Amplifier-induced crosstalk in multichannel coherent lightwave systems

When an in line semiconductor laser amplifier is used to amplify several channels simultaneously, it can induce inter channel crosstalk if the amplifier gain is channel-dependent. It is shown that modulation of the carrier density at the beat frequency of two neighbouring channels can lead to considerable crosstalk even when the amplifier is operated well below the saturation level. An analytic expression for the channel gains of a travelling-wave amplifier is used to discuss and compare the crosstalk for ASK and FSK systems. The relatively short carrier lifetime in high-gain amplifiers may ultimately limit the channel spacing of such multichannel systems.     

前馈系统中辅助放大器非线性分析

前馈系统中由于信号对消环路失配,导致在辅助功放输入端载波信号无法完全对消,辅助放大器的再次非线性失真会影响整个系统的失真。本文研究了残余载波信号再次产生的互调失真对整个系统线性化指标的影响,并给出了系统性能与电路参数和幅度、相位失配的关系式,通过这个关系式可以计算出要达到特定载波互调比时所需器件的最低指标要求。     

On crosstalk and noise in an optical amplifier with gain clamping by vertical laser field

We have calculated the transient behavior and noise figure of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with the gain clamped by a vertical cavity laser (VCL). The characteristic behavior of the more conventional gain-clamped SOAs and SOAs with no gain-clamping is also studied and compared with the vertically gain-clamped amplifier. The calculations are based on a numerical stochastic rate equation model including several forward- and backward-propagating channels that are coupled to the vertical laser field through the active medium. The noise model takes into account the input noise, randomly amplified spontaneous emission, and random gain. Numerical simulations have been carried out to study the relaxation oscillations, crosstalk, and noise in a system with a strong input signal switched on and off while observing the output signals, VCL photon density, and carrier density. Results show that the VCL field captures most of the disturbances, in agreement with available experimental data.     

Error probabilities for QAM systems on partially coherent channelswith intersymbol interference and crosstalk

We describe an efficient procedure to calculate the probability of error P_e for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) communications system operating over a channel that introduces distortion, interference, and noise. The method is an extension of the saddlepoint integration technique introduced by Helstrom (1986) to efficiently evaluate P_e for one-dimensional pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) systems with intersymbol interference (ISI) and crosstalk. We consider the effects of noise, random carrier phase offset, ISI, and crosstalk between the I and Q channels. The error probability is written as a double Laplace inversion integral and can be easily applied to any rectangular constellation. This integral is calculated by extending the saddlepoint integration technique to two complex dimensions. Results are presented for QAM systems with 16, 64, and 256 symbols. The technique can be directly extended to environments with cochannel interference consisting of other QAM signals     

Theoretical Analysis of Intermodulation Distortion of Reflection-Type IMPATT Amplifiers

The basic equations for a reflection-type IMPATT amplifier are used to derive expressions for the output when the amplifier is driven by a multifrequency input signal. The third-order intermodulation distortion is expressed and graphically presented for various diode, circuit, and signal parameters. The results provide a guideline for designing amplifiers with minimum intermodulation distortion or prescribed distortion level.     

Improvement of Intermodulation Distortion Asymmetry Characteristics With Wideband Microwave Signals in High Power Amplifiers

This paper presents the improvement techniques of intermodulation-distortion asymmetries with wide carrier-spacing signals in L/S-band high power amplifiers. We proposed a novel circuit technique to directly connect LC series resonant circuits to the gate and drain electrodes of the transistor die in a package for baseband terminations with a wide frequency range. By applying this circuit technique to a 28-V operation 200-W GaAs heterojunction field-effect transistor (HJFET) amplifier, the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) asymmetries were improved even if the two-tone carrier spacing (Deltaf) exceeds 100 MHz. In addition, we analyzed the IMD3 asymmetries of a Doherty amplifier through the IMD3 vector combination of the main and peak amplifiers. A newly developed 28-V operation 200-W GaAs HJFET Doherty amplifier with source and load baseband terminations also delivered flat IMD3 characteristics against the Deltaf over 50 MHz.     

Crosstalk in 1.3 μm praseodymium fluoride fiber amplifiers

Praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber amplifiers have been demonstrated to provide good gain, output power, and noise performance in the second telecommunications window. This paper presents a study of the crosstalk performance of these amplifiers. A theoretical analysis is presented from which a numerical model is developed and is used to predict the crosstalk performance of a typical amplifier. Experimental results, using two separate signals within the gain band, show good agreement between measurement and theory, indicating that it is unlikely that crosstalk will present a problem in anticipated amplifier applications. From the measured crosstalk, an upper limit is placed on the lower level lifetime, indicating that the population of this level will have a negligible effect amplifier gain. A novel technique for measuring the upper state lifetime in an amplifier, based on pump power dependence of crosstalk, is described and experimental results which are in agreement with fluorescent decay are presented     

Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive technique for wireless communication applications. However, an OFDM signal has a large peak-to-mean envelope power ratio, which can result in significant distortion when passed through a nonlinear device, such as a transmitter power amplifier. We investigate, through extensive computer simulations, the effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM, including the power spectral density, the crest factor, and the bit-error rate. Our results show that clipping and filtering is a promising technique for the transmission of OFDM signals using realistic linear amplifiers     

