Design of Cavities for a Short Pulse Powerful Large Orbit Gyrotron

Designs of cavities for fundamental and high harmonic operation in Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) are discussed. The fundamental operation allows one to use beam currents in the range from 200 A to 300 A achieve output power of the order of 9–10 MW at frequency 143.6 GHz. Mode competition calculations show that stable oscillations in the TE^1,4 mode using high beam currents are possible even with the pitch factor 1.3 which is significantly lower than the design value 1.55. For the second harmonic operation, the maximum current used for excitation of the TE^2,4 mode is 60 A and the optimum magnetic field is 7.6 T. A cavity design for fourth harmonic operation using the TE^4,4 mode is also presented.     

Mode Selection for a Terahertz Gyrotron Based on a Pulse Magnet System

The TE_6,11 mode has been selected as a candidate for the second harmonic operation of a terahertz gyrotron at 1007.68 GHz. The predicted efficiency is 8.6 percent for the output power 0.38 kW. Time-dependent, multi-mode calculations have been carried out to investigate stability of a single-mode operation at second harmonic. It has been found that with the beam current 0.111 A and the magnetic field 19.282 T the second harmonic operation in the TE_6,11 mode is possible.     

Second harmonic operation at 460 GHz and broadband continuous frequency tuning of a gyrotron oscillator

We report the short-pulse operation of a 460 GHz gyrotron oscillator both at the fundamental (near 230 GHz) and second harmonic (near 460 GHz) of electron cyclotron resonance. During operation in a microsecond pulse length regime with 13-kV beam voltage and 110-mA beam current, the instrument generates several watts of power in two second harmonic modes, the TE/sub 2,6,1/ at 456.15 GHz and the TE/sub 0,6,1/ at 458.56 GHz. Operation in the fundamental modes, including the TE/sub 0,3,1/ mode at 237.91 GHz and the TE/sub 2,3,1/ at 233.15 GHz, is observed at output powers up to 70 W. Further, we demonstrate broadband continuous frequency tuning of the fundamental modes of the oscillator over a range of more than 2 GHz through variation of the magnetic field alone. We interpret these results in terms of smooth transitions between higher order axial modes of the resonator. The 460 GHz gyrotron is currently being processed for continuous duty operation, where it will serve as a microwave source for sensitivity-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (dynamic nuclear polarization) studies at 16 T (700 MHz /sup 1/H), a field strength which is two-fold higher than has been accessible with previous technology.     

A 0.4-THz Second Harmonic Gyrotron with Quasi-Optical Confocal Cavity

Mode density is very relevant for harmonic gyrotron cavity. Theoretical investigations suggest that quasi-optical confocal waveguide performs low mode density and good mode-selective character. By selecting the appropriate mode and optimizing the cavity parameters, the quasi-optical confocal cavity is suitable for high-harmonic terahertz gyrotron without mode competition. In order to verify the theoretical analysis, a 0.4-THz second harmonic gyrotron has been designed and experimented. Driven by a 40-kV, 4.75-A electron beam and 7.51-T magnetic field, the gyrotron prototype could generate 6.44 kW of output power at 395.35 GHz, which corresponds to an electron efficiency of 3.4%. There is no mode competition between the second harmonic and fundamental observed in the experiments.     

Development of 394.6 GHz CW Gyrotron (Gyrotron FU CW II) for DNP/Proton-NMR at 600 MHz

Gyrotron FU CW II with an 8 T liquid He free superconducting magnet, the second gyrotron of the THz Gyrotron FU CW Series, has been constructed and the operation test was successfully carried out. It will be used for enhancing the sensitivity of 600 MHz proton-NMR by use of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP). The designed operation mode of the gyrotron is TE_2,6 at the second harmonic. The corresponding frequency is 394.6 GHz. The real operation frequency is 394.3 GHz at TE₀₆ mode, because of fabrication error of the diameter of the cavity. The operation is in complete CW at the output power of around 30 W or higher at the TE₀₆ cavity mode. There are many other operation modes at the fundamental and the second harmonic. Typical output power of the fundamental and the second harmonic are higher than 100 W and 20 W, respectively. The highest frequency observed up to the present is 443.5 GHz at the second harmonic operation of TE_6,5 mode. The measured results are compared with the theoretical consideration.     

A modified beam propagation method to model second harmonicgeneration in optical fibers

A finite-difference implementation of the beam propagation method (BPM) is used to solve the paraxial, scalar wave equation with a nonlinear source term. A transparent boundary condition capable of handling asymmetric modes is incorporated in the finite-difference algorithm. This nonlinear BPM is used to model the generation and propagation of second harmonic light in an optical fiber which has been prepared for second harmonic generation (SHG) by the formation of a _χ⁽²⁾ grating. This method can be used to predict the guided mode in which the generated second harmonic light propagates based on the modes of the writing (fundamental and second harmonic) and reading (fundamental only) light. The effects of self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) are included in the model     

