Resistant Starch: Physiological Roles and Food Applications

A portion of starch and starch products that resist digestion in small intestine has been described as resistant starch. Starch may become resistant to digestion due to several reasons, as it may be physically inaccessible, retrograded, or chemically modified. Resistant starch may be categorized as a functional dietary fiber, as defined by the American Association of Cereal Chemists and Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics. Resistant starch appears to confer considerable health benefits like reduction in risk of colon cancer, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, constipation, increased fecal bulking, modulation of blood glucose level, and blood cholesterol level as well as play a prebiotic role. Resistant starch has low water holding capacity, small particle size, and bland flavor. Incorporation of resistant starches in baked products, pasta products and beverages imparts improved textural properties and health benefits. Resistant starches are being examined for both their potential health benefits as well as functional properties to produce high quality foods. However, the results and findings of different studies are hampered by differences in experiment design, and differences in sources, types, and doses of resistant starch.     

抗性淀粉的体外产酸发酵研究

分别采用健康成人和健康婴儿的新鲜粪便提取液,在模拟大肠环境下(厌氧,37℃),作用于不同含量的抗性淀粉,发酵不同时间,采用气相色谱法测定不同发酵时间的发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的含量。分析结果表明,对于2种不同的粪便提取液,随着发酵时间的延长和抗性淀粉含量的增加,发酵产物中短链脂肪酸的总含量均逐渐增加,特别是丁酸含量增加显著;但在婴儿粪便提取液的发酵产物中,短链脂肪酸的含量,尤其是丁酸的含量,显著高于成人粪便提取液的发酵产物。     

直链淀粉含量对大鼠肠道发酵产物的影响

目的:研究了不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉对大鼠肠道发酵产物的影响.方法:将42只Wistar成年雌鼠随机分为7组,分别饲喂直链淀粉(AS)含量为0%、26.8%、53.8%、61.6%、75.7%、78.9%、85.8%的玉米淀粉饲料.喂养3周后解剖,测定各组体重、饲料效率及淀粉消化率、小肠内容物、盲肠内容物、盲肠组织重量以及盲肠中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)等指标.结果:61.6%AS、75.7%AS、78.9%AS和85.8%AS饲料组的淀粉表观消化率明显低于0%AS和26.8%AS饲料组.与0%AS和26.8%AS相比,高直链淀粉显著地增加了小肠内容物、盲肠内容物干重,75.7%AS组的盲肠内容物干重最高.高直链淀粉组盲肠中乙酸、丙酸和总SCFA的总量显著高于0%AS和26.8%AS组,53.8%AS组丙酸产量最高,61.6%AS组有最高丁酸和总SCFA产量,而75.7%AS有最高的乙酸、乳酸和琥珀酸产量,在高直链玉米淀粉中,78.9%AS组SCFA产量最低.结论:增加玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量能明显降低淀粉的消化性,增加大鼠肠道中未消化残渣的量和盲肠中SCFA产量,但这种效果与直链淀粉的含量并没有明显的相关性.     

抗性淀粉饼干的研制及血糖指数评价

以感官评分为指标,通过单因素和正交试验设计优化抗性淀粉饼干的最佳配方为:以低筋粉小麦粉100％为基准,抗性淀粉25.0％、植物油24.0％、蔗糖32.0％、膨松剂1.6％、全蛋液2.0％、食盐1.0％、水10.0％.在此配方条件下,对抗性饼干进行感官、理化和卫生指标测定.结果表明:抗性淀粉饼干色泽均匀、呈金黄色;外形完整,花纹清晰,厚薄基本均匀,无收缩、变形、起泡、裂痕现象;断面结构呈多孔状,细密,无大孔洞;香味纯正,口感松脆细腻、不粘牙、无颗粒感.其各项理化指标和卫生指标均符合饼干国家相应标准;抗性淀粉饼干的水解指数和血糖指数分别为49.19、66.72,与对照组差异显著,属于中等血糖指数食品.     

