金属阳极涂层评价试验

测定了钌钛、钌钛锡、钌钛铱３种氧化物涂层电极的氯电位、析氧电位,强化寿命和强化失重等电化性能,综合考虑氯碱工业中隔膜电解用阳极可选择钌钛或钌钛锡涂层。     

氯碱工业中非钌阳极进展动态

近年来,采用非钌金属阳极的试验工作,取得了一定的进展。哈尔滨化工二厂与哈尔滨师范学院共同协作,从一九七四年十月开始,开展了实验研究,经过三年多的努力,终于初获成果。从非贵金属中找出了电性能及寿命适用于工业化生产的锡、锑、钴,用于金属电极涂层。并于一九七五连十月将一台44~2米锡、锑、钴电极电槽通电运行,至今已正常运行两年多;一九七六年又先后将八台12米~2锡、锑、钴电极电槽通电运行,目前已扩至十台,一年多来,已运行良好。太原化工厂自一九七五年三月以来,在有关兄弟单位大力支持下,对非钌金属阳极的研究,也取得了进展。该厂研究的以锡、锑、为主体材料的含钯金属氧化物电极,也取得了一定的进展。该厂含钯金属氧化物电极,是在钛基体上先涂(镀)少量含钯涂(镀)液作为中间层(此中间层在一定条件下进行热处理),然后在上面再涂浸四氯化锡与三氯化锑的混合液,并进行热处理,以致成为电极的保护层。     

热处理气氛及气流速度对钌钛氧化物阳极性能的影响

在不同的热处理气氛与气流速度下制备了钌钛氧化物金属阳极，测定了电极的析氯电位、析氧电位及强化寿命。并对涂层进行ＸＲＤ与ＳＥＭ分析。实验表明，改变热处理气氛与气流速度可使电极表面边界层中的氧含量发生变化，直接影响金属氧化物电极涂层的微观形貌，结构与组成，从而导致电极析氧活性与强化寿命的改变。热处理时，在边界层中保持较高的氧含量有助于充分形成钌钛氧化物固溶体，提高金属阳极的析氧电位与工作寿命。     

电渗析钛涂钌电极的制作和应用

本文主要讨论电渗析钛涂钌电极在制作过程中，钛基体蚀刻，涂层的配方及热处理温度对电极性能的影响。特别指出该电极与氯碱工业和电极有使用方式，电极反应及其配方等方面的不同之处。还提出了该电极的使用限制条件以引起注意。     

少用钌涂层金属阳极的研究

本文对含有少量钌的锡-锑金属阳极涂层进行了研究,发现该涂层在电化学性能上优于石墨阳极,接近钛-钌金属阳极(D.S.A),同时具有较长的寿命。对以本涂层制造的金属阳极取代石墨阳极在技术上进行了初步探讨。     

钛基锡锰钌氧化物阳极的电化学性能

通过热分解法制备不同钌含量的钛基锡锰氧化物阳极。X射线衍射谱图显示所制备的电极的主要相态为金红石型β—MnO2;循环伏安曲线与稳态极化曲线测试表明随着钌含量的增加,电极上的氧化电流也快速上升,析氯的选择性提高;适量掺混钌可以增加涂层表面析氯反应活性点的数目,当钌的质量分数为2％时,反应活性点的数目达到最大;电化学阻抗谱研究表明掺杂钌明显减小电极氧化物涂层的膜电阻R和析氯反应的电荷传递电阻Rct。有效地提高电极的电催化效果。钛基锡锰钌涂层电极可用于制备次氯酸钠,NaClO的生成速率为34．8mg／（L·min）。     

电极三元涂层的改进

介绍了改进的钌钛锡三元涂层结果。改进的三元涂层放氯过电位降低，达到比标准低２０ｍｖ，放氧电位比原工艺制的电极提高１００ｍｖ。改进的方法只是变更制备工艺，电极成本不变。     

金属阳极涂层次品的处理和再生

自从H.Beer发明钌钛涂层不溶性金属阳极以来~[1],给电化学工业带来了巨大的变革。我国从70年代开始研究这种技术后~([2.3])钛在电化学工业方面得到了迅速推广和应用。目前氯碱生产中使用的阳极绝大部分都是不溶性金属阳极,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。国内大多数金属阳极的生产和使用多为钌钛二元和钌钛锡或钌钛铱三元涂     

钛基金属氧化物涂层电极的研究进展

钛基金属氧化物涂层电极又称DSA,是一种新型不溶性阳极电极。综述了钛基金属氧化物涂层电极的研究进展,包括钛基钌系涂层电极、钛基铱系涂层电极、钛基二氧化锰电极和钛基二氧化铅电极。介绍了不同钛基涂层电极材料的制备方法、性能特点和应用情况,并对其今后的发展方向作了展望。     

