Compound PLS Model in Coal Analysis with Near-infrared Spectra

为了更好地确定偏最小二乘法模型的主成分数,提出一种传统偏最小二乘法和多主成分数偏最小二乘法相结合构建复合偏最小二乘模型的方法.给出了预测时两种样品相似度的计算方式:直接距离法和性质得分距离法.分别采用复合偏最小二乘法和传统偏最小二乘法对煤炭的全硫、灰分、热值和碳含量进行建模预测,比较传统偏最小二乘法和多主成分数偏最小二乘法建模过程中的相关系数和交互验证均方根误差,采用复合偏最小二乘模型对验证集样品预测时,计算了不同相似度计算方式下不同样品间距离算法的预测均方根误差,并同传统偏最小二乘法预测均方根的误差进行比较,结果表明:复合偏最小二乘法建模比传统偏最小二乘法建模有更强的适应性,能够提高预测的准确性.     

制浆材综纤维素和聚戊糖含量的近红外预测

用传统方法测定了156个制浆材样品的综纤维素和聚戊糖含量并采集了样品的近红外光谱。对原始光谱进行多元散射校正后,运用偏最小二乘法和交互验证的方法,确定最佳主成分数分别为9和10并建立样品综纤维素和聚戊糖含量的校正模型。独立验证中两个模型的决定系数R_(val)~2分别为0.903 4、0.940 1,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.69%、0.78%,相对分析误差(RPD)值分别为3.22、4.09,绝对偏差(AD)分别为-1.00%~1.20%、-1.39%~1.31%,两个校正模型较好地预测了验证集样品的综纤维素和聚戊糖含量,基本满足制浆造纸工业中快速测定的需求。     

PCR和PLSR在煤质全水分检测中的比较研究

为了快速、无损的检测出煤质内部的全水分含量，研究采集了200个焦煤样品的近红外光谱，采用马氏距离和学生式残差相结合的方法剔除了异常样品，并对其进行了一阶微分、二阶微分、15点平滑、多元散射校正(MSC)和标准归一化处理(SNV)光谱预处理，采用主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)对煤样进行建模分析。试验结果表明：经SNV预处理后的PCR模型最佳，校正集和交叉验证集相关系数分别为0.903和0.874,均方根误差分别为0.089和0.132;经15点平滑处理后的PLSR模型最佳，校正集和交叉验证集相关系数分别为0.974和0.887,均方根误差分别为0.038和0.043。PLSR模型相比PCR模型更具有代表性，模型稳定性和预测能力更强。     

人造革基布纤维含量近红外光谱法专属定量分析模型的建立

研究了近红外光谱法在人造革基布纤维含量定量分析中的应用。通过分析样品近红外光谱的主成分,选择校正和验证样品集,选用偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立人造革基布纤维含量专属定量分析模型。结果表明:在9 017.5~4 396.9 cm~(-1)的波数范围内,选用9个主成分数建立了专属定量分析模型,模型的校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.678、相关系数(R_c~2)为0.999 5;预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.705、相关系数(R_v~2)为0.998 9,残差范围为-1.5~1.4;专属定量分析模型具有较好的预测准确性和方法重复性,可实现人造革基布纤维含量的快速测定。     

近红外光谱法测定HMX中α-HMX杂质晶型的含量

为了快速检测HMX中杂质晶型α-HMX的含量,在制备建模样品的基础上,利用近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘法建立了HMX光谱与其α-HMX杂质晶型含量的计算模型。讨论了建模样品的代表性、模型光谱范围的选择及模型的优化过程。结果表明,模型具有广泛代表性,最佳光谱范围为6 476~6 446cm-1和4 602~4 424cm-1,交互验证决定系数(R2)为0.996,参考值交互验证残差均方根(RMSECV)为0.20%;外部验证的残差均方根(RMSEP)为0.27%;该法误差均小于0.13%,标准偏差为0.1%;近红外光谱法操作简单、快速、无损、绿色环保,可用于HMX中α-HMX杂质晶型含量的检测。     