Spectral sensitivity of power amplifiers to quadrature modulatormisalignment

Misalignments in the quadrature modulator feeding a nonlinear high power amplifier can produce distortion products that lead to spectrum leakage into adjacent channels. Expressions are derived relating the out-of-band spectra to these misalignments and to the complex coefficients of the power series describing the amplifier. For most applications the adjacent channel leakage is proportional to the square of the misalignment error (carrier leak, differential gain, differential phase and level error) except in the case of some higher order products of continuous phase modulations (CPM). A technique for estimating the spectrum for the above situations is described. It involves summing the weighted spectrum of each distortion product. The weighting coefficients can be varied to account for amplifier characteristics, backoff, and misalignment error. The analysis is applicable to linear or continuous phase modulations with or without predistortion. The spectrum estimate is particularly good for continuous phase modulated signals where the error is normally much less than 1 dB     

Self‐Interference Cancellation for Shared Band Transmission in Nonlinear Satellite Communication Channels

For efficient spectral utilization of satellite channels, a shared band transmission technique is introduced in this paper. A satellite transmits multiple received signals from a gateway and terminal in the common frequency band by superimposing the signals. To improve the power efficiency as well as the spectral efficiency, a travelling wave tube amplifier in the satellite should operate near the saturation level. This causes a nonlinear distortion of the superimposed transmit signal. Without mitigating this nonlinear effect, the self‐interference cannot be properly cancelled and the desired signal cannot be demodulated. Therefore, an adaptive compensation scheme for nonlinearity is herein proposed with the proper operation scenario. It is shown through simulations that the proposed shared band transmission approach with nonlinear compensation and self‐interference cancellation can achieve an acceptable system performance in nonlinear satellite channels.     

Intelligible Crosstalk Between Two FDM/FM Carriers Accessing Double Cascaded Nonlinear Amplifiers

A method of evaluating double intelligible crosstalk between two frequency division multiplexed frequency modulated (FDM/FM) carriers accessing the same earth station high-power amplifier (HPA) and satellite transponder traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) has been developed. The analysis takes into consideration the AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of the two cascaded memoryless nonlinear amplifiers, and the amplitude and group delay variations of transmission paths preceding the first nonlinear amplifier and of the path between the two nonlinear amplifiers. Results of the double intelligible crosstalk evaluation show the existence of significant distortion cross terms caused by the two cascaded nonlinearities and filters, in addition to individual distortion terms by each nonlinearity. Specific illustrative examples are discussed, and some practical suggestions are given for controlling crosstalk impairment effects in satellite channels with double cascaded nonlinear amplifiers.     

Crosstalk between intensity-modulated wavelength-divisionmultiplexed signals in a semiconductor laser amplifier

The performance of a 1.5-μm Fabry-Perot type laser amplifier having two input signals at different wavelengths is experimentally studied. Crosstalk between the two signals at the output of the amplifier is measured. The crosstalk is strongly dependent on the input powers and on the signal gain, and is found to be very sensitive to the relative wavelengths of the input signals. The crosstalk can be either positive or negative, depending on the wavelength offsets. A theoretical model taking gain saturation and wavelength shift of the amplifier spectrum into account is shown to explain the experimental results well. Using this model, some general aspects on crosstalk in semiconductor laser amplifiers are discussed     

Third- and fifth-order baseband component injection for linearization of the power amplifier in a cellular phone

This paper proposes a new predistortion technique to improve the adjacent channel power ratio of the power amplifier (PA) in a cellular phone. This technique injects the third- and fifth-order distortion components in the baseband block, and eliminates the fundamental component from the injected signals in order to operate effectively up to near power saturation. We show this technique can raise the distortion-compensation limit, through mathematical analysis, and confirm it with simulation. We also examine the distortion compensation performance of the PA using a wide-band code-division multiple-access uplink signal and a high-speed downlink packet access signal, and the possibility of applying a new low-voltage high-capacity battery.     

Detailed dynamic model for semiconductor optical amplifiers andtheir crosstalk and intermodulation distortion

An advanced dynamic model for multisection semiconductor optical amplifiers is presented. It accounts for the carrier and field distributions in the longitudinal direction as well as for the facet reflectivities. The model can handle arbitrary time-varying input signals and current modulations. The model is used to assess intermodulation distortion and crosstalk. Cascaded amplifiers are considered, and the crosstalk and intermodulation distortion due to cascaded amplifiers are found to accumulate by adding together in amplitude; this may limit the number or cascaded amplifiers in multichannel systems. Carrier-induced nonlinearities depend strongly on facet reflectivities; for 25 dB of single-pass gain, a reflectivity of 5×10^-4 will result in 3 dB excess distortion. Reduction of intermodulation distortion by use of multisection amplifiers is found to be possible only for small channel separations (<300 MHz). Simulations of 11-channel amplification showed a reduction of 13 dB in intermodulation distortion when random-phase optical carriers are applied     

