湿热和韧化处理对荞麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为研究湿热和韧化改性荞麦淀粉的消化机制,分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃对荞麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,测定了湿热和韧化处理前后荞麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明：湿热和韧化处理并未改变荞麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉的糊化焓显著降低,从7.96J/g分别降低到6.68J/g和2.77J/g。微观结构表明,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂痕和凹陷。同时,经过湿热和韧化处理后的荞麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量出现不同程度的改变,表现为湿热处理过程中SDS含量增加（HMT-25,HMT-30除外）,RS含量减少,而韧化处理只有（ANN-50）提高了RS的含量,SDS含量也出现了增加（ANN-40,ANN-60除外）。结论：荞麦淀粉可以通过湿热和韧化改变理化结构从而改变消化速率。     

湿热和韧化处理对莜麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

目的 为研究湿热和韧化改性对莜麦淀粉理化性质和消化特性的影响,扩大莜麦淀粉在慢消化主食食品中的应用,方法 分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件下和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃下对莜麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,并采用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和酶解实验等分析湿热和韧化处理前后莜麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性变化。结果 结果表明,湿热和韧化处理均未改变莜麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉结晶度表现为下降趋势,且淀粉的糊化焓从1.49J/g分别降低至0.92J/g和0.8J/g。此外,微观结构表明莜麦淀粉颗粒表面结构出现聚集行为。在体外酶解实验中,经过湿热、韧化处理后的莜麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量均出现不同程度的增加,表现为湿热处理后RS含量增加显著,而韧化处理则显著提高了SDS的含量。结论 结果表明湿热和韧化处理可以通过改变淀粉结构降低莜麦淀粉的消化速率。     

不同添加量的氨基酸辅助干热处理对玉米淀粉理化和消化性质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

以玉米淀粉为原料,通过氨基酸（天冬氨酸和赖氨酸）辅助干热处理对其改性,采用快速黏度仪、差式扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪,对不同氨基酸添加量（0.5%、2%、4%和10%,w/w）的干热玉米淀粉的糊化特性、热特性、结构特性和消化性质进行了研究。结果表明,氨基酸添加量对干热处理玉米淀粉-氨基酸混合物的理化性质和消化性质有显著影响。随着两种氨基酸添加量的增多,淀粉的峰值黏度、回生值和糊化焓值降低,而相对结晶度和抗性淀粉含量升高;干热玉米淀粉-天冬氨酸混合物的糊化温度呈先升高而后降低的趋势,干热玉米淀粉-赖氨酸混合物的糊化温度呈升高趋势。提高氨基酸添加量能促进淀粉颗粒内部的晶体排列更紧密、有序,能更好地抑制淀粉的短期老化,降低淀粉的消化性能;可作为玉米淀粉改性的一种新方法,为生产改性淀粉提供参考。     

反复/连续湿热处理对小麦B淀粉结构、理化性质和消化性能的影响

以小麦B淀粉为原料,在120℃和30%含水量条件下对小麦B淀粉进行反复湿热处理和连续湿热处理,分析并比较两种处理方法对淀粉结构、理化性质和消化特性的影响。结果表明:反复和连续湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒表面出现孔洞,淀粉双螺旋结构、结晶区和无定形区被破坏,淀粉分子发生重新排列和分布。这些变化导致淀粉的结晶度降低,糊化黏度下降,凝胶温度升高,解螺旋所需能量下降。同时,与连续湿热处理相比,反复湿热处理能更显著地改变淀粉的结构、理化性质和消化特性。本研究结果揭示了湿热改性淀粉的变性机理,为小麦B淀粉的深度开发利用提供试验依据。     