基于二维相关近红外光谱技术测定辅料十二烷基硫酸钠

为了测定缬沙坦和辅料十二烷基硫酸钠共存样品中辅料的含量,配制成含有十二烷基硫酸钠含量为0.30%~5.88%的缬沙坦样品共35个。以十二烷基硫酸钠浓度为外扰,分别研究了十二烷基硫酸钠和缬沙坦共存样品的二维相关近红外光谱特征,分别选择随浓度变化大的区间4119~4216 cm-1、4235~4273 cm-1、4312~4351 cm-1、4484~4676 cm-1、5732~5828 cm-1、8132~8323 cm-1为光谱的建模区间,利用偏最小二乘方法建立定量预测模型。结果表明:模型的交叉验证决定系数为0.8670,交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为0.804,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.775,对未知样品集预测结果的平均相对误差为0.25%,这表明二维相关近红外光谱技术选择的波段建立的定量模型具有较好的预测效果。     

煤中全水分及灰分的近红外测试方法研究

为了快速、无损检测煤质中的全水分和灰分,采集了120个精煤样品的近红外漫反射光谱,对微分光谱进行分析,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法结合不同光谱预处理方法建立基于马氏距离剔除异常样品后的定量数学模型,分析预测值与真实值的相关性,并对最优预处理下的模型残差进行讨论。结果表明:经过多元散射校正处理后建立的全水分模型效果最优,相关系数达到0.982 12,校正集均方根误差为0.013,预测集均方根误差为0.017。经过5点平滑预处理后建立的灰分模型效果最佳,相关系数达到0.947 47,校正集均方根误差为0.058,预测集均方根误差为0.052,2项指标的残差波动均匀,模型的稳定性和预测能力较强。     

基于偏最小二乘和拉曼光谱检测聚氨酯中游离—NCO含量

基于聚氨酯中游离异氰酸酯不能快速无损检测的现状,利用光纤光谱技术和拉曼光谱仪,根据化学计量学和偏最小二乘原理,对聚氨酯中—NCO的定量分析方法进行研究。在—NCO的拉曼特征峰波段,对聚氨酯样本的拉曼光谱数据和—NCO实测值进行回归分析,建立了聚氨酯中游离—NCO的定量分析模型。选取的主成分数为12时,校验集的相关系数r=0.997 8,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)=0.110 7;预测集相关系数r=0.983 6,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)=0.264 7,预测集的相对误差<7%。结果表明:所建立的模型具有较好的预测能力,稳健性较强;检测时间从传统方法的几十分钟降低到1 min内,提高了—NCO的检测效率。     

基于非线性偏最小二乘回归的软测量建模及应用

针对复杂工业过程存在的多变量、相关性和非线性问题,提出一种新的基于非线性偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)回归的软测量建模方法。该方法利用PLS作为模型的外部框架来提取输入输出主成分变量,同时消除变量间的相关性,然后用最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)作为内部函数来描述主成分变量之间的非线性关系,并引入基于误差最小化的权值更新策略,来改进模型的预测精度。以pH中和过程的Benchmark模型来验证该方法的性能,并与其他建模方法比较,结果表明该方法预测精度较高,而且具有较强的泛化能力。将该方法应用于某电站燃煤锅炉的NOx排放软测量建模之中,取得了较好的预测效果。     

拉曼光谱用于CHO细胞培养液多指标快速分析

为了快速分析中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞培养液,在CHO细胞培养过程中取样,离线分析获得葡萄糖浓度、乳酸浓度、谷氨酸浓度、谷氨酰胺浓度、活细胞密度、总细胞密度、细胞活度和单克隆抗体表达量等指标的参考值,采集细胞培养液上清的拉曼光谱,以偏最小二乘(PLS)法建立拉曼光谱与各指标的多元校正模型。各模型均具有合理的主成分数、较高的决定系数(R~2)、较低的校正误差均方根(RMSEC)和预测误差均方根(RMSEP),且RMSEC与RMSEP相差不大,模型具有较好的预测性能。结果表明,该方法可望用于CHO细胞培养过程多指标离线快速检测,也为该生产过程在线实时监测和反馈控制的实现提供了研究基础。     

