红富士苹果盛果期喷施沼液效果好

河北省冀州市孙家庄村农户用沼液喷施盛果期的红富士苹果,取得了较好的效果。 （１）座果率平均提高１４．４％。 （２）单果重平均增加 ５８ ｇ,总产量提高１４％。 （３）果实可溶性固形物含量提高２．８％。 （４）全红果比例提高 ２２．１％． （５）果形端正,偏果率降低。 （６）提高盛果期的树势,使果树新陈代谢旺盛,保证果树连年丰产。 （７）对克服和矫治果树山叶病效果明显。 具体作法：将沼液（取自正常产气２个月以上的沼气池）兑１．５倍清水,分２次对果树进行喷施。第１次于现蕾期喷施,第２次于果实膨大期喷施．红富士…     

加饲沼液对农村育肥猪影响的试验研究

选择2家农户的8头仔猪进行加饲沼液试验。试验结果表明,加饲沼液后,提高了饲料利用率、降低了料肉比、缩短了饲养周期。屠宰结果表明,猪胴体性能发生变化,屠宰率、瘦肉率、脂肪率、平均背膘厚和眼肌面积分别增加2．91％,0．98％,1．54％,0．23cm和8．55cm^2。瘦肉分析表明,猪瘦肉中肌内脂肪减少了11．51％,粗灰分和蛋白质含量分别增加0．8％,11．25％;猪生长必需的矿物质钙、镁、铁、锌含量有显著的增加。17种氨基酸分析表明,鲜味氨基酸、生长必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量分别比对照猪增加2．14％,4．49％,5．18％。重金属元素和血液学参数分析表明,加饲沼液对育肥猪是安全无害的。     

花生施用沼肥增产技术

花生施用沼肥可以防止植株早衰 ,减少病虫害 ,产量可提高２０ %以上 ,而且果大粒饱 ,每百克果数减少４～６个。沼肥种植花生具体方法如下。（１）施足底肥以沼渣作底肥 ,按１６．５ｔ／ｈｍ２ 撒匀 ,然后翻地、整墒待播。（２）沼液浸种在播种前 ,将花生种子放入蛇皮袋内 ,扎紧袋口 ,用绳子将口袋吊入正常产气的沼气池的出料间中层沼液中 ,浸泡８ｈ ,取出后用清水洗净 ,沥干水分后播种。（３）追施沼肥在花生开花期和结果期各追施沼肥一次。施用方法是将沼液兑入水中 ,顺水施于大田 ,或按沼液∶水＝１∶３的比例将沼液稀释后灌施 ,每次施７…     

沼液对苹果品质及土壤肥效的影响

通过对照试验，分析了沼肥对果树长势、苹果品质和土壤肥效的影响。结果表明，应用沼液进行根施和叶面喷施，可增加果树新梢长度和枝条径粗，果树总产量增加13％～20％，果实口感好，营养丰富。施用沼肥可改善土壤理化性质，氮、磷、钾处于丰富的水平，有机质处于中等至稍丰的水平。     

川北阆中-南部地区大安寨段油气藏储层酸压改造技术及实践

川北阆中-南部地区大安寨段油气藏成藏模式以“自生自储”为主,总体上属于常温（74～80℃）、高压（原始地层压力系数〉1．3）、构造-岩性复合圈闭、薄层状、低丰度、无边（底）水碳酸盐岩裂缝性未饱和油藏或凝析气藏。由于大部分油气井地层压力下降快,地层压力梯度低,产量递减率高,限制了常规酸化压裂等增产措施的推广应用。本文针对大安寨油气藏的地质特征,并结合油气藏开采效果评价,提出了采用胶凝压裂酸化（酸压）技术改造储层的增产措施。通过室内试验得到了凝胶酸TC4—1的配方：20％（HCl）＋3．5％（CTl-9）＋1．0％（CTI-31＋1．0％（CT1-7）＋1．0％（CT5-9）＋1．0％（IV-93）。针对不同类型的储层,对酸压工艺进行了优化,并实施了加液氮酸化、压前预处理等配套措施。现场实施效果表明,研制的酸化配方及配套技术具有良好的适应性和显著的增产效果。     

