考虑政府补贴及环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策

在外包及授权再制造模式下,研究考虑政府补贴及制造商环境设计的再制造闭环供应链生产决策问题.构建4种闭环供应链决策模型,分析政府补贴及环境设计水平对制造商与再制造商竞合关系、闭环供应链绩效以及环境的影响.研究发现,制造商可以通过调节单位再制造外包费或专利许可费实现与再制造商共享政府补贴,因此政府不同补贴策略不会对闭环供应链最优生产决策及绩效产生影响.政府补贴与消费者对再制造产品的认知程度,并不总是有利于提高制造商环境设计水平,但均有助于促进再制造产品销售.制造商总是有动机进行环境设计,而再制造商只有在环境设计能为再制造产品带来更多成本节约时,才有动力接受制造商的环境设计方案.相比于授权再制造,制造商及再制造商均在外包再制造下获得更多的利润.另外,政府补贴与环境设计并不一定总能起到减少产品环境总影响程度的作用.     

浅析生态设计理念

进入21世纪,人类面临着严峻的生态环境问题,使得生态设计理念成为了研究焦点。产品生态设计是利用生态学的思想,将环境因素融入到产品设计中,优先考虑产品的环境属性,改善产品在整个生命周期内的环境性能,实现从源头上预防污染的目的。其理论基础是生命周期评价理论。所以,也叫做生命周期设计。     

两周期双寡头竞争环境中再制造影响

针对两周期双寡头竞争市场,分别构建单个企业实施再制造和两个企业实施再制造的产量决策模型,探讨再制造对双寡头竞争市场的产品供应、产品价格、企业利润、消费者福利以及环境污染的影响.研究表明:1)当且仅当再制造补贴与再制造成本节约之和满足一定条件时,双寡头才会进入再制造市场.2)再制造可增加企业利润、提高消费者剩余,并在一定...     

A study on remanufacturing possibility of a product

With the intensification of Globalization, customers’ environment-friendly attitude and stringent environmental regulations, the manufacturers have been orienting their manufacturing and other value additive processes towards the development of more environment-friendly products and use of relevant processes including taking back of used products after their end-of-use or end-of-life from the end users. Remanufacturing is one of the prominent and popular options. Remanufacturing perhaps has drawn maximum attention because of its economic viability and environmental cleanliness. The remanufacturing operation depends upon the quality and quantity of the used. Better the quality lesser the remanufacturing cost. A remanufacturer is unaware about the condition of used product before its acquisition. It may also be noted that the remanufactured product may be taken after a period of its use by users. So it is really difficult to judge how many cycles does the product go for remanufacturing. This has drawn the attention of the authors and the problem is studied with developing some mechanism on the possible frequency of the remanufacturing of a new product. This paper is a study report on this area of research which is expected to contribute immensely to the remanufacturing business.

     

A production–inventory model with remanufacturing for defective and usable items in fuzzy-environment

This paper investigates a production–remanufacturing system for a single product over a known-finite time horizon. Here the production system produces some defective units which are continuously transferred to the remanufacturing unit and the constant demand is satisfied by the perfect items from production and remanufactured units. Remanufacturing unit uses the defective items from production unit and the collected used-products from the customers and later items are remanufactured for reuse as fresh items. Some of the used items in the remanufacturing unit are disposed off which are not repairable. The remanufactured units are treated as perfect items. Normally, rate of defectiveness varies in a production system and may be approximated by a constant or fuzzy parameter. Hence, two models are formulated separately with constant and fuzzy defective productions. When defective rate is imprecise, optimistic and pessimistic equivalent of fuzzy objective function is obtained by using credibility measure of fuzzy event by taking fuzzy expectation. Here, it is assumed that remanufacturing system starts from the second production cycle and after that both production and remanufacturing units continue simultaneously. The models are formulated for maximum total profit out of the whole system. Here the decision variables are the total number of cycles in the time horizon, the duration for which the defective items are collected and the cycle length after the first cycle. Genetic Algorithm is developed with Roulette wheel selection, Arithmetic crossover, Random mutation and applied to evaluate the maximum total profit and the corresponding optimum decision variables. The models are illustrated with some numerical data. Results of some particular cases are also presented.     