热液处理对淀粉性质的影响研究

对热处理、湿热处理和压热处理对多种淀粉的性质的影响结果作了总结,并概括地分析了产生影响的原因。综述了谷物类淀粉、薯类淀粉以及豆类淀粉在热液处理过程中的性质变化,包括理化性质、糊的流变学性质、热力学性质以及淀粉颗粒形态。热处理、湿热处理和压热处理都会降低淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、粘度、透明度和冻融稳定性而提高抗性淀粉含量和抗酶能力。热处理和湿热处理过程中谷物类淀粉的胶体结构和结晶结构基本不变,保持了A形,而薯类淀粉则发生了从C形向A形的转变。湿热处理和热处理对淀粉颗粒形态的影响不如压热处理显著,压热处理淀粉颗粒几乎完全碎裂。     

湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响

采用油莎豆豆粕作为原料制备油莎豆淀粉,在110℃下对不同含水量(20%、25%、30%、35%)的油莎豆淀粉样品进行2 h的湿热改性处理。分析湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明：经过湿热处理,油莎豆淀粉表面形貌发生明显变化,随着处理含水量的提高,油莎豆淀粉溶解度与膨润力呈现逐渐下降趋势,粒径大小和直链淀粉含量逐渐升高,体外消化率在HMT-25时最低,为78.45%。同时,湿热处理没有改变油莎豆淀粉原有的A型晶体结构,相对结晶度和糊化焓值(ΔH)的大小与处理的含水量呈负相关。湿热处理能够有效改变油莎豆淀粉结构和理化性质,提高其热稳定性,降低淀粉体外消化速率。     

外源添加物对淀粉理化性质和消化特性影响的研究进展

近年来,通过添加外源亲水胶体、多酚类物质、蛋白质等改变淀粉理化性质及消化特性成为研究热点。亲水胶体、多酚类物质、蛋白质等物质与淀粉相互作用能改变淀粉的理化性质、改善淀粉基食品品质及降低淀粉消化速率,降低快速消化淀粉含量(RDS)、增加抗性淀粉(RS)含量。本文综述了外源添加物的种类、外源添加物对淀粉主要理化性质的影响及作用机理、外源添加物对淀粉消化特性的影响及作用机理,以期为扩宽淀粉应用范围、改善淀粉基食品品质及开发适合糖尿病患者食用的功能性食品提供参考。     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

水热处理对大米粉及抗性淀粉性质影响

以大米粉为原料,研究压热法、湿热法、韧化法处理对大米粉及其抗性淀粉成分微观结构、结晶学和热力学性质的影响。研究结果表明,压热处理后,大米粉及其抗性淀粉晶型由A型转化为特殊B型,抗性淀粉在2θ=12.9°、19.8°出现2个特征峰象征脂质淀粉复合物的形成;湿热处理后,大米粉形成有一定淀粉酶抗性的外壳结构,晶型转向A型,升温在115℃附近出现巨大的特征吸热峰;韧化处理后形成了粒度较大但内部疏松的淀粉团粒。表明压热处理后,大米粉及其抗性淀粉形成特殊晶体结构,晶体和热稳定性均提高;湿热处理对大米粉结晶学和热力学性质有一定影响,但对抗性淀粉影响不大;韧化处理对大米粉及抗性淀粉结晶和热力学性质影响不大。     

不同热处理方式对大蕉抗性淀粉理化性质的影响

研究了干热、湿热和微波加热在不同条件下处理大蕉抗性淀粉对其保留率、色泽、颗粒形貌、碘吸收曲线、溶解性、膨胀性和持水性等理化性质的影响。结果表明,高温干热、湿热和微波加热均会减少抗性淀粉的含量;湿热和微波加热不利于保护色泽;三种热处理方式均使大蕉抗性淀粉的偏光十字减弱,但没有改变最大碘吸收峰位置;干热和湿热处理使抗性淀粉溶解度减少,微波处理使溶解度增加;干热处理使膨胀度减小,微波加热使膨胀度增大,湿热对膨胀度没有明显的影响。     

An assessment of changes in thermal and physico-chemical parameters of jack bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Canavalia ensiformis</Emphasis>) starch following hydrothermal modifications

Starch isolated from jack bean was modified by heat moisture treatment (HMT) and annealing. Scanning electron micrograph indicates oval and round shape for the starch granules, with heterogeneous sizes. The range of the granule size for the starches was between 10 and 20 μm for the width and 14 and 32 μm for the length. The starches exhibited the characteristic “C” pattern for legume starches with increased starch crystallinity after modifications. Swelling power and solubility reduced following annealing and heat moisture treatment. The results also revealed that water absorption capacity increased following the heat moisture treatment but reduced after starch annealing. Both annealing and heat moisture treatment improved gelation capacity of the native starch. Gelatinization temperature increased after modifications. Both annealing and heat moisture treatments reduced starch retrogradation.     

