Combustion synthesis of SiO2 on the aluminum plate

The approach of utilizing combustion synthesis to make fine particles of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ is a quite modern technology. Through the chemical reaction in post-flame region, fine SiO₂ particles can be formed with high purity on plate surface. Therefore, the combustion synthesis of SiO₂ powders is an important area for further research and development, especially for the application of SiO₂ in the semiconductor industry. This investigation proposes an experimental approach (i.e., a gas-phase combustion synthesis) using two different kinds of organic compounds, Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSA) and Hexamethyldisioxane (HMDSO), as the silicon precursors. A premixed gas burner is chosen with C₃H₈ as fuel, air as oxidant and part of the air was used as the carrying gas to entrain HMDSA/HMDSO vapor into the combustible mixture. Observations show that the C₃H₈/air flame changed color from a pale-blue flame to light yellow and then orange when different amounts of precursors were introduced. Through the chemical reaction in the post-flame region, fine SiO₂ particles were formed in the gas phase and then quenched and collected on an aluminum flat plate. The objective of this paper is to study the effects of HMDSO and HMDSA concentrations and flame temperatures on the synthesis of SiO₂ particles.     

The Formation of Nano-Size SiO_2 Thin Film on an Aluminum Plate with Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSA) and Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)

This study is using HMDSA (C6H19NSi2) or HMDSO (C6H18OSi2) vapor into C3H8/air premixed flames to form SiO2 thin film on the surface of an aluminum plate. With the addition of HMDSO or HMDSA to premixed flames, an orange secondary flame or a flame brush appeared and was contributed to the formation of Sio2 particles. Based upon the EDS, XPS and FTIR analysis, it is believed that the synthesized products consist of mainly SiO2 and a small amount of SiO. The pure SiO2 crystal structure, was proved by XRD analysis, which may form from the SiO2 amorphous structure after high temperature (1300C) thermal treatment. The nano-size SiO2 particles, which ranged from 2.5-25 nm, are proved by analysis of the BET and TEM. A 2-D CFD-RC code with 12 reduced chemical reaction mechanism, based upon the SIMPLER procedure, was successfully employed to predict the flame temperature and both of the SiO2 and SiO concentration profiles. Compared with the experimental results, the calculated temperature profiles in the post-fl     

The Formation of Nano—Size SiO2 Thin Film on an Aluminum Plate with Hexamethyldisilazane（HMDSA）and Hexamethyldisiloxane（HMDSO）

This study is using HMDSA(C6H19NSi2)or HMDSO(C6H18OSi2) vapor into C3H8/air premixed flames to form SiO2 thin film on the surface of an aluminum palte.With the addition of HMDSO or HMDS to premixed flames,an orange secondary flame or a flame brush appeared and was contributed to the formation of SiO2 particles.Based upon the EDS,XPS and FTIR analysis ,it is believed that the synthesized products consist of mainly SiO2 and a small amount of SiO,The pure SiO2 crystal structure,was proved by XRD analysis,which may form form the SiO2 amorphous structure after high temperature(1300℃) thermal treatment.The nano-size SIO2 particles,which ranged form 2.5-25nm,are proved by analysis of the BET and TEM.A 2-D CFD-RC code with 12 reduced chemical reaction mechanism.based upon the SIMPLER procedure,was successfully employed to predict the flame temperature and both of the SiO2 and SiO concentration profiles.Compared with the experimental results,the calculated temperature profiles in the post-flame region are in good agreement with the measured data and observation phenomena.     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

离子信号与空燃比关系的探讨

在定容燃烧弹中通过对点火电极附近离子信号的测量,表明了该信号主要由火焰前锋和火焰后区两部分组成．理论分析证明,火焰前锋的信号主要与电极附近火核中的H3O 离子和自由电子浓度有关,火焰后区的信号主要与已燃区中高温下激态的NO 和自由电子浓度有关,特别是火焰前锋区的信号与空燃比有直接关系．实验研究发现火焰前锋和后区的信号峰值随过量空气系数的变化趋势相同,当过量空气系数为1时均达最大值．因此,利用该信号可以实现空燃比的探测．     