跨区域市场条件下品牌商再制造决策研究-----基于抵御平行进口商市场入侵的视角

针对一个品牌商和一个平行进口商组成的分销系统,探讨消费者对平行进口产品和再制造品感知质量存在差异情况下企业的最优产品决策,通过建立无再制造与再制造两种情形下的平行进口商市场入侵模型,分析品牌商再制造和平行进口的相互作用.研究表明,不管消费者对再制造品的感知质量如何,品牌商再制造可有效降低平行进口商的灰市投机行为;平行进口商的市场入侵会促进品牌商再制造;当再制造成本节约程度较小时,消费者对再制造品的感知质量越高,平行进口产品售价越低,平行进口量越小,平行进口商利润也越低.     

Remanufacturing and pricing decisions with random yield and random demand

Remanufacturing is creating considerable benefit to industry and community, but the uncertainties in both supply and demand sides bring significant difficulty to the production and marketing management of remanufactured products. This paper considers the remanufacturing and pricing decisions when both the remanufacturing yield and the demand for remanufactured products are random. Two typical sequential decision strategies are explored: First-Remanufacturing-Then-Pricing (FRTP) and First-Pricing-Then-Remanufacturing (FPTR). The optimal remanufacturing quantity and selling price of the remanufactured product are developed for each strategy, under negligible salvage value and shortage penalty. We also conduct a numerical study to investigate the scenario where the salvage value and shortage penalty are non-negligible, and explore the parameter sensitivity of the systems. We find that FRTP strategy is more preferable for low remanufacturing cost, market-price sensitivity, and variance of demand randomness, and for high shortage penalty, salvage value, and variance of remanufacturing yield; while FRTP strategy is more preferable for the complementary situation.     

Optimal distribution channel strategy for new and remanufactured products

The market for remanufactured products is large and growing rapidly, accelerated by the widespread popularity of internet sales and online auctions. Whereas extant remanufacturing research focuses primarily on such operations management issues in collecting of end-of-life products, remanufacturing technologies, production planning, and inventory control, we consider an operations-marketing interaction issue by identifying the optimal channel structures for marketing new and remanufactured products. Specifically, based on observations from current practice, we consider three channel strategies a dominant manufacturer can adopt: (1) marketing both new and remanufactured products through an independent retailer; (2) marketing the remanufactured products through the independent retailer, while controlling the new product sales by using its own online channel; (3) marketing the remanufactured products through the manufacturer-owned online channel, while selling new products through the independent retailer. Our results show that the manufacturer prefers to differentiate new and remanufactured products by opening a direct online channel, no matter how the system parameters change. However, which type of products (new or remanufactured) the manufacturer should sell through the online channel depends on the cost saving from remanufacturing, the customer’s acceptance of remanufactured products and the online inconvenience cost. Furthermore, this paper shows that, compared with channel strategy I where the manufacturer sells both new and remanufactured products through an independent retailer, this dual channel strategy benefits the end consumers, but might do harm to the retailer and the total supply chain in some situations.     

Development of design for remanufacturing guidelines to support sustainable manufacturing

Developing sustainable approaches to manufacture is a critical global concern. Key measures towards this include practicing design for environment (ecodesign), for example by improving remanufacturing efficiency and effectiveness. Remanufacturing is a process of bringing used products to a “like-new” functional state with warranty to match. Its significance is that it can be both profitable and less harmful to the environment in comparison to conventional manufacturing. Remanufacturing has a low profile in world economies and is poorly understood because of its relative novelty in research terms. However, environmental and competitive pressures are changing the global and business environment and this is fuelling interest in the practice. This paper provides the background to remanufacturing together with the findings from workshops recently undertaken in the UK as part of research into design and manufacturing approaches to facilitate remanufacturing.     

Optimum policy in hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system

In this study, a hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system for a kind of short life cycle product with stochastic demand and stochastic returned products was investigated. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the hybrid system. The impacts of the amount of products manufactured and the proportion of the remanufactured part to the returned products on the total cost of the system were analyzed. Through theoretic analyses and numerical experiments, the relationship between the total cost of the system and the two influential factors were identified. The total cost of the hybrid system could be reduced significantly by setting optimum values of the amount of products manufactured and the proportion of the remanufactured part to the returned products. The sensitivity of the optimum values of the decision variables and the minimum cost with respect to the system parameters were also investigated.     