抗性淀粉营养特性及生物学作用的研究进展

抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)是健康人体小肠中不吸收的淀粉及其降解产物,进入后肠可发酵产生多种短链脂肪酸。近年来研究表明RS可降低糖尿病、结直肠癌、肥胖等慢性病的发病风险。本文就RS对肠道健康、血脂和血糖水平以及矿物元素吸收等方面的改善作用及其可能的机制作一综述。     

抗性淀粉的消化特性及其在食品中的应用

抗性淀粉(Resistant starch,RS)作为一种新型膳食纤维,不能被人体胃和小肠消化吸收,但可进入结肠中被肠道菌群发酵利用,进而发挥其降血糖、降血脂、预防心血管疾病和结肠癌等多种生理功效。这些特性使RS用于预防血脂异常和治疗胰岛素分泌相关的疾病,以及开发减肥食品,使通过饮食疗法来治疗2型糖尿病和冠心病成为可能。然而,在大多数天然食品中RS的含量甚微,难以达到控制血糖平衡的功效。因此,如何制备RS并将其应用到食品中已成为国内外食品行业的研究热点。作者综述了5类RS及其制备方法和消化特性,阐述了RS在谷物蒸煮、烘烤、油炸和功能性食品中的应用现状,并提出了RS的未来研究方向,以期为RS的深入研究及富含RS食品的开发提供参考。     

The Effect of Heat-acid Treatment on the Formation of Resistant Starch and the Estimated Glycemic Index in Potatoes

Potatoes are generally regarded as high glycemic index (GI) foods. Resistant starch (RS) comprises the starch fraction that is not absorbed in the small intestine, thus controlling the glucose level and improving the intestinal environment. In this study, an analysis of the formation of RS of potato starch samples under different acetic acid-thermal treatment conditions was conducted. Additionally, the relationship between the rates of starch digestion, estimated GI (eGI), and the RS content was evaluated by employing in vitro enzymatic models. Compared with control samples, the RS content in the cold-stored samples after acid-boiling was higher, whereas that of samples after heating at 120 °C with acetic acid was decreased. The eGI was negatively correlated with the RS content in potatoes. Cold store after acid-boiling was effective in increasing the RS content. Furthermore, low eGI values may have resulted from higher levels of RS in potatoes.     

抗性淀粉产品的安全性及其食品标签

抗性淀粉是指在健康人体小肠中不被吸收的淀粉及其降解产物的总和,具有类似膳食纤维的生理功能,且不会影响食物的口味、质地和外观。对抗性淀粉的安全性、分析方法、食品标签以及各国相关法规进行了综述。     

Methodologies for Increasing the Resistant Starch Content of Food Starches: A Review

Research involving resistant starch (RS) is becoming more prominent. RS has the ability to modulate postprandial blood‐glucose levels and can be fermented by the colonic microflora to produce short‐chain fatty acids, which exert positive health benefits on the consumer such as increased colonic blood flow to ease colonic inflammation and a decreased risk of colon and/or other cancers. This paper reviews the effects of genetic manipulation on amylose levels in plants, enzymatic hydrolysis, physical treatments, chemical modifications, exposure to γ‐rays, and the effects of lipid complexation on the RS content of starches from various botanical sources. All treatments reviewed increased the RS content; however, select treatments (namely genetic manipulation, enzymatic debranching, hydrothermal treatments, high hydrostatic pressure, most chemical modifications, γ‐irradiation exposure, as well as lipid complexation) were more effective to varying degrees than were extrusion and mineral acid treatments. Various methods commonly used for measuring RS were compared. Additionally, the effects of food matrix components were also examined to gauge their effectiveness at inhibiting or enhancing RS formation, with lipids and gums known to be the most effective at enhancing (or apparently enhancing) RS. This review draws largely, but not exclusively, from research published post 2009.     

外源肠道菌和玉米抗性淀粉对小鼠结肠菌群发酵产酸的影响

在37℃、厌氧条件下,通过向营养肉汤培养基中添加小鼠结肠内容物悬液模拟结肠环境。通过在模拟结肠环境中添加玉米抗性淀粉、单一及混合外源肠道菌及其组合,研究玉米抗性淀粉体外发酵产酸的特性及外源肠道菌对其的影响。结果表明:相对于未添加抗性淀粉或仅添加单一外源菌的组,添加3%(相对于营养肉汤培养基干基)玉米抗性淀粉后,乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量在发酵过程中(6、12、18、24、30 h)能够极显著(P0.01)地提升。在含有抗性淀粉的培养基中添加单一外源菌,嗜酸乳杆菌能够促进发酵产乙酸,青春双歧杆菌和粪肠球菌能够促进发酵产丙酸和丁酸,而大肠埃希氏菌会抑制产丙酸和丁酸。在含有抗性淀粉的培养基中添加混合外源菌,嗜酸乳杆菌和青春双歧杆菌能够协同发酵产乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,粪肠球菌与青春双歧杆菌组合发酵时,能够提升丙酸和丁酸产量,而大肠埃希氏菌则会不同程度地抑制其他3种菌发酵抗性淀粉产乙酸、丙酸和丁酸。     