Effect of twin-xuscrew extrusion combined with cold plasma on multi-scale structure,physicochemical properties,and digestibility of potato starches

The influence of twin-screw extrusion (TSE), cold plasma (CP, 1, 5, and 9 min), and their combination (TSE-CP) treatment on the structural, physicochemical, rheological, solubility, and in vitro digestive properties of potato starches were studied. The results showed that CP slightly changed the starch granules morphology, maintained the growth ring and crystalline structure, promoted depolymerization of the amylopectin branch chain, and increased crystallinity and the ΔH value. It is worth noting that the resistant starch content increased from 84.80 to 86.46% in the short time CP modified potato starch. Meanwhile, TSE and TSE-CP treatments influenced surface morphology, growth ring of potato starch significantly. However, the dually modified potato starch using combined TSE and CP treatments promoted depolymerization of longer chains, increased the proportion of shorter chains and solubility, and improved the degree of hydrolysis. Furthermore, the single and dual treatments did not change the FT-IR spectra pattern. This study suggests that the combination between TSE and CP had more profound modification than the single treatment. The TSE combined with CP is an eco-friendly, thermal, and non-thermal combination technology, which can improve the multi-scale structure of starch and enhance physicochemical properties. Also, the dual treatment can be used to produce modified starch for industrial applications.     

Pasting,Thermal, Hydration,and Functional Properties of Annealed and Heat-Moisture Treated Starch of Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata)

The effects of annealing (ANN) and heat-moisture treatments (HMT) on the physicochemical and functional properties of Sword bean starches were investigated. The pasting properties differ significantly among the starches, with peak viscosity ranging from 399.17 RVU to 438.33 RVU; however, all the starches exhibited ‘Type C’ class with restricted swelling. The HMT starches had the highest gelatinization temperature, while change in enthalpy of gelatinization, ΔH_gel of the native starch, was higher (13.82 J/g) than that of the modified starches (1.39–6.74 J/g). The solubility and swelling power of all the starches increased as the temperature increased. The oil and water absorption capacity of the starches ranges between 3.24–3.91 g/g and 2.42–3.35 g/g, respectively. HMT (at 25 and 30% moisture level) changes the X-ray diffraction pattern of the starch from Type ‘B’ to Type ‘C’. The Scanning electron micrograph results revealed the starch granules with smooth ellipsoids and indentation in their centre, hydrothermal modification showed little effect on the morphology and size of the granules. Hydrothermal modification improved the physicochemical and functional properties of the starch without destroying the granule of the starch.     

Heat‐Moisture Treatment and Enzymatic Digestibility of Peruvian Carrot,Sweet Potato and Ginger Starches

The aim of this work was to study the effects of heat‐moisture treatment (27% moisture, 100°C, 16 h) and of enzymatic digestion (alpha‐amylase and glucoamylase) on the properties of sweet potato (SP), Peruvian carrot (PC) and ginger (G) starches. The structural modification with heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) affected crystallinity, enzyme susceptibility and viscosity profile. The changes in PC starch were the most pronounced, with a strong decrease of relative crystallinity (from 0.31 to 0.21) and a shift of X‐ray pattern from B‐ to A‐type. HMT of SP and G starch did not change the X‐ray pattern (A‐type). The relative crystallinity of these starches changed only slightly, from 0.32 to 0.29 (SP) and from 0.33 to 0.32 (G). The extent of these structural changes (PC > SP > G) altered the susceptibility of the starches to enzymatic attack, but not in same order (PC > G > SP). HMT increased the starches digestion, probably due to rearrangement of disrupted crystallites, increasing accessible areas to attack of enzymes. The viscosity profiles and values changed significantly with HMT, resulting in higher pasting temperatures, decrease of viscosity values and no breakdown, i.e., stability at high temperatures and shear rates. Changes in pasting properties appeared to be more significant for PC and SP starch, whereas the changes for G starch were small. Setback was minimized following HMT in SP and G starches.     