碳交易环境下再制造企业生产及减排投资决策

基于碳限额交易政策,对再制造企业生产和减排投资决策进行研究.在碳交易环境背景下,利用非线性凸优化理论,首先分析不减排投资时再制造企业的最优生产决策,然后研究再制造企业对生产新产品或再制造品减排投资时的情形.通过比较,探讨再制造企业进行减排投资时制造/再制造策略的调整,并分析减排投资对社会福利各因素(包括再制造企业利润、消费者剩余和环境影响)的影响.研究表明:对新产品(再制造品)减排将导致新产品(再制造品)产量的增加和再制造品(新产品)产量的降低;减排投资使再制造企业利润和消费者剩余均增加,但是环境影响(碳排放总量)则取决于单位再制造的碳排放量.最后,通过算例分析验证了以上结论.     

Disassembly sequence and cost analysis for electromechanical products

For companies, the improvement of the recyclability performance of their newly designed products is becoming an integral part of product development process. The concept of environmental conscious design (ECD) has been adopted to assist the environmental performance of the products at the early stage of designing. This new trend requires that the design strategies need to be modified by integrating the environmental constraints. This paper provides the disassembly sequence and cost analysis for the electromechanical products during the design stage. The disassembly planning is divided into four stages: geometric assembly representation, cut-vertex search analysis, disassembly precedence matrix analysis, and disassembly sequences and plan generation. The disassembly cost is categorized into three types: target disassembly, full disassembly, and optimal disassembly. The result of this approach shows that the electromechanical products can be disassembled systematically and economically.     

专利保护下闭环供应链碳减排及协调决策

考虑政府征收碳税及再制造专利保护,建立原制造商和第三方再制造商不同决策情形的博弈模型,探讨碳税、碳减排对制造/再制造决策的影响.研究结果表明:碳税使原制造商收益受损,当再制造产品接受度大于再制造碳排放比率时,碳税使再制造商利润增加;碳减排使新产品产量增加,原制造商利润增加;碳减排使再制造专利许可费提高,不利于废旧产品回收,再制造商利润不一定增加;集中决策下废旧产品的回收率和供应链总利润均高于分散决策,当满足碳税促进再制造的条件时,集中决策具有更好的环境绩效;针对分散决策的效率损失,原制造商收取适当专利许可费,再制造商分担部分减排成本,能够实现闭环供应链的协调.最后,运用数值仿真验证以上结论,并进一步分析碳税和碳排放比率对减排率的影响.     

Acquisition and pricing strategies in hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing systems

There are two typical cases of acquisition and remanufacturing in a closed-loop supply chain: The third party remanufacturer (3PR) and the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) separately acquire and remanufacture used products. The used products have different qualities, and they can be classified for acquisition in reality. In this paper, under the grading acquisition mode, we compare the acquisition strategies of used products and the pricing strategies of new products and remanufactured products in different manufacturing-remanufacturing systems. Then we further study the impact of the timing of remanufacturing on the profit and the environment. From an environmental perspective, the 3PR is willing to acquire and remanufacture used products at the best grade, whereas the OEM may choose more grades. The latter can reduce environmental impact. From an economic perspective, as long as the total cost of acquiring and remanufacturing used products does not exceed the threshold, remanufacturing can bring more profit for the OEM than only selling new products. Moreover, when consumers’ preference for remanufactured products is relatively high, and the total cost of acquisition and remanufacturing does not exceed the threshold, the OEM can engage in remanufacturing business before the new products exit from the market.     

Design for adaptability (DFAD)—a new concept for achieving sustainable design

This paper discusses the concepts associated with a new methodology, design for adaptation (DFAD), under development for achieving advanced sustainable designs. The DFAD methodology concept is based on the hypothesis that product life ends because a product is unable to adapt to change. A product may be retired for myriad reasons including that it is broken, out of style, or has become inefficient due to technology obsolescence. In these cases, the product was not able to adapt to change—it was unable to self-heal, it could not modify or reconfigure to meet changing fashion needs, or it could not be upgraded, for physical or economic reasons, to utilize new technology. To address these and similar issues, we are developing the DFAD methodology. DFAD is based on classical control theory and products are conceptualized and modeled as dynamic systems with feedback control strategies to respond, or adapt, effectively to changes in product performance criteria. The DFAD concept takes into account that changing performance requirements may be based on physical, cultural, environmental, and/or economic considerations, among others.     