Enhanced harmonic generation in magnetrons

An X-band rising sun harmonic-generator magnetron has been developed. In order to obtain enhanced second harmonic output power, the magnetron was designed so that the resonant frequency of the second-order π mode was twice the frequency of the first-order π mode. Second harmonic efficiency, the ratio of second harmonic output power to input power, was strongly magnetic field dependent. Large values of second harmonic efficiency and output power occurred for operation in the "valley of efficiency" of the rising sun anode, i.e., for magnetic fields near B=13,000/λ1gauss where λ1is the wavelength of the first-order π mode. Maximum second harmonic efficiency and output power at λ2=1.69 cm were 13 per cent and 46 kw, respectively. For operation at these magnetic fields the ratio of generated second harmonic to fundamental power was of the order unity. This large power ratio can be understood in terms of a phase shift between the fundamental voltage and the current which drives it, together with a modified rotating wave hypothesis where a waving motion, caused by the Γ=0 Hartree component of the azimuthal electric field, is superimposed on the conventional rotation of the space-charge spokes.     

Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波管放大器的研究

二次谐波回旋行波管放大器的互作用磁场比基波回旋行波管放大器的磁场降低了一半,从而降低了设计难度,具有广阔的应用前景。通过对周期介质加载结构的Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波管电子枪、高频结构、模式竞争以及注波互作用研究,确定了Ka波段TE02模二次谐波回旋行波放大器的基本工作参数,通过PIC模拟计算,在电子注电压为90 kV,注电流为25 A时,获得了大于200 kW的输出功率,超过40 dB的增益。     

TE21模回旋返波振荡的起振分析

该文基于回旋行波放大器的线性理论,对TE₂₁模回旋返波振荡起振长度和起振频率随导引中心半径、电压、速度比、注电流及工作磁场等参数的变化进行了详细的数值模拟,并给出了相应的物理解释,分析了TE₂₁模基波和二次谐波回旋返波振荡特点,研究了分布损耗对回旋返波振荡的抑制效果。所得结果对回旋行波放大器和回旋返波振荡器的设计有参考意义。     

三腔回旋速调管预群聚电流谐波分量研究

该文基于小信号理论导出多腔回旋速调管预群聚电流密度谐波分量与群聚参数之间的关系,并以三腔回旋速调管为例进行了相应的数值计算。结果表明：二次谐波分量明显地小于基波分量,并且二次谐波分量随第二腔群聚参数变化起伏相对于一次谐波分量变化较大;二次谐波分量与第二腔群聚参数依赖关系与群聚腔的场强幅度的相位,第一漂移区引起电子相位变化有关;输入腔Q值在一定范围对谐波分量影响极小。     

Mode Competition and Self-Consistent Simulation of a Second Harmonic Gyrotron Oscillator

A nonlinear numerical simulation of a second harmonic gyrotron oscillator is presented in this paper. Mode competition from a competing fundamental mode is investigated. In addition, a self-consistent nonlinear theoretical model, including the effect of velocity spread, is applied to analyze the second harmonic gyrotron. A series of numerical calculations is carried out for different electron beam parameters. The results are compared with that of calculations using the cold-cavity, fixed field approximation and with experiments. Good agreement is found between our calculations and an experiment at Fukui University. The azimuthal polarization of the field and the choice of the electron beam radius are also discussed.     

Design of a CW 1 THz Gyrotron (Gyrotron Fu Cw III) Using a 20 T Superconducting Magnet

Design of a CW 1 THz gyrotron at second harmonic operation using a 20 T superconducting magnet has been described. The mode competition analysis is employed to investigate operation conditions of second harmonic mode, which is being excited at the frequency ranging from 920 GHz to 1014 GHz. The output power up to 250 watt corresponding to the efficiency of 4.16 percent could be achieved by using an electron beam with accelerating voltage 30 kV and current 200 mA. The important advantage of this gyrotron is that the single mode excitation at second harmonic, and extremely high frequency of the radiation, could be maintained even at high currents. It opens possibility to realize a high power radiation source at 1 THz. Such gyrotron is under construction at FIR Center, University of Fukui.     

A long-pulse,CARM oscillator experiment

Results of a long-pulse, cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) oscillator experiment are reported. A Stanford accelerator (SLAC 5045) klystron gun produced a 1 pis electron beam at 250-300 kV and 10-25 A at a repetition rate of up to 4 Hz. A beam α≡β⊥/β₁, variable from 0 to 1, was produced on this electron beam with a wiggler magnetic field near guide field resonance. The experiments were carried out with two different Bragg reflection resonators designed for the TE₁₁ mode. Using the first resonator, many harmonic gyrotron modes were observed in the 28-40GHz frequency range in the TE₂₁ and TE₀₁ modes and, for the first time, a second harmonic upshifted (CARM) TE₁₁ mode at 74-5 GHz. Using the second resonator, fundamental CARM operation was observed for many parameter settings, and for frequencies ranging from 29 to 32 GHz. Output powers ranged from ～01 kW to l00kW, resulting in efficiencies of 01% to 2%. Identification of CARM and gyrotron modes is made by comparison of measured frequencies with dispersion theory and measurement of the farfield radiation pattern. Comparison with theory indicates that the device efficiency is reduced by finite spread in the axial electron beam momentum.     