近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法测定复方阿司匹林/双嘧达莫成分含量

采用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术对复方阿司匹林/双嘧达莫药物的有效成分进行测定,结合偏最小二乘(PLS)法分别建立了复方药物有效成分双嘧达莫及阿司匹林的相关模型,结果显示,复方阿司匹林/双嘧达莫中双嘧达莫PLS模型的相关系数R为0.99921,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)是0.00170,预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)是0.00291;复方中阿司匹林PLS模型的R为0.99517,RMSECV为0.000810,RMSEP为0.000831。由此表明,所建立的模型预测性能良好,均在误差范围内,说明方法准确可靠,可以用于实际生产中的在线控制。     

Rapid Determination of Total Polar Compounds in Frying Oil Using ATR‐FTIR Combined with Extended Partial Least Squares Regression

A method of rapidly determining the total polar compounds (TPCs) in frying oils using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression is developed. Oils of various types and geographic origins are used to ensure that the proposed model is robust. The first derivative spectrum is selected as the spectral processing method. The interval PLS, forward interval PLS, and backward interval PLS algorithms are compared in terms of their performance. A correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9942, a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 1.1, a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.30, a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 4.1, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.65% are obtained by the fiPLS33 model with fewer latent variables and a lower spectral interval number. In addition, sub‐models using a single type of oil showed higher performance (R² 0.9957–0.9998, RMSEC 0.12–0.92, RMSEP 0.79–1.58, RPD 4.79–9.64, LOD 0.66–1.26%) than the general model. The TPC models developed are accurate, stable, and adaptable, and they can be used to analyze general frying oil samples quickly, regardless of the oil type, and to analyze samples of specific oil types accurately. Practical applications: The content of TPCs is an important indicator of whether the oil has been overused and whether it will be harmful during the frying process. However, traditional chemical methods are time‐consuming, and they have not been used to determine large‐sized samples. In addition, due to a lack of regional optimization, most studies on determining TPCs with FTIR give unsatisfactory model performance. A general TPC model that incorporates several oil types and regional optimization is expected to improve prediction performance. Therefore, the proposed method represents a rapid and accurate tool for measuring TPCs in edible fats and oils.     

近红外光谱法快速测定高含量精制甘油中的甘油含量

采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了快速测定高含量精制甘油中甘油含量的近红外光谱校正模型,该模型主因子数为4,相关系数(R2)为99.12%,校正标准偏差(RMSECV)为0.027;以预测集对模型进行验证,结果表明,R2为99.17%,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.023,对同一样品预测值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.04%。     

Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Quality Control Tool for the Analysis of Lecithin and By-Products During Soybean Oil Processing

Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze multiple measurement parameters in lecithin production samples and soybean oil refining by-products. For lecithin, partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were developed for acetone insolubles, acid value and moisture and leave-one-out cross validation of the calibration models yielded root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) values of 0.37%, 0.59 (mg KOH/g) and 0.050%, respectively. An independent test set consisting of 40% of the lecithin production samples were predicted from the PLS calibration models and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.41%, 0.53 (mg KOH/g) and 0.056% were obtained for acetone insolubles, acid value and moisture, respectively. Comparison of FT-NIR predictions and corresponding reference method values of 10 lecithin samples using a two-tailed t test showed no significant difference at the p = 0.05 level. A set of 51 samples of soybean oil refining by-products, including acidulated soapstock, fatty acids and black oil, were used for developing PLS calibration models for measuring acid value, moisture and iodine value and leave-one-out cross validations for each model gave values for RMSECV of 6.59 (mg KOH/g), 0.046% and 0.42 (mg I₂/g), respectively. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the suitability of FT-NIR spectroscopy for the routine analysis of lecithin production samples and soybean oil refining by-products for quality control purposes.     