Hydrothermal Modification of Starches: The Difference between Annealing and Heat/Moisture -Treatment

Annealing and heat/moisture-treatment both cause a physical modification of starches without any gelatinization, or any other damage of the starch granules with respect to size, shape or birefringence only via a controlled application of heat/moisture. Since with respect to the application properties (gelatinization. viscosity etc.) almost idential modifications can be obtained with both treatments, there was no exact differentiation between the two treatments types. By application of both treatments as well as a combination of both to potato starch it could be demonstrated that both treatments cause completely different alterations of the internal granule structure. From the interpretation of the Brabender viscosity, the sorption isotherm, the DSC-curves and the X-ray diagrams it could be confirmed that a heat/moisture-treatment always means a structure alteration from a B-type in the direction of an A-type structure, whereas within annealing processes the property alteration have to be explained by a modification of the binding forces between the crystallites and the amorphous matrix.     

干热处理辅助酶法制备多孔淀粉及其对淀粉微观结构和理化性质的影响

为了探讨干热处理对酶解制得多孔淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、比表面及空隙度测试仪、热重分析仪等对不同处理的淀粉进行测定,分析比较了干热处理(Dry heat treatment,DHT)对天然淀粉及多孔淀粉的影响。结果表明,经DHT的淀粉表面出现破损,相对结晶度减小;而经DHT制得的多孔淀粉颗粒表面孔洞数量增多,淀粉结晶度提高,耐热性增强;DHT提高了多孔淀粉的比表面积和总孔容,分别从1.16m2/g和21.22×10-3 cm3/g 增大至3.14m2/g和31.41×10-3 cm3/g,使得吸附能力增强。研究结果表明干热处理结合酶解可以改善多孔淀粉的性能。     

湿热处理对不同晶型淀粉理化性质及消化性的影响

采用三种不同晶型淀粉即玉米淀粉(A型)、马铃薯淀粉(B型)、豌豆淀粉(C型)为原料,在水分含量为25%、温度120℃条件下湿热处理13 h,研究湿热处理对不同晶型淀粉的理化性质及消化性的影响。研究表明,与原淀粉相比,经湿热处理的三种淀粉的结晶结构均发生了改变,玉米淀粉由A型变为了A+V型,马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉分别由B型和C型变为了A型;三种淀粉颗粒表面均出现了不同程度的破损;三种淀粉的部分颗粒的偏光十字的中心强度有所减弱;三种淀粉样品的糊化温度均升高,但A型和B型淀粉的焓值降低,而C型淀粉的焓值升高;三种淀粉的抗性组分含量均有所升高,抗消化性显著增强,其中C型淀粉变化最明显。     

热处理过程中食品组分与淀粉相互作用研究进展

热处理作为淀粉类食品加工过程中较为常见的熟化方式,可以为体系带来大量的热能及活跃的水分子,不仅对淀粉的结构产生影响,也可以促进淀粉与其他共存组分之间的相互作用。这种相互作用的变化可以更大程度地改变淀粉的结构、颗粒形貌以及理化性质,从而进一步改变淀粉的加工及功能特性,如增加淀粉持油性、延缓淀粉贮藏过程中的回生现象、提高淀粉的抗酶解能力等。本文总结了在3种常见的热处理方式(湿热处理、压热处理和干热处理)下,淀粉与其他主要食品组分(非淀粉碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质)的相互作用,通过对热处理加工协同共存组分对淀粉的结构及颗粒形貌、理化特性、回生和消化特性的影响研究现状进行分析,为淀粉类食品加工过程中的组分互作的探究提供参考。