Theoretical study of harmonic injection locking of millimeter wave harmonic gunn oscillators

Harmonic injection locking behavior of millimeter wave second harmonic Gunn oscillators is studied based on an equivalent circuit model. A large signal model of Gunn device in harmonic mode operation is employed. Injection locking curves of voltage amplitude and phase difference between injected current and harmonic voltage are calculated by means of describing function technique. Stability of the locked harmonic oscillators is also investigated. It is revealed that the harmonic locking bandwidth is much smaller than that of fundamental wave oscillators and is closely related to the susceptance slope parameter of fundamental wave circuit. It is also found that the stable region is smaller than that of fundamental wave oscillators. Some conclusions have been made for the application of harmonic injection locking technique.     

Harmonic emission from high-power high-frequency gyrotrons

The results of a study of second-harmonic emission from a gyrotron designed for high-power high-frequency operation at the fundamental of the cyclotron frequency are presented. Stable, very narrow bandwidth second-harmonic cavity emission from 209 GHz to 302 GHz has been observed. An output power of 25 kW and efficiency of 6·5% in the TE_{11, 2, 1}, mode at 241 GHz is reported; this represents the highest power obtained to date from a high-frequency (> 100 GHz) harmonic gyrotron. These experiments have been carried out in a cavity for which the mode density is very high; the cavity diameter is approximately six free-space wavelengths for emission at the second harmonic. Mode competition between fundamental and second-harmonic modes is discussed. It is also shown that, in general, gyrotrons designed for high-power low-Q operation in overmoded cavities at the fundamental will also have high efficiencies and strong emission in second-harmonic modes. Prospects for high-frequency harmonic gyrotrons for plasma diagnostics and other applications are described     

Marginal stability design criterion for gyro-TWTs and comparison of fundamental with second harmonic operation

Stability properties of both the fundamental and second harmonic gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWT) are examined with multi-mode particle simulations. The second harmonic cyclotron interaction with an axis-encircling electron beam is found to be more stable to oscillations and can yield significantly greater power than the fundamental harmonic gyro-TWT. A multiple stage interaction structure based on a marginal stability criterion is proposed and illustrated with examples of a 128kW fundamental gyro-TWT and a 532 kW second harmonic gyro-TWT, Stable amplification at much higher power levels is in principle possible.     

Computer simulation of the helix traveling-wave amplifier with harmonic signals

Both fundamental and second-harmonic output powers have been computed with an axially symmetric three-dimensional model of a helix traveling-wave amplifier. They agree reasonably well with measurements. For three beam power levels, the computed transfer curves show RF drive powers consistently about 3 dB below the measured powers and saturated output powers about 2 dB below the measured values. Inaccuracies in the assumed initial beam radius, density and velocity may have caused these differences. Suppressing the second harmonic raises the computed fundamental output power by 3 dB. The model accurately reproduces a measured 11 dB dip in the second harmonic as the fundamental signal saturates.     

螺旋线行波管中螺距跳变幅度对输出功率的影响

通过对具有动态速度渐变（咖特性的注波互作用机理和谐波抑制技术的讨论得出了合理螺旋线的参量够提高螺旋线行波管频带内输出功率的初步结论。通过数值计算对螺距跳变幅度对输出功率影响进行了重点研究,进一步印证了初步结论。并得出了恰当的螺距跳变幅度可抑制二次谐波。增强基波,提高频带内输出功率的重要结论。所得结论为螺旋线慢波系统的设计工作的进一步开展指明了一个方向。     

高效率高功率全固态紫外激光器

报道了采用大功率国产光纤束模块端面抽运Nd∶YVO4激光晶体的腔外三倍频紫外激光器,用声光调Q技术实现了高功率高光束质量基频光输出。采用LBOⅠ类相位匹配和LBOⅡ类相位匹配的腔外倍频方法,并利用凹面反射镜的方式进行聚焦,避免了1064nm和532nm激光聚焦时由于波长的不同而产生的色差效应,有效地提高了三倍频的倍频效率。最终在注入抽运光功率为23.3W,声光调Q激光器的调制频率为20kHz的工作条件下,基频光输出功率为7.28W时,得到紫外激光输出功率为1.86W,1064nm基频光到355nm紫外激光的光-光转换效率为25.5%,此外,对紫外激光光束质量的测试表明,该紫外激光器具有高功率输出的同时仍有很好的光束质量。     

3mm二次谐波回旋振荡管设计与数值模拟

二次谐波回旋振荡管的互作用磁场比基波回旋振荡管的磁场降低了一半,从而降低了设计难度,具有广阔的应用前景。通过对单腔结构的W波段二次谐波回旋振荡管高频结构、起振电流、模式竞争以及注波互作用研究,确定了W波段TE02模二次谐波回旋振荡管的基本工作参数,通过粒子模拟(PIC)软件进行计算,在电子注电压为60kV,注电流为6A及速度比为1.5时,获得了67.5kW的输出功率和超过18%的效率,且工作稳定。