动脉化疗栓塞联合CI K细胞过继免疫治疗对中晚期肝癌患者免疫功能的影响

目的 分析肝动脉化疗栓塞（ＴＡＣＥ）联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（ＣＩＫ）过继免疫治疗对中晚期肝癌患者外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及ＮＫ细胞的影响及临床意义。方法 回顾天津肿瘤医院１３６例中晚期原发性肝癌患者（均为ＴＡＣＥ术后, 经影像学检查显示无远处转移）资料,依据治疗方式分为两组:ＴＡＣＥ联合ＣＩＫ治疗６７例为研究组,单纯ＴＡＣＥ治疗６９例为对照组。分别于治疗前、治疗后相同时间点取外周血,测定ＡＦＰ、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及ＮＫ细胞计数变化;术后１个月采用增强ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ或ＰＥＴ ＣＴ评价肿瘤坏死程度。结果 研究组与对照组近期疗效及ＡＦＰ下降率比较,差异无统计学意义（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）。对照组治疗前后比较,ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋、ＮＫ细胞比率及ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋分别由（５０．２６ ± ６．３７）％、（５３．２０ ± ９．２９）％、（２１．０３ ± ８．５８）％、１．５８ ± ０．４３下降至（４８．９５ ± ８．８３）％（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）、（５０．０９ ± ９．９９）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）、（１９．６３ ± ８．４２）％（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）、１．４４ ± ０．５２（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）,ＣＤ８＋、Ｔｒｅｇ细胞比率分别由（３５．７０ ± ８．７１）％、（６．５５ ± １．４７）％上升至（３８．０４ ± １０．５０）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）、（６．７６　±　１．６７）％（Ｐ ＞ ０．０５）。研究组治疗前后比较,ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋、ＮＫ细胞比率及ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋分别由（５０．５１ ± １２．３７）％、（５２．４８ ± １５．５５）％、（２０．６７ ± １０．９２）％、１．７６ ± ０．９０上升至（５３．６２ ± １１．３７）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）、（５５．６２±１４．６３）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）、（２３．２３ ± １０．３７）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）、１．９４ ± ０．８４（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）,ＣＤ８＋、Ｔｒｅｇ细胞比率分别由（３５．６１±１２．９０）％、（６．５７ ± ４．８８）％下降至（３２．６８ ± １０．５６）％（Ｐ ＜ ０．０５）、（４．７７ ± １．９９）％（Ｐ ＜　０．０１）。结论 ＴＡＣＥ术后联合ＣＩＫ细胞过继性免疫治疗可以改善患者免疫状态,提高机体的抗肿瘤免疫效应,有可能降低中晚期ＨＣＣ患者ＴＡＣＥ术后的复发和转移机会。     

微波预处理稻壳对纤维素酶固态发酵的影响

以稻壳为原料,通过微波预处理后用于固态发酵生产纤维素酶,研究了微波处理对后续发酵过程的影响。采用正交试验与单因素试验确定了微波处理的条件,并分析了微波功率与处理时间对发酵过程中纤维素酶活性及戊糖、还原糖含量的影响。试验结果表明,用功率为300W的微波处理稻壳7min后进行发酵,可以得到最高的纤维素酶酶活,其中滤纸酶活（干基质）可达7．09 IU／g,CMC酶活（干基质）可达87．24 IU／g,分别比未经处理的稻壳提高了21％和15％。若以单位能耗产生的酶活增加量计算,微波处理稻壳5min后发酵,可以得到最高的酶活性增加量。     

好氧预处理对沈阳市城市生物有机垃圾厌氧消化的影响

以沈阳市生物有机垃圾和秸秆（质量比10：1）为原料,先对物料进行为期一周的好氧堆肥,然后进行50d的中温（37℃）厌氧消化;为进行实验对照,未处理的原料直接进行厌氧消化。实验结果表明：消化初期,预处理物料的pH值高于未处理的物料;两者所产沼气的甲烷平均含量相同,均为65．2％（v／v）;在厌氧消化的前30d内．预处理物料的产气速度比未处理物料的产气速度快了近10％;两者的挥发性有机物生物降解率非常相似,预处理约为59．6％,未处理为60％。     