An analytic model for the effects of nitrogen dilution and premixing characteristics on NOx formation in turbulent premixed hydrogen flames

Advanced hydrogen gas turbine is a promising technology to achieve near-zero emission of carbon dioxide and higher cycle efficiency. With the increased firing temperature and pressure ratio, nitrogen reinjection combined with dry premixed combustion is promising to achieve the challenging low NOx emission. In this study, the effects of nitrogen dilution and fuel/air premixing characteristics on the flame characteristics and NOx emission are investigated first through simulating one-dimensional premixed flames with a 13-species and 39-reaction mechanism at the elevated engine operation conditions. The variation of flame thicknesses and laminar flame speeds with nitrogen dilution is investigated. The NOx formation is characterized by the flame-front NOx and the constant NOx formation rates in the post-flame region. It is shown that the flame-front NOx is an order of 1 ppm and does not change significantly (within 20%) with nitrogen dilution. In contrast, the NOx formation rates in the post-flame region decrease monotonically with nitrogen dilution due to the decrease of oxygen concentration. A detailed analysis of NOx formation reveals that the N₂O pathway is significant and it can account for at least 20% of the NOx formation in the post-flame region. Then an analytic model considering both the extended Zeldovich mechanism and the N₂O pathway is constructed by assuming the involved radicals being in chemical equilibrium. The model can be employed to efficiently estimate the NOx formation in fully premixed hydrogen gas turbines. Next, the effects of fuel/air premixing characteristics on the mean NOx formation rate in the post-flame region are quantified by reconstructing the PDF of mixture fraction. It is shown that without the nitrogen dilution, the NOx formation rate increases dramatically with fuel/air unmixedness due to the existence of local hot spots. Nitrogen dilution can dramatically reduce the NOx formation rate at the same level of unmixedness through reducing the local hot spots. Moreover, nitrogen dilution reduces the sensitivity of the NOx formation rate to fuel/air unmixedness, which greatly alleviates the mixing requirement for the premixing nozzles in gas turbines. Finally, a model for the estimation of NOx emission is constructed, which builds the connection between NOx emission, nitrogen dilution, unmixedness and flow residence time in combustors.     

Electrostatic probe measurement in an industrial furnace for high-temperature air conditions

Electrostatic probe measurements are reported that identify flame location, displacement speeds of reaction region, and other flame properties within an industrial furnace that is operated with high-temperature preheated air. The electrostatic probe has advantages over other methods when a furnace is operated with high-temperature air. The probe consisted of a fine detection wire and a supporting tube that played a role of the reference electrode. The reaction regions were found to be widely dispersed and weakened as they moved downstream. However, the ion-current signals still included many sharp peaks, perhaps associated with the thin reaction thickness, contrary to the flame structure expected from the high-temperature air combustion. It was also possible to estimate the displacement speeds of reaction region by using the cross-correlation method between two ion current records detected by parallel detection components. The results demonstrate that the electrostatic probe is useful to detect the structure and state of the reaction mode in industrial furnaces even in the presence of high-temperature air combustion.     

定容燃烧弹中离子信号的特征分析

在定容燃烧弹中同时进行离子信号和压力的测量,并通过高速摄影仪在燃烧过程中拍摄的纹影照片与相应的离子信号进行对比,分析了点火和燃烧中离子信号的点火、火焰前锋和火焰后区三个阶段．阐述了点火阶段的离子信号主要与电极间空气隙被击穿瞬间火花放电时产生的感应电压有关,火焰前锋的信号主要与电极附近的火核有关,以及火焰后区的信号主要与已燃区内各种成分的离子和电子有关的观点;论述了离子信号三个阶段的主要特点以及产生的主要原因．     

The effect of a perforated plate on the propagation of laminar hydrogen flames in a channel – A numerical study