抗性淀粉及其在食品工业中的应用

大多淀粉食物中都含有抗性淀粉,作为人类的食物来源,有着悠久的历史。抗性淀粉有着像可溶性纤维一样的潜在健康益处和功能特性,引起了研究者的关注。结合抗性淀粉的国内外研究状况,综述了抗性淀粉的分类,制备与检测,及其在食品工业中的应用,结合目前存在的问题和潜在应用,对抗性淀粉的进一步发展进行了展望。     

波谱技术在香蕉淀粉及抗性淀粉研究中的应用

淀粉是由葡萄糖分子聚合而形成的天然高分子化合物,不同来源的淀粉其结构也不尽相同。波谱技术具有检测灵敏度和准确度高、分析特征性强、非破坏性等特性,因此在研究淀粉结构方面得到广泛应用。目前利用波谱分析技术对抗性淀粉结构和性质等方面的研究鲜有综述报道,因此本文以富含抗性淀粉的香蕉为对象,概述了紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱、核磁共振、质谱以及X-射线衍射这些波谱技术的应用情况。首先对这些波谱技术的基本原理和应用特点进行了归纳,其次阐述了其在香蕉淀粉及抗性淀粉的直链淀粉含量、分子结构、晶型、结晶度等方面的应用。期望为应用波谱技术研究淀粉及抗性淀粉提供参考。     

抗性淀粉在老年食品中的应用研究进展

随着人口老龄化的日益加剧,老年人慢性疾病发生率逐渐提高,而这些与日常膳食密切相关。抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）是一种新型的膳食纤维,因其独特的物化性质和生理功能,成为近年来食品科学研究的热点。抗性淀粉在人体消化道内不被消化酶水解而到达结肠,具有多种益处,用于功能性产品的开发,与微胶囊等技术结合包埋营养物质,发挥多种生理功能,预防各种疾病的发生。因此,本文主要聚焦于抗性淀粉在老年食品中的应用研究进展进行综述,首先综述了老年食品的特点,围绕老年食品的特点阐述了RS与人体健康的关系,基于RS优点和特性总结RS在老年食品中的应用,如直接作为功能性原料、制作重组米、面制品、乳饮料等,或作为主要原料借助不同手段,包括：微胶囊法、皮克林乳液和纳米颗粒法对 RS进行处理,在老年人体内构建特殊的营养素递送体系,以期为设计开发老年食品提供思路同时为特殊人群提供膳食选择。     

紫山药淀粉与其抗性淀粉理化性质的比较

以紫山药淀粉为研究原料,采用不同方法分别制备压热、酶解-压热及双酶纯化抗性淀粉,分析比较了紫山药淀粉与其抗性淀粉的理化性质。试验结果表明:紫山药淀粉颗粒呈圆形或椭圆形且表面光滑;抗性淀粉颗粒破碎且呈不规则型。4种淀粉的化学结构相似,与原淀粉相比,抗性淀粉没有生成新的基团。抗性淀粉样品的凝沉速度随直链淀粉含量的增加而加快,冻融稳定性则降低;碘吸收曲线向支链淀粉吸收波长方向偏移。流变学分析表明与原淀粉相比抗性淀粉表观黏度均增大,剪切结构恢复力与抗性淀粉含量成反比。     

淀粉平均聚合度对抗性淀粉得率影响的研究

在对普鲁兰酶最佳酶解条件优化的基础上,采用普鲁兰酶与耐高温淀粉酶协同制备RS(resistantstarch),改变淀粉的聚合度,分析玉米淀粉聚合度与抗性淀粉得率的关系。结果表明:提高原料淀粉中直链淀粉含量并将其聚合度控制在一定程度,可有效的提高RS得率,同时,DSC(differentialscanningcalorimeter)和X-衍射图谱表明,抗性淀粉与原玉米淀粉在结构上有着显著差异。     