BOC调制导航信号关键技术研究

BOC调制作为一种导航信号体制,具有良好的抗多径和抗干扰性能,同时实现共用载波频率条件下的频谱分离。与BPSK调制信号相比,BOC调制信号具有多径误差小、码跟踪热噪声误差小的优点。通过对BOC调制技术和合路方式的深入分析,给出了各种BOC调制的自相关和功率谱函数,以及各种合路方式的分析比较。通过仿真验证了BOC信号的码跟踪性能和抗多径性能的优越性。     

Design and practical implementation of multifrequency RF front ends using direct RF sampling

The use of direct RF sampling has been explored as a means of designing multifrequency RF front ends. Such front ends will be useful to multifrequency RF applications such as global navigation satellite system receivers that use global positioning system (GPS) L1, L2, and L5 signals and Galileo signals. The design of a practical multifrequency direct RF sampling front end is dependent on having an analog-to-digital converter whose input bandwidth accommodates the highest carrier frequency and whose maximum sampling frequency is more than twice the cumulative bandwidth about the multiple carrier signals. The principle of direct RF sampling is used to alias all frequency bands of interest onto portions of the Nyquist bandwidth that do not overlap. This paper presents a new algorithm that finds the minimum sampling frequency that avoids overlap. This design approach requires a multifrequency bandpass filter for the frequency bands of interest. A prototype front end has been designed, built, and tested. It receives a GPS coarse/acquisition code at the L1 frequency and GPS antispoofing precision code at both L1 and L2. Dual-frequency signals with received carrier-to-noise ratios in excess of 52 dB-Hz have been acquired and tracked using this system.     

Effects of Power Amplifier Distortion and Carrier Frequency Offset on the Performance of WLAN System

Due to the efficiency of mitigation multipath delay spread, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is extensively used in the wireless local area network (WLAN) domain, such as the IEEE 802.11a standard defined by the IEEE 802.11 standardization group and the HIPERLAN/2 defined by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute Project on Broadband Radio Access Networks. OFDM based WLAN system is very sensitive to the power amplifier distortion and the carrier frequency offset. The performance of the OFDM based WLAN system in the presence of the power amplifier distortion and the carrier frequency offset under practical fading channel is researched and analyzed in this paper. A closed form of bit error rate (BER) is derived for the OFDM based WLAN system in the presence of the power amplifier distortion and the carrier frequency offset under practical fading channel. The effects of the power amplifier distortion and the carrier frequency offset on the OFDM based WLAN system performance are comparatively studied by the theoretical method and by the simulation method under practical multipath fading channels. Studies show that the theoretical and simulated results match well.     

Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by usingsemiconductor optical amplifier

We examine the fiber transmission performance of the optical signal whose chirp is controlled by utilizing phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with both simulations and experiments. This chirp control technique converts a positive chirp created by electroabsorption (EA) modulator into negative chirp, which reduces the waveform degradation due to the chromatic dispersion in transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF). It also provides an optical gain that is sufficient to compensate the insertion loss of the EA modulator. We investigate how the chirp control is affected by the input power to the SOA and the carrier lifetime of the SOA. As the SOA input power increases, the negative chirp becomes large, while the waveform is largely distorted due to gain saturation. However, the waveform distortion at high SOA input powers can be shaped by using a frequency discriminator. The acceleration of the carrier lifetime also reduces the waveform distortion due to gain saturation. We demonstrate that the chirp control technique is effective even for a high bit rate optical signal up to 10 Gb/s, when the carrier lifetime is expedited by optical pumping     

A novel bidirectional add/drop amplifier (BADA)

We demonstrate a novel bidirectional add/drop amplifier (BADA) module by using only one N×N arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG). For the effective transmission of bidirectional signals, it is essential to suppress the relative intensity noise caused by Rayleigh backscattering, multiple reflection, and/or AWG crosstalk. The proposed amplifier module can suppress the relative intensity noise simply by using two optical bandpass filters. No degradation was observed in the receiver sensitivity when these amplifier modules were used for the bidirectional transmission and add/drop multiplexing of wavelength-division-multiplexing signals     

线性Doherty功放的优化设计

设计了一个高效率、高线性度的射频Doherty GSM基站功放。利用Doherty功放的载波放大器与峰值放大器之间的互调对消技术使Doherty功放的三阶互调干扰(IMD3)改善了11dBc;并通过相位补偿延迟线的前置处理进一步提高了功放的效率,使其效率比常用的平衡补偿线方案提高了4%左右。文中利用两个MRF9060功放管制作了一个GSM频段Doherty功放,其实测1dB压缩点功率(P1dB)达到了130W;双音测试表明:经过4.5dB的回退后三阶互调失真(IMD3)优于-35dBc,此时功率附加效率(PAE)高达47.3%;WCDMA 3GPP的测试结果表明:经过6dB回退后,其5MHz偏移量的邻道功率比(ACPR)优于-40.5dBc,PAE为43.5%,比AB类平衡功放的效率提高了17.8%。结果表明:该设计方案较好地解决了射频功放功率与效率之间的矛盾,适用于射频功放的设计。