Laminar hydrogen flame propagation in a channel with a perforated plate is investigated using 2D reactive Navies-Stokes simulations. The effect of the perforated plate on flame propagation is treated with a porous media model. A one step chemistry model is used for the combustion of the stoichiometric H₂–air mixture. Numerical simulations show that the perforated plate has considerable effect on the flame propagation in the region downstream from the perforated plate and marginal effect on the upstream region. It is found to squeeze the flame front and result in a ring of unburned gas pocket around the flame neck. The resulting abrupt change in flow directions leads to the formation of some vortices. Downstream of the perforated plate, a wrinkled “M”-shape flame is observed with “W” shape flame speed evolution, which lastly turns back to a convex curved flame front. Parametric studies have also been carried out on the inertial resistance factor, porosity, perforated plate length and its location to investigate their effects on flame evolution. Overall, for parameter range studied, the perforated plate has an effect of reducing the flame speed downstream of it.     

Particle combustion rates in premixed flames of polydisperse metal—air aerosols

A new approach and experimental technique are proposed to determine times of metal particle combustion in flames of polydisperse aerosols. Laminar flames are produced in air at 1 atm, using aerosol jets formed by an electrostatic particulate method. The flame radiation intensities as a function of vertical coordinate are measured and compared with the flame radiation profiles reconstructed using experimental data and simplified models. The experimental data used include particle size distributions, flame velocities, and temperatures of metal ignition and combustion. The simplified models describe the particle ignition delay, combustion time, and particle flame radiation intensity as a function of particle diameter, D. Variable parameters of the models describing particle radiation intensities and combustion times are adjusted to achieve the best fit between the reconstructed and measured flame radiation profiles. A set of parameters providing the best agreement between the reconstructed and measured profiles is selected for several aerosol flames produced by powders of different sizes of the same material. These parameters are assumed to adequately describe particle combustion times and radiation intensities for the chosen material. The experimental radiation profiles for both aluminum and magnesium aerosol flames with particles of different sizes were found to be in very good agreement with the respective reconstructed profiles. For both metals, particle radiation intensities were well described by a D³-type expression. The combustion times for magnesium aerosol particles were well described by the traditional D²-law with the evaporation constant close to those reported earlier for single particles. Aluminum aerosol particle combustion was better described by a D¹-law and combustion times of fine (<80 μm) aluminum particles in the aerosol were somewhat longer than the reported earlier combustion times for single aluminum particles.     

High-temperature aerosol formation in wood pellets flames: Spatially resolved measurements

The formation and evolution of high-temperature aerosols during fixed bed combustion of wood pellets in a realistic combustion environment were investigated through spatially resolved experiments. The purpose of this work was to investigate the various stages of aerosol formation from the hot flame zone to the flue gas channel. The investigation is important both for elucidation of the formation mechanisms and as a basis for development and validation of particle formation models that can be used for design optimization. Experiments were conducted in an 8-kW-updraft fired-wood-pellets combustor. Particle samples were withdrawn from the centerline of the combustor through 10 sampling ports by a rapid dilution sampling probe. The corresponding temperatures at the sampling positions were in the range 200-1450 °C. The particle sample was size-segregated in a low-pressure impactor, allowing physical and chemical resolution of the fine particles. The chemical composition of the particles was investigated by SEM/EDS and XRD analysis. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared to theoretical models for aerosol formation processes. The experimental data show that the particle size distribution has two peaks, both of which are below an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). The mode diameters of the fine and coarse modes in the PM_2.5 region were ∼0.1 and ∼0.8 μm, respectively. The shape of the particle size distribution function continuously changes with position in the reactor due to several mechanisms. Early, in the flame zone, both the fine mode and the coarse mode in the PM_2.5 region were dominated by particles from incomplete combustion, indicated by a significant amount of carbon in the particles. The particle concentrations of both the fine and the coarse mode decrease rapidly in the hot oxygen-rich flame due to oxidation of the carbon-rich particles. After the hot flame, the fine mode concentration and particle diameter increase gradually when the temperature of the flue gas drops. The main contribution to this comes from condensation on preexisting particles in the gas of alkali sulfates, alkali chlorides, and Zn species formed from constituents vaporized in the fuel bed. The alkali sulfates were found to condense at a temperature of and alkali chlorides condensed later at . This agrees well with results of chemical equilibrium calculation of the gas-to-particle conversion temperature. After the hot flame the coarse mode concentration decreased very little when the flue gas was cooled. In addition to carbon, the coarse mode consists of refractory metals and also considerable amounts of alkali.     