介入性灌注化疗与热灌注化疗对兔VX２肝癌模型的作用比较研究

目的观察热灌注化疗对兔VX２肝癌模型疗效及安全性。方法新西兰大白兔２０只,制备兔肝VX２模型,随机分为对照组（A）和实验组（B）,分别A组给于常温（２２～２５℃）５％葡萄糖１００ml ＋５－Fu（２０mg ／kg）,B组给于６０℃５％葡萄糖１００ml ＋５－Fu（２０mg ／kg）,用B超观察处理前后肿瘤大小,抽血查ALT变化。结果A组肿瘤体积由（１６２７±４７３）mm ３ 缩小为（１３３４±６４１）mm ３ ,B组肿瘤体积由（１６８２±３９７）mm ３ 缩小为（１１３０±５５９）mm ３ ,两组差别有统计学意义（P＜０．０５）;ALT A组由（７５５±２０３）u／L增加为（８３４±２６２）u／L,B组由（７８１±１９７）u／L增加为（８６５±２３７）u／L,组间差异无统计学意义。结论介入性热灌注化疗比常温灌注化疗对兔VX２肝癌模型有更高的抑制作用。     

乙烯工业产能及节能技术

一、世界乙烯生产能力现状及原料构成据西欧“化学信息”（Information）杂志统计，全世界1993年乙烯生产能力6200万t（价值247亿美元）。乙烯主要用于生产聚乙烯（占56％）、二氯乙烷（占15％）。二氯乙烷用于生产氯乙烯和聚氯乙烯以及环氧乙烷（占12％）。后者用于制取聚对苯二甲酸二乙酯（PET），预计1993年～2000年间PET年增长率为4．5％～5％。美国“油气杂志”最近统计，1995年世界乙烯生产能力7780万t／a，比1994年增加6O0万t妇。其中亚太地区生产能力增加约26O万t八，韩国增加865万t/a，泰国增加31．5万t／a据美国化学市场联合…     

Comparison of different mixing phenomena in anaerobic digestion using food waste and sewage treatment plant for green biofuel through simulations of velocity contours

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models have been developed for the comparison of diffuser-based biogas recirculation and impeller mixed anaerobic reactors with unmixed reactors for food waste co-digested with sewage treatment plant sludge for enriched with 60–73% of biogas. Enhanced biogas yield was observed in diffuser mixing, intensity of 2 L/min (0.28–1.180 L/g VSr), compared to impeller mixing of 200 rpm. pH of 5.94 from the feed slurry pH range of 7.0–8.4 shows sheathe-broken microbial SEM structure.     

沼气微氧发酵过程硫转化及微生物群落

以水稻秸秆与猪粪为原料,探究微氧发酵过程中S元素的转化与微生物群落特征以及通氧量的影响。结果表明,厌氧发酵过程中原料的S元素约有65.7%转化为H2S进入沼气,19.0%进入发酵后的沼液,15.3%残留在沼渣中。微氧条件下,沼液中S2-的浓度(100 mg/L)远低于厌氧条件的250 mg/L,约71.8%的S元素转化为H2S然后被氧化成为S单质和少量SO42-。H2S去除效率随通氧量的增大而增大,当通氧量为11.85 L/m3沼气时,约96%的H2S被氧化脱除。根据高通量测序结果,与厌氧发酵相比,在微氧条件下,沼液中微生物多样性仅有轻微变化,比较稳定;硫氧化菌明显增多,而产甲烷菌无明显变化。较高浓度硫氧化菌的存在,有利于沼气中H2S的及时转化,可减轻H2S对产甲烷菌活性的抑制,从而促进厌氧发酵的进行。     

Anaerobic fermentation technology increases biomass energy use efficiency in crop residue utilization and biogas production