不同担保模式下考虑零售商公平关切的闭环供应链博弈模型

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的闭环供应链,运用Stackelberg动态博弈理论,构建不同担保模式下考虑零售商公平关切的决策博弈模型,探讨产品担保模式及零售商公平关切对闭环供应链定价及担保期决策、经济效益和环境效益的影响,分析不同担保模式的担保效率.研究结果表明:当消费者对新产品和再制造品差异化担保期较为敏感时,制...     

A system dynamics framework for integrated reverse supply chain with three way recovery and product exchange policy

With the technological advancements and rapid changes in demand pattern, diverse ranges of products are entering into the market with reduced lifecycle which leads to the environmental disasters. The awareness of product take-back and recovery has been increasing in various supply chains not only due to the obligation imposed by legislation but also competitive economics worldwide. In this paper, we develop a system dynamics framework for a closed-loop supply chain network with product exchange and three way recovery policy, namely; product remanufacturing, component reuse and remanufacturing, and raw material recovery. In the simulation study, we investigate the significance of various factors including product exchange, collection and remanufacturing; their interactions and the type of their impact on bullwhip and profitability through sensitivity and statistical analysis. Our results suggest that the inclusion of three way recovery in reverse channel and product exchange policy in the forward channel reduce the order variation and bullwhip effect at both retailer and distributor level and increases the profitability of RL operations. In addition, we redefine the reverse logistics framework with “open-loop” in which the remanufactured products are redistributed only in the secondary market and compare the performance of open-loop model with that of closed-loop. Extended numerical investigation provides insights to the decision makers regarding the actions which can lead to better performance of the system.     

Introducing ergonomics requirements in the eco-design of energy-related products from users’ behaviour approach

Ergonomics has been a very important activity in the design process. However, ergonomics rarely includes the environmental requirements into the design of products. The article proposes and presents the Eco-Ergo model through its application to a real-world product, a washing machine, to allow designers and ergonomists to establish product design requirements in order to minimise environmental impacts related to user–product interaction during the use stage. This model uses a visual language of representation, Blueprinting-based, that helps designers explore problems they have not previously considered during the market research when a wide variety of products with different interaction elements is analysed. The application of this model allows direct efforts and attention on the user analysis phase in the most influential user’s actions on the environmental performance of energy-related products during use, establishing ergonomics requirements related to users behaviour at the initial design phase.

Practitioner summary: This study provides a proposal to incorporate ergonomics into the practice of eco-design through the use of human factors in the establishment of initial eco-design requirements. This blueprint-based model combines an empirical and theoretical approach, based on the product test developed by designers, ergonomists and environmentalists.

Abbreviations: CO2: carbon dioxide; DBIM: design behaviour intervention model; DfSB: design for sustainable behaviour; DwI Method: design with intent method; LCA: life cycle assessment; LCD: liquid cristal display; MJ: megajoule; MTM: methods-time measurement; PSS: product-service system; RPM: revolutions per minute     

Information management for integrated design environments

This paper identifies requirements for an engineering design information management system. Future CAD systems must support a wide range of activities — such as definition, manipulation and analyses of complex product information models. These models represent not only conventional data associated with current CAD applications, but also design information characterizing the correlations between the requirements, functions, behaviors and physical form of the product. Such functionality is important for both the individual designer and the design organization, as the need to manage information as a corporate asset is becoming a critical component of business strategy. This paper explores these needs using two design studies. The first study illustrates some major concepts relative to non-routine design activities, while the second study focuses on the routine design activities relative to organization interactions. These studies were used to elicit high level requirements which serve as the basis for the development of prototype software systems. These prototypes are briefly introduced here.     

Performance analysis of a hybrid system under quality impact of returns

In this paper we analyze a hybrid system that meets the demand with remanufactured or new products. In the remanufacturing stage there are uncertainties in the quality of remanufactured products, return rates and return times of returned products. These uncertainties affect raw material order quantities, processing times and material recovery rates. In the study returned products are classified by considering quality uncertainties. According to this classification remanufacturing processing times, material recovery rates, remanufacturing costs and disposal costs are determined. In order to analyze the effect of uncertainties in return quality a simulation model is constructed by using the ARENA simulation program. Our analysis denotes that under different cost scenarios quality based classification of returned products brings significant cost savings. The numerical analysis indicates that a cost improvement of more than 8% is achieved when return rates are high.