钛基金属氧化物涂层电极的研究与应用

钛基涂层电极又称DSA,是一种新型的不溶性阳极材料。文章综述了几种钛涂层电极的研究与应用现状,包括钛基钌系涂层电极、钛基铱系涂层电极、钛基铅系涂层电极和钛基锰系涂层电极。介绍了不同钛基涂层电极的性能特点、发展过程及应用领域,并对其今后的发展方向做了展望。     

Acquisition of Water Solubility Diagrams in Ternary Systems (AOT/Organic Solvent/Alcohol) and Extraction of α-Lactalbumin Using Reverse Micellar Systems

In this study water solubility curves were constructed and calorimetric measurements obtained for reverse micellar systems consisting of an alcohol (isopropanol or butanol), surfactant (AOT) and organic solvent (isooctane or hexane). Also evaluated were the effects of alcohol and solvent type and surfactant concentration on the extraction of the α-lactalbumin (α–la). From the obtained solubility diagrams for ternary systems, it was concluded that isooctane presented the highest water solubility capacity in the center of the micelle systems with hexane, since isooctane has greater molecular volume and greater effect of the surfactant aggregation number. With respect to the alcohols, it was observed that isopropanol and butanol act in the system as a co-surfactant, since they prefer to adsorb at the water/solvent interface. It was also verified that butanol improved water solubility inside the reverse micellar due to its contribution to increase the critical packing parameter. The amount of α-la extracted increased proportionally with the AOT concentration for systems with isooctane and hexane. However, for systems with the latter solvent, the concentration of extracted protein first increases and then decreases. The extraction power of reverse micellar systems with isooctane was influenced by the type of alcohol with butanol showing better results. For systems containing hexane there was no effect of the alcohol added to the system on extraction power of α-lactalbumin.     

溶剂加盐对醇水汽液平衡的影响

讨论了溶剂加盐对乙醇 -水、叔丁醇 -水、异丙醇 -水 3种醇水体系的影响。常压下汽液平衡的实验结果表明溶剂加盐能够有效地提高醇对水的相对挥发度 ,在恒沸点处 3种醇水体系的相对挥发度分别是 2 56、2 68、2 67。所加的最优盐是CaCl2 和KAc。溶剂加盐的作用机理是溶剂和盐对醇水分子的双重作用 ,且作用力大小不同。     

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; a tool for organic coatings optimizations

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to the optimization of automotive electrodeposited coatings, container interior coatings and industrial maintenance coatings. The electrochemical impedance data were used to predict corrosion protection, film porosity, solution absorption into the coatings and film delamination properties. Variables such as resin contents, crosslink densities, cure temperatures, and solvent types and contents were evaluated for these various types of coatings. In general the electrochemical impedance data correlated well with conventional exposure tests results such as salt fog, cyclic scab corrosion and delamination tests. The impedance spectra permits a rather rapid (15–75 min per sample) assessment of the film's characteristics even when no visually observable changes have occurred. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides a technique to optimize coatings while reducing the time of coating evaluations and gives insight into the chemical and physical properties of the coatings.     

新溶剂体系应用研究(三):在氨基烤漆中的应用研究

新溶剂体系是指由乙酸仲丁酯、甲氧基乙酸甲酯、甲氧基乙酸仲丁酯共同构成的溶剂体系。介绍了该新溶剂体系在醇酸氨基烤漆、丙烯酸氨基烤漆、环氧氨基烤漆、聚酯氨基烤漆4类氨基烤漆制漆与稀释剂配制中的应用研究结果。结果表明:在4类氨基烤漆制漆中,都可以用甲氧基乙酸甲酯完全替代现有二甲苯/丁醇溶剂;在4类氨基烤漆的稀释剂中,都可以用乙酸仲丁酯、甲氧基乙酸甲酯、甲氧基乙酸仲丁酯按一定比例的混合溶剂,替代现有二甲苯/丁醇的稀释剂;作为稀释剂的混合配方,可以同时适应于这4类氨基烤漆的比例是:m(甲氧基乙酸甲酯)∶m(甲氧基乙酸仲丁酯)∶m(乙酸仲丁酯)=8∶2∶2。     