A biomass energy utilization project (Corn stalk→Cattle→Cattle dung→Biogas digester→Biogas/Digester residues→Soil) was conducted in a typical temperate agro-village of China from 2005 to 2010. The present study focused on two key approaches of the ecological loop: (1) increasing corn stalk use efficiency by improving anaerobic fermentation technology; and (2) enhancing biogas productivity by optimizing fermentation conditions. Our results showed that crude protein and fat of corn stalks significantly increased, while crude fiber content and pH decreased considerably during anaerobic fermentation. The cattle digestion rate, forage consumption and increases in cattle weight were higher in cattle fed fermented corn stalks than in those fed non-fermented corn stalks. The rate of biogas production was higher (78.4%) by using cattle dung as a substrate than using crop residues. Heat preservation measures effectively enhanced the biogas production rate (12.3%). In 2005, only two cattle were fed in this village, with only 1.1% corn stalk utilized as forage. No more than three biogas digesters existed, and the proportion of biogas energy used in total household fuel was only 1.7%. At the end of the 5-year experiment, the number of cattle capita reached 169 with 78.9% corn stalk used as forage. Biogas digesters increased to 130, and the proportion of biogas energy used in total household fuel was up to 42.3%. A significant positive correlation was noted between the increasing rate of farmers’ incomes and the proportion of corn stalks used as forage. Available nutrients were higher in fermented cattle dung than in fresh cattle dung. Our findings clearly suggest that anaerobic fermentation technology is important in enhancing crop residue use efficiency, biogas productivity and soil fertility. Fermentation technology may help reduce the use of fossil fuels and improve the environment in rural areas.     

沼肥对保护地番茄生长发育及其产量的影响

采用二裂式区组设计的方法,以番茄为供试作物,以沼肥（沼液、沼渣）、猪粪和化肥为肥料,研究了不同施肥措施对番茄生长发育及其产量的影响。结果表明：与施用化肥相比,施用沼液的番茄植株平均株高及根系体积有所增加,番茄产量略有降低;与施用猪粪相比,施用沼渣可促进植株茎秆的健壮生长及根系发育,番茄产量提高20．8％;与沼渣和化肥配合施用相比,沼渣与沼液配合施用促进了番茄植株的生长发育,其植株生长稳健,根系发达,而且番茄产量增加;与猪粪和化肥配合施用相比,猪粪与沼液配合施用促进了番茄植株的生长发育,其株高较高、茎秆粗壮、根系发达,但番茄产量下降。     

川渝养殖场沼气工程运行状况与沼液生物学特性研究

为探索沼气工程运行状况、沼液理化性质及微生物群落结构差异,对川渝9个养殖场沼气工程进行调查与采样分析,利用16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术研究沼液中微生物群落组成及多样性。结果表明,川渝地区养殖场沼气工程以处理养殖场废水为主,不以产能为目的,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NH+4和化学需氧量(CODCr)等理化指标在猪场和牛场沼液之间无显著差异。14个沼液样品中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)是主导微生物,这5大类细菌占细菌克隆总数的84%以上。猪场沼气工程Proteobacteria相对丰度在45.0%~69.3%之间,显著高于牛场,而牛场沼液中Firmicutes及Bacteroidetes占主要优势,两者相对丰度之和的平均值为58.4%。沼液中古菌以甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia)、甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria)占优,且Methanomicrobia丰度在2类养殖场间存在显著差异;猪场沼液中Methanosaeta占绝对优势,达到84.1%~94.4%,而Methanosarcina丰度极少。进一步分析,结果显示,沼液铵磷比与Firmicutes相对丰度、丰富度指数(Chao1)及多样性指数(Shannon)都存在显著的相关性。沼液中群落主坐标分析及聚类分析均可准确辨识猪场沼气工程、运行状况良好及运行状况欠佳的牛场沼气工程,可为养殖场粪污治理效果评价提供科学依据。     

SBR处理猪场沼液添加原水后处理效果研究

针对猪场废水厌氧发酵后的沼液具有较高浓度的腐殖酸等难降解有机物的问题提出了通过添加一定比例的猪场废水（简称“原水”）,以期将部分易降解有机物引入猪场沼液强化系统的碱度平衡与脱氮性能,改进处理效果,可为规模化猪场沼液达标处理提供参考。     

Effect of PVC greenhouse in increasing the biogas production in temperate cold climatic conditions