Flow structure and flame stability in a micro can combustor with a baffle plate

Flow structure and flame stability to be formed inside a micro can combustor, with a baffle plate having a central fuel nozzle and multi air holes located annularly were investigated experimentally. The structures of the isothermal flow and the reacting flow behind the baffle plate are measured by using a particle image velocimetry (PIV). The result shows that generation of the flow recirculation region enhances the mixing most effectively and is useful to make the combustion chamber compact. However, for the reacting flow condition, the flow structure behind the baffle plate will be changed drastically. The flame stabilization mechanisms have to be discussed in terms of local conditions of fuel and air mixing, flame propagation speed, and so on. These local structures seem to play an important role for the lifted flame location and stability of this type of burner.     

空气分离/烟气再循环技术基础研究进展

分离回收矿物燃料燃烧产生CO2的技术被认为是近期内减缓CO2排放的较为可行的措施。在众多CO2分离回收技术中,空气分离/烟气再循环技术(O2/CO2燃烧技术)具有明显的优势和较强的应用前景。本文介绍了全球CO2的排放情况,总结了空气分离/烟气再循环技术的提出背景和研究现状,并重点阐述了O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧及各种污染物(SO2、NOx及超细颗粒物)的排放特性,指出了目前研究的不足之处和存在的问题。O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧速率低,火焰发暗且燃烧不稳定,污染物生成及钙基脱硫剂的脱硫规律与传统方式存在明显差异,研究O2/CO2气氛下煤粉的燃烧特性及多种污染物的协同控制机理,将是今后工作的重点。     

Pulverized coal particle ignition in a combustion environment with a reducing-to-oxidizing transition

A reducing-to-oxidizing (RO) environment is characteristic of what a coal particle experiences in the near-burner region of pulverized coal (pc) furnaces. The RO environment can influence early-stage coal combustion processes such as ignition, aerosol formation, and char burnout. However, fundamental studies have focused on either oxidizing conditions (mimicking the post-flame region) or reducing conditions (mimicking the devolatilization region). The effect of this RO environment on early-stage coal combustion has, until now, not been considered. Here, the role of this reducing-to-oxidizing environment on single-particle ignition is evaluated. Powder River Basin (PRB) sub-bituminous coal was used, with a particle size of 125–149 μm and two nominal gas temperatures of 1300 K and 1800 K. The experimental findings for purely-oxidizing conditions with 20 vol% oxygen are compared with those of reducing-to-oxidizing environment. Single particles were tracked using high speed, high resolution videography. Emission intensities of the particles were used to evaluate the prevailing ignition modes, and to determine the characteristic ignition and induction times in both oxidizing and reducing-to-oxidizing environments. Experimental findings show that homogeneous-to-heterogeneous mode of ignition is prevalent for purely oxidizing conditions for both nominal gas temperatures of 1300 K and 1800 K. However, hetero-homogeneous ignition is favored in reducing-to-oxidizing environment at 1800 K and heterogeneous ignition at 1300 K gas flame temperature. The reducing-to-oxidizing environment leads to longer ignition delay times of about 20% and 40% on average for 1300 K and 1800 K nominal gas temperatures respectively but shorter induction times than those of oxidizing condition. The results show that ignition behavior in a reducing-to-oxidizing post-flame environments can be quite different from those in oxidizing environments.     

