technique

In this study, boron doped and undoped poly (vinyl) alcohol/bismuth–gadolina acetate (PVA/Bi–Gd) nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technique then calcinated at 800 °C for 2 h. The originality of this study is the addition of boron to metal acetates. The effects of boron doping were investigated in terms of solution properties, morphological changes and thermal characteristics. The characteristics of the fibers were investigated with FT-IR, XRD, SEM and BET. The addition of boron did not only increase the thermal stability of the fibers, but also their diameters, which yielded stronger fibers. XRD analyses showed that boron doping increased the peak intensities and indicated that the boron doping enhanced the crystallite size. Moreover, no shifts were noticed in diffraction angles for boron doped and undoped samples. Therefore, boron doping did not significantly alter the lattice spacing. The SEM micrograph of the fibers showed that the addition of boron resulted in the formation of cross-linked bright-surfaced fibers. The average fiber diameter for boron doped and undoped fiber mats were 204 and 123 nm, respectively. Also, grain diameters of boron doped and undoped nanocrystalline sintered powders were measured as 140 and 118 nm, respectively. The BET results showed that boron undoped and doped Bi₂O₃–La₂O₃ nanocrystalline powder ceramic structures sintered at 800 °C have surface areas of 59.72 and 39.80 m²/g, respectively.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel activated carbon‐supported N‐doped visible light response photocatalyst (TiO2−xNy/AC)

A photocatalyst, TiO_2?xN_y/AC (activated carbon (AC) supported N‐doped TiO₂), highly active in both the Vis and UV range, was prepared by calcination of the TiO₂ precursor prepared by acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis in an ammonia atmosphere. The powders were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and phenol degradation. The doped N in the TiO₂ crystal lattice creates an electron‐occupied intra‐band gap allowing electron‐hole pair generation under Vis irradiation (500–560 nm). The TiO_2?xN_y/AC exhibited high levels of activity and the same activity trends for phenol degradation under both Vis and UV irradiation: TiO_2?xN_y/AC calcined at 500 °C for 4 h exhibited the highest activity. The band‐gap level newly formed by doped N can act as a center for the photo‐generated holes and is beneficial for the UV activity enhancement. The performance of the prepared TiO_2?xN_y/AC photocatalyst revealed its practical potential in the field of solar photocatalytic degradation of aqueous contaminants. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biomimetic synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofiber/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds

Three dimensional electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) composites were biomimetically synthesized in simulated body fluid (SBF). The CNFs with diameter of ∼250 nm were first fabricated from electrospun polyacrylonitrile precursor nanofibers by stabilization at 280 °C for 2 h, followed by carbonization at 1200 °C. The morphology, structure and water contact angle (WCA) of the CNFs and CNF/HAp composites were characterized. The pristine CNFs were hydrophobic with a WCA of 139.6°, resulting in the HAp growth only on the very outer layer fibers of the CNF mat. Treatment in NaOH aq. solutions introduced carboxylic groups onto the CNFs surfaces, and hence making the CNFs hydrophilic. In the SBF, the surface activated CNFs bonded with Ca²⁺ to form nuclei, which then easily induced the growth of HAp crystals on the CNFs throughout the CNF mat. The fracture strength of the CNF/HAp composite with a CNF content of 41.3% reached 67.3 MPa. Such CNF/HAp composites with strong interfacial bondings and high mechanical strength can be potentially useful in the field of bone tissue engineering.     