Long‐term effects on the digestive tract of feeding large amounts of resistant starch: A study in pigs

The present study aimed to assess the digestive consequences of the long‐term intake of two starches providing different amounts of resistant starch. Growing pigs were used as the animal model and meal‐fed for 14 weeks on a diet containing a high amount of either raw potato starch (RPS) or corn starch (CS). Digestive adaptation was chronologically evaluated by measuring organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and starch digestibility. After 97 days, whole‐tract digestibility of OM, CP and NDF was lower for RPS‐ compared to CS‐fed pigs, whereas no differences were observed in faecal starch digestibility. In contrast, starch digestibility was reduced in the proximal compartments (ileum, caecum and proximal colon) of animals fed the RPS diet. The concentration of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs; P < 0.05), and purine bases (PBs; P < 0.01) was also higher in distal colon and rectum of animals fed the RPS diet. Changes in bacterial community structure (dendogram analyses) were seen in the rectum. Biodiversity tends to increase more in RPS compared to CS fed animals (34.1 vs. 28.8; P = 0.07). Among SCFAs, the proportion of butyrate was two‐fold higher in proximal colon digesta of RPS compared to CS fed pigs (0.20 vs. 0.11; P < 0.05). Increased butyrate formation in the colon reduced the number of apoptosis per crypt in the proximal colonic mucosa (0.38 vs. 0.62; P < 0.05). RPS fermentation reduced indices associated with damage to intestinal epithelial cells, such as crypt cell hyperproliferation and magnesium excretion. Long‐term ingestion of RPS induces pronounced changes of the digestive tract and their microflora, modifying mineral absorption and colonic morphology for which health benefits are likely to be associated. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

粗玉米抗性淀粉的模拟肠道发酵产酸与外源乳酸菌关联性

在模拟大肠环境(厌氧和37℃)下,利用健康成人粪便提取物发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉,研究短链脂肪酸的产生情况,并剖析外源乳酸菌对产酸模式的影响。实验结果表明,粪便提取物单独发酵抗性淀粉时,短链脂肪酸含量随发酵时间增加而呈增加趋势;粪便提取物和2株乳酸杆菌共同发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉时,发酵产物中乙酸含量增加,丙酸和丁酸含量没有明显变化;当粪便提取物和2株乳酸球菌共同发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉时,发酵产物中丙酸和丁酸含量明显增加,乙酸含量没有明显变化。研究结果表明,外源性乳酸菌影响粗玉米抗性淀粉的模拟肠道发酵产酸模式。     

Acid Production of Crude Fermentation in vitro Lactic Maize Resistant Starch in the Simulated and the Impacts of Some Exogenous Acid Bacteria Added

在模拟大肠环境（厌氧和37℃）下,利用健康成人粪便提取物发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉,研究短链脂肪酸的产生情况,并剖析外源乳酸菌对产酸模式的影响。实验结果表明,粪便提取物单独发酵抗性淀粉时,短链脂肪酸含量随发酵时间增加而呈增加趋势;粪便提取物和2株乳酸杆菌共同发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉时,发酵产物中乙酸含量增加,丙酸和丁酸含量没有明显变化;当粪便提取物和2株乳酸球菌共同发酵粗玉米抗性淀粉时,发酵产物中丙酸和丁酸含量明显增加,乙酸含量没有明显变化。研究结果表明,外源性乳酸菌影响粗玉米抗性淀粉的模拟肠道发酵产酸模式。     

机械活化玉米淀粉及其酯化淀粉的消化性能和抗酶解性能

采用In-Vitro消化模型模拟人体消化环境,对机械活化淀粉及其醋酸酯淀粉的消化速度进行了研究;并用美国谷物化学协会(AACC)的76-13标准方法,测定机械活化淀粉及其醋酸酯淀粉的抗酶解淀粉含量。结果表明,机械活化使玉米淀粉颗粒的消化速度大大加快,抗酶解淀粉的含量降低,且活化时间越长,消化速度越快,抗酶解淀粉的含量越低。醋酸酯化加快了活化淀粉颗粒的消化速度,随取代度的提高消化速度下降,但醋酸酯化降低其糊的消化速度。醋酸酯淀粉中的抗酶解淀粉含量低于活化淀粉,取代度越高含量越低。