High-fidelity resolution of the characteristic structures of a supersonic hydrogen jet flame with heated co-flow air

In the present paper, direct numerical simulation (DNS) is performed to analyze the characteristic structures of a supersonic jet lifted hydrogen-air flame with Reynolds number of 22, 000, and Mach number of 1.2. The fuel consisting of 85% H₂ and 15% N₂ by volume is injected into hot co-flow air from a round orifice. Overall 975 million grids are used to compute the complex multi-scales phenomena. A Damköhler number and a flame index are defined to analyze combustion modes and the mixedness of the flame. Complicated characteristic elements of the supersonic jet lifted flame are observed, i.e. a stable laminar flame base with auto-ignition as the stabilization mechanism, a violent mixing region in which vigorous turbulent combustion occurs with both fuel-lean and fuel-rich mixtures, and a flame region consisting of outer diffusion combustion and inner weaker premixed combustion in the far field. At the leading edge of the fame base, auto-ignition takes place primarily in the fuel-lean mixture where the mixedness mode is opposed. Downstream of the laminar flame base, the combustion becomes turbulent due to the intensified mixing of fuel and air, which results in the subequilibrium values of temperature and OH concentration. Detonation occurs near the sonic layer, and then sustains the combustion in higher dissipative mixture. The flame near the stochiometric condition keeps non-premixed, and the other non-premixed flame elements could be observed in the very fuel-rich region. Through the reacting field the premixed flame appears near the shear layer. The combustion intensity decreases in the far field where the inner non-premixed flame disappears gradually.     

Burning velocity and flame structure of CH4/NH3/air turbulent premixed flames at high pressure

Ammonia is one of the most promising alternative fuels. In particular, ammonia combustion for gas turbine combustors for power generation is expected. To shift the fuel for a gas turbine combustor to ammonia step-by-step, the partial replacement of natural gas by ammonia is considered. To reveal the turbulent combustion characteristics, CH₄/NH₃/air turbulent premixed flame at 0.5 MPa was experimentally investigated. The ammonia ratio based on the mole fraction and lower heating value was varied from 0 to 0.2. The results showed that the ratio of the turbulent burning velocity and unstretched laminar burning velocity decreased with an increase in the ammonia ratio. The reason for this variation is that the flame area decreased with an increase in the ammonia ratio as the flame surface density decreased and the fractal inner cutoff increased. The volume fractions in the turbulent flame region were almost the same with ammonia addition, indicating that combustion oscillation can be handled in a manner similar to that for the case of natural gas for CH₄/NH₃/air flames.     

初始温度对氢-空气预混诱导湍流燃烧特性的影响

通过在火焰传播路径上布置孔板实现诱导湍流燃烧,利用纹影技术和压力采集系统研究了初始温度对孔板诱导氢-空气预混湍流燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:穿越孔板前火焰传播速度略有下降,穿越孔板后火焰被诱导为湍流燃烧,火焰发展进程加快;随着初始温度的升高,最高燃烧压力和最大压升率减少,两者出现的时刻提前,添加孔板后的燃烧持续期变化率降低,但穿越孔板后的火焰传播速度的差异不显著。     

On possibility of vapor-phase combustion for fine aluminum particles

A simplified heat transfer model applicable for vapor-phase combustion of individual fine metal particles predicts existence of a critical particle diameter, below which the vapor-phase flame alone cannot be self-sustaining. Other heat generation mechanisms (i.e. surface oxidation) should complement the vapor-phase flame. The predicted critical particle diameter is a function of the flame temperature and pressure. For single aluminum particles burning in atmospheric pressure air, CO₂ and H₂O, the predicted critical particle diameters are close to 6, 7, and 15 μm, respectively.     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

四甲基硅烷燃烧法制备气相白炭黑的研究

介绍了以四甲基硅烷为原料,采用气相燃烧的方法制备超细白炭黑的新工艺。探讨了火焰构型、四甲基硅烷给气速率、甲烷给气速率、氧气给气速率、载气(氮气)通气速率等反应条件对产物的理化特性的影响。结果表明,前驱体浓度、初级颗粒在火焰中停留时间和火焰温度是影响白炭黑颗粒粒径大小的主要因素,前驱体浓度大、火焰中停留时间长、火焰温度高、产物粒子粒径越大。通过调节适量载气,可以很好地控制白炭黑粒径大小,使其粒径分布更均匀,成功制取粒径为9.46nm的超细白炭黑。并指出二氧化硅纳米颗粒在扩散火焰中经历化学反应、成核、凝并及团聚等几个主要过程。