Reaction kinetics to infer the effect of dopants on ion transport - A case study for Mo+6 doped lithium titanates (Li2TiO3-δ and Li4Ti5O12-δ)

In this paper, a unique approach to correlate influence of doping on ionic mobility, through thermo-kinetic analysis, is reported. Formation kinetics of Li₂TiO₃ and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, with Mo⁺⁶ doping, were successfully analyzed in ultra-pure Ar atmosphere using differential scanning calorimetry. The results were compared with formation kinetics of pure Li₂TiO₃ and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ under identical conditions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were employed for the characterization of resulting phases and presence of oxygen vacancy. The results indicate that for doped samples, oxygen vacancy concentration was reduced due to the charge compensation mechanism of the doped ion. The activation energy (E_α) of the different reactions with and without Mo⁺⁶ doping was determined by Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The most probable reaction mechanism was predicted through Master plot approach. The reaction rate controlling step shifted from three-dimensional diffusion (D₃) for undoped Li₂TiO₃ to a chemical reaction (F_n) for doped Li₂TiO₃. For Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ the reaction mechanism (or rate controlling step) was a chemical reaction (F_n) for undoped and nucleation (A_n) for doped material. The results show that diffusion of ions becomes faster in the Mo⁺⁶ doped materials by reducing the charge transfer resistance. Finally, the thermodynamic functions of the transition complex were calculated from kinetic triplets and correlated with thermo-kinetic data.     

Effect of metal halides on thermal,mechanical, and electrical properties of polypyromellitimide films

This paper describes the effect of metal halides (Co²⁺, Sn²⁺, and Hg²⁺) on the properties of polyimides. Low temperature, solution polycondensation reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether was used for preparation of a poly(amide-acid) solution in dimethylformamide ([η] = 2.0 dL/g). Films containing 1% (w/w) of cobalt (II) chloride, tin (II) chloride, and mercury (II) chloride were prepared by solution casting of poly(amide-acid) from the DMF solution. Cyclodehydration to polyimide was done by heating the films in nitrogen atmosphere for one hour each at 100°, 200°, and 250°C. The color of the films depended on the dopant and was yellow (HgCl₂ or SnCl₂) or green (CoCl₂) Higher percentage weight loss was observed in doped films in nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 250–400°C. No significant difference in thermal behavior of doped and undoped films was observed above 500°C. Doping reduced the tensile strength of polyimide films, maximum reduction was observed in CoCl₂-doped film. The electrical conductivity of polyimide films as a function of temperature and field was studied. Undoped polyimide showed ohmic behavior up to 150°C. In doped films at lower voltages Poole-Frenkel mechanism was operative, while at high voltages Richardson-Schottky's mechanism was operative. Dielectric relaxation in polyimide films was also studied.     

Preparations,optical, structural,conductive and magnetic evaluations of RE's (Pr,Y, Gd,Ho, Yb) doped spinel nanoferrites

Rare earths RE's (Pr, Y, Gd, Ho, Yb) substituted MnZn spinel ferrites with composition of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5M_0.02Fe_1.98O₄ (M = Pr, Y, Gd, Ho, Yb) are prepared by sol gel combustion approach. Low sintering temperature (500 °C) is used to sinter the RE's doped MnZn samples. MnZn samples are further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to measure the cubic crystalline structure, particle size, morphology, porosity and grain size. Cubic crystalline phase of prepared RE's doped MnZn ferrites is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology, porosity and grain size are observed using FESEM. The magnetic properties of RE's doped MnZn nanoferrites are analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Coercivity (H_c), remanence (M_r) and saturation magnetization (M_s) are calculated from the magnetic loops. The saturation and remanence of the nanoferrites are increased by the substitution of RE's metal ions and varies from 14.76 to 26.36 emu/g and 9.98–22.48 emu/g respectively. Bohr magneton and anisotropy constant are calculated from the recorded magnetic data. The conductive analysis of the prepared samples is studied at 40 °C −300 °C temperature, leading to the conductivity measurements from 1.12 × 10^-2 Ω^-1-cm^-1 to 9.52 × 10^-2 Ω^-1-cm^-1. UV–Vis spectroscopy is used to determine the semi conducting nature of RE's doped MnZn spinel ferrite samples. The magnetic, conductive and optical study of the RE's doped MnZn nanoferrites sintered at low temperature suggests the use of these materials for microwave absorption, supercapacitor, lithium ion batteries and nanoelectronics industrial applications.