Fabrication and application of Diachem® electrodes

Conductive diamond coated electrodes have undergone intensive investigation over the past number of years. The unique electrochemical properties of diamond electrodes such as their extreme chemical resistance, even at high doping concentrations, and high overvoltage for water electrolysis opens the door to numerous applications. For the industrial use of extremely promising electrode material sufficient availability, also for large area electrodes is necessary. The development of large area DIACHEM^® electrodes therefore has been performed on a range of base materials of numerous material geometries. For the production of these electrodes a large area HFCVD process is used which allows for reproducible coatings of substrates up to 50×100 cm. A doping with boron allows the reproducible setting of the resistivity of the diamond coating in the range of 5 to 100 m Ω cm. The extent to which DIACHEM^® electrodes have been developed by now means that they can presently be applied in various industrial applications. The most important applications include: industrial waste water treatment, in particular the mineralization of toxic organic compounds; the disinfection of water; circulation systems with water which are only possible through use of an electrochemical recycling process; electrochemical synthesis, in particular from strong oxidising solutions and galvanic processes such as the recycling of chrome baths. Previous investigations have shown that the use of DIACHEM^® electrodes results in either a significant improvement in the effectiveness or that the process was only possible through use of this particular electrode material. The user gains a combination of the typical advantages of the electrochemical process with the high efficiency of the DIACHEM^® electrode which, in turn, has generated enormous interest in this particular material. In order to satisfy this interest, CONDIAS GmbH offers the DIACHEM^® electrode commercially.     

梯度功能氧化物电极的电性能研究

首次将梯度法应用于电极材料的制作中,进行了梯度法对电极的表面形貌和电性能影响的一系列实验,包括梯度的组成及变化次数,每次的涂制次数,梯度一层的热氧化温度和时间等。     

环氧导静电涂料混合溶剂的研究

研究油罐内壁环氧导静电涂料,对保证石油贮罐的安全使用、排除静电荷的积累有着重要意义。不同比例的混合溶剂对环氧导静电涂料的各种性能影响很大,因此,混合溶剂的选择尤为重要。本实验选用二甲苯和正丁醇作为环氧树脂的混合溶剂,研究不同比例的混合溶剂对环氧树脂溶解能力的影响,以及对漆膜导静电性能、耐油性能的影响。结果表明:二甲苯与正丁醇按质量比1:1配制的混合溶剂对环氧树脂E-20具有较强的溶解能力,且制备的漆膜具有优异的导电性和耐油性。     

“Effect of nano-ZnO particles on the corrosion behavior of alkyd-based waterborne coatings”

A nano-composite was formed by incorporating nano-ZnO in a specially developed alkyd-based waterborne coating to different loading levels. The nano-ZnO based composite coatings were applied on mild steel substrate by dipping. The coated panels were subjected to various test environments like salt-spray, humidity, UV and mechanical tests like scratch and abrasion. The improvement in electrochemical performance and mechanical properties of the composite coatings were evaluated using various analytical techniques. FTIR technique was used to investigate the interaction between nano-ZnO particles and the polymer functionalities. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was done to study the curing behavior of nano-composite coatings. SEM and AFM were used to investigate dispersion of nano-ZnO particles and the changes in the surface behavior of the coatings before and after exposure to the test environment. The result showed that, with increase in the concentration of nano-ZnO there was an improvement in the corrosion resistance, UV resistance and mechanical properties of the coatings indicating the positive effect of addition of nano-ZnO particles in the coatings.     

MORPHOLOGY AND TRANSPORT STUDY OF PHASE INVERSION POLYSULFONE MEMBRANES

Two different types of polysulfone (PS) membranes were prepared by the phase inversion process utilizing water or isopropanol as nonsolvent. The Flory-Huggins theory for a ternary system nonsolvent/solvent/polymer is applied to describe the'thermodynamic equilibria of the components. The calculated ternary phase equilibria show that demixing of a PS binary solution with n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) will be fast in a water coagulation bath and will be delayed in an isopropanol bath. The prepared membranes were characterized by SEM, gas adsorption-desorption technique, and permeability measurements. The membrane, which is precipitated by fast demixing in a water bath, has nodular structures in the skin region and includes finger-like cavities in the sublayer. The membrane coagulated by isopropanol has a very dense and thick skin structure, which is formed by delayed demixing. The membrane coagulated by isopropanol showed considerably lower pore volume and surface area compared to that observed with water coagulation method.     

Modifications of butter stearin by blending and interesterification for better utilization in edible fat products

This work primarily aims to further modify the stearin fractions, obtained from anhydrous milk fat, after fractionation by dry process and by solvent process using isopropanol, for extending their scope of utilization in edible fat products. Butter stearin fractions, on blending with liquid oils like sunflower oil and soybean oil in different proportions, offer nutritionally important fat products with enriched content of essential fatty acids like C_18∶2 and C_18∶3. The butter stearin fraction from isopropanol fractionation, when interesterified with individual liquid oils by Mucor miehei lipase as a catalyst, yields fat products having desirable properties in making melange spread fat products with reasonable content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and almost zero trans fatty acid content.