Determining Frying Oil Degradation by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Using Chemometric Techniques

A rapid method for the determination of some important physicochemical properties in frying oils has been developed. Partial least square regression (PLS) calibration models were applied to the physicochemical parameters and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) spectral data. PLS regression was used to find the NIR region and the data pre-processing method that give the best prediction of the chemical parameters. Calibration and validation were appropriated by leave one out cross validation and test set validation techniques for predicting free fatty acids (FFA), total polar materials (cTPM; measured by chromatographic method and iTPM measured by an instrumental method), viscosity and smoke point of the frying oil samples. For PLS models using the cross validation techniques, the best correlations (r) between NIR predicted data and the standard method data for iTPM in oils were 93.79 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values were 5.53. For PLS models using the test set validation techniques, the best correlations (r) between NIR predicted data and standard method data for FFA, cTPM, viscosity and smoke point in oils were 92.58, 94.61, 81.95 and 84.07 and RMSEP values were 0.121, 3.96, 22.30 and 8.74, respectively. In conclusion, NIR technique with chemometric analysis was found very effective in predicting frying oil quality changes.     

一种新的近红外光谱信息区间选择方法

基于间隔策略的信息波长选择是近红外光谱分析中广泛应用的一种方法。针对传统算法忽略非线性因素的缺点,首次考虑将最小二乘支持向量机（least-squares support vector machine,LSSVM）方法应用于间隔选择策略,进而提出了一种新的波长选择方法iLSSVM（interval LSSVM）。该算法克服了传统间隔选择算法依赖于线性模型的缺陷,对存在较强非线性的光谱数据能够准确地选择最优信息区间,极大地减少建模变量并显著改善模型预测精度。应用两组业界标准的光谱数据来验证该算法的性能,并和传统方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,在两组数据集上该算法取得的标准预测偏差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）分别比全谱PLS建模降低了20%和4%,比传统的间隔偏最小二乘算法（interval partial least-squares,iPLS）降低了28%和2%。     

傅里叶变换近红外光谱法快速测定聚氯乙烯的K值

研究了傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术快速测定聚氯乙烯K值的分析方法。采用漫反射方式和偏最小二乘法 (PLS),建立了聚氯乙烯K值定量分析数学模型,其决定系数(R2)和均方差(RMSECV)分别为97．96％和0．362。实验结果表明:近红外分析法和实验室标准分析方法测定结果基本一致。本方法重复性好,具有快速、操作简单、无污染等诸多优点。     

The prediction of clay contents in oil shale using DRIFTS and TGA data facilitated by multivariate calibration

The prediction of clay content in oil shale is important for the optimisation of oil shale processing conditions and process feasibility. The multivariate calibration technique of partial least squares regression (PLSR) was implemented in order to predict clay content in oil shale samples taken from the Stuart oil shale deposit, Queensland, Australia. The calibration data used were the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) spectra of 34 oil shale samples. DRIFTS data from another set of 20 oil shale samples were used for model validation. The data pre-processing includes the use of derivatives facilitated by the Savitsky-Golay nine-points’ method. A four components model was constructed and it showed a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 4.79% and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 4.35%. TGA data sets were also used to construct a calibration model, which produced less accurate results than DRIFTS. DRIFTS, when combined with multivariate calibration, provided an accurate in situ method of evaluating clay content in oil shale. Clay content measured using XRD was used as a reference.     

Application of MIA for a QSAR Study of Inhibitory Activity of DHP Derivatives and Design of New Compounds Using WT and GA for Pixel Processing

A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling was carried out for the prediction of inhibitory activity of dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives known as calcium channel blocker (CCB) drugs. Partial least squares (PLS) algorithm was used for prediction of inhibitory activity of calcium channel antagonists as a function of the bidimensional images. In the present study, it is investigated that the effect of pixel selection by application of genetic algorithms (GAs) for PLS model, because of the GAs is very useful in the variable selection in modeling. Pre-processing methods such as wavelet transform (WT) were also used to enhance the predictive power of multivariate calibration methods. The subset of pixels, which resulted in the low prediction error, was selected by GA. To evaluate the models applied in this study (PLS, GA-PLS and WT-GA-PLS), the inhibitory activities of several compounds, not included in the modeling procedure, were predicted. The results of models showed high prediction ability with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.51, 0.39 and 0.17 for PLS, GA-PLS and WT-GA-PLS, respectively. The WT-GA-PLS method was employed to predict the inhibitory activity of the new antagonists.