This paper presents an investigation on a new concept of greenhouse coupled biogas plant for enhancing the biogas yield during winter months when the slurry temperature decreases considerably. Using this concept, two of the biogas units (having a capacity of 8 m³ and 85 m³, respectively) at Masoodpur Village (near New Delhi), were experimented upon in January 1984. Continuous observations for about 1 week, 1 yr after installation of the greenhouse over the biogas units, have indicated that the biogas yield has increased by almost 100%. Subsequently, an analytical model has also been developed to validate the experimental observations and to predict the thermal performance of biogas plants, with and without greenhouse, under any climatic conditions. It has been observed from a comparative study of the conventional and the solar-assisted greenhouse coupled biogas plant that the temperature of the slurry can be raised from 20°C (in the conventional plant) to nearly 35°C, the optimal temperature for anaerobic fermentation.     

How can we improve biomethane production per unit of feedstock in biogas plants?

Biogas production is one of the number of tools that may be used to alleviate the problems of global warming, energy security and waste management. Biogas plants can be difficult to sustain from a financial perspective. The facilities must be financially optimized through use of substrates with high biogas potential, low water content and low retention requirement. This research carried out in laboratory scale batch digesters assessed the biogas potential of energy crops (maize and grass silage) and solid manure fractions from manure separation units. The ultimate methane productivity in terms of volatile solids (VS) was determined as 330, 161, 230, 236, 361 L/kg VS from raw pig slurry, filter pressed manure fiber (FPMF), chemically precipitated manure fiber (CPMF), maize silage and grass silage respectively. Methane productivity based on mass (L/kg substrate) was significantly higher in FPMF (55 L/kg substrate), maize silage (68 L/kg substrate) and grass silage (45–124 L/kg substrate (depending on dry solids of feedstock)) as in comparison to raw pig slurry (10 L/kg substrate). The use of these materials as co-substrates with raw pig slurry will increase significantly the biomethane yield per unit feedstock in the biogas plant.     

Generation of biogas using crude glycerin from biodiesel production as a supplement to cattle slurry

The influence of crude glycerin on biogas production and methane content of the produced biogas was studied, when added to cattle slurry. The experimental design consisted of 5% wt (Gli 5), 10% wt (Gli 10), and 15% wt (Gli 15) of crude glycerin added to cattle slurry, and one control digester without addition of crude glycerin. Anaerobic digestion was carried out in 4 laboratory size CSTR-type biogas digesters with a working volume of 3 L, in semi-continuous regime at mesophilic conditions, over a period of 10 weeks. The highest biogas yields (825.3 mL g^?1 and 825.7 mL g^?1, respectively) relative to mass of volatile compounds added, were produced by the treatments Gli 5 and Gli 10. The control treatment produced 268.6 mL g^?1, whereas the treatment Gli 15 produced 387.9 mL g^?1. This low value was due to the breakdown of the process. Compared to the control, methane contents was increased by 9.5%, 14.3%, and 14.6%, respectively, for the treatments Gli 5, Gli 10, and Gli 15.     

Can slurry biogas systems be cost effective without subsidy in Mexico?

Biogas from pig slurry in Mexico has potential to produce 21 PJ per year, equivalent to 3.5% of natural gas consumption in 2013. In this paper, three different scenarios are analysed: mono-digestion of pig slurry in a finisher farm (scenario 1); co-digestion of pig slurry and elephant grass in a finisher farm in situ (scenario 2) and co-digestion of pig slurry and elephant grass in centralised biogas plants (scenario 3). The digesters proposed are anaerobic high density polyurethane (HDPE) covered lagoons. HDPE centralised plants can have capital costs 5 times cheaper than European biogas plants. The economics of utilisation of biogas for electricity generation and as biomethane (a natural gas substitute) were investigated. Economic evaluations for on-site slurry digestion (Scenario 1) and on-site co-digestion of elephant grass and pig slurry (Scenario 2) showed potential for profitability with tariffs less than $US 0.12/kWh_e. For centralised systems (Scenario 3) tariffs of $US 0.161/kWh_e to $US 0.195/kWh_e are required. Slurry transportation, energy use and harvest and ensiling account for 65% of the operational costs in centralised plants (Scenario 3). Biomethane production could compete with natural gas if a subsidy of 4.5 c/L diesel (1 m³ of biomethane) equivalent was available.