高长径比TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及其电致变色与光电化学性能

采用NH4F-DMSO-甘油-H2O溶液体系的电化学阳极氧化法,经高温热处理后,在金属钛基板上制备了有序的Ti O2纳米管阵列薄膜。通过计时安培法、循环伏安曲线、光照开路电位谱和瞬态光电流谱技术对纳米管阵列电极的电致变色及光电化学特性进行了研究。结果表明,Ti O2纳米管为混晶组成,阵列薄膜具有大比表面积和高长径比。纳米管阵列电极具有稳定的阴极电致变色效应,快速的着色/褪色反应时间。与Ti O2纳米多孔膜电极相比,Ti O2纳米管阵列电极的光电流及光照开路电压都显著增加。     

TiO2纳米管阵列的热稳定性及生物活性的研究

通过电化学阳极氧化法，在纯钛片表面制备得到TiO2纳米管阵列。研究了TiO2纳米管阵列的热稳定性，并通过模拟体液浸泡研究了其生物活性。采用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）分别对纳米管阵列的形貌和物相进行表征。结果表明，当热处理温度为300℃时，TiO2纳米管由无定形向锐钛型转变，温度升到500℃时转变为金红石型，升到600℃时TiO2纳米管阵列出现坍塌，700℃热处理时其形貌完全被破坏。生物活性研究表明，具有TiO2纳米管阵列的钛片经氢氧化钠溶液活化后具有良好的生物活性，能在模拟体液中诱导生成磷灰石。     

氧化钛纳米管阵列的表面聚集控制及光电化学特性

采用阳极氧化法在有机介质中制备垂直排列的厚度达百微米的TiO2纳米管阵列,重点考察TiO2纳米管表面形貌特性的控制,以期从微观修饰角度来提高TiO2纳米管阵列膜的光电化学性能;在此基础上,考察不同处理条件下的TiO2纳米管阵列膜的光电化学特性。实验结果表明:采用无水乙醇作为超声液并结合二次蒸馏水进行漂洗能彻底清除纳米管表面聚集堵塞部分,得到清洁、规整有序的纳米管阵列表面,且不破坏纳米管阵列膜的最佳超声振动时间为20～30s。在对纳米管阵列的表面形貌特性进行控制后,采用一步阳极氧化法+无水乙醇超声制备的样品经500℃退火在全谱段的光转换效率达到1.48%,证实对纳米管阵列的表面形貌特性实施控制能有效提高其光电化学性能。     

电解液中甲酰胺浓度对阳极氧化制备TiO_2纳米管阵列形貌和光催化性能的影响

分别以0.5%HF水溶液(A)、0.3 mol/L NH4F+70%H2O+30%甲酰胺(体积分数)(B)、0.3 mol/L NH4F+30%H2O+70%甲酰胺(体积分数)(C)和0.3 mol/L NH4F+3%H2O+97%甲酰胺溶液电解液(体积分数)(D)作为电解液,对比研究甲酰胺含量对电化学阳极氧化TiO2纳米管阵列的形貌、结构和光催化性能的影响。结果表明:TiO2纳米管阵列长度随甲酰胺含量的增加而增加;水基电解液A中制备的纳米管长度、壁厚和管径分别约为600、20和100 nm,且分布不均匀;甲酰胺基电解液D中制备的纳米管长度、壁厚和管径分别约为10μm、5 nm和60 nm,且管径分布均匀;样品在O2中经450℃退火2 h后,发现甲酰胺基电解液A中制备的TiO2纳米管为单相锐钛矿结构,其它样品则为复合锐钛矿相和金红石相结构。光催化降解甲基橙的结果表明:随着TiO2纳米管阵列的厚度增加及管壁减小,紫外光光催化效率明显提高。     

TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及其光催化产氢活性研究

采用阳极氧化法在乙二醇电解液中制备了高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列,分别通过SEM、EDX表征其形貌及元素组成,并探讨了TiO2纳米管的生长过程。结果表明,TiO2纳米管的形成过程是一个由纳米多孔膜结构向独立有序的纳米管阵列转变的过程。同时以TiO2纳米管为光阳极,采用双室光电化学池制氢体系,利用光照TiO2产生的光电压与双室电解液pH差产生的化学偏压的协同效应可达到水的分解电压,充分实现高效率、低能耗制氢的目标。无外加电压及牺牲剂条件下,TiO2纳米管的光电流密度为6.51 m A/cm2,光照1 h产氢量高达108.9μmol/cm2。     

有机介质中TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及生物活性研究

用含氟的有机溶剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作电解液,通过电化学阳极氧化法,在纯钛片表面制得长度达微米级TiO2纳米管阵列.研究了TiO2纳米管阵列形貌和晶相的转变,并通过模拟体液浸泡研究了其生物活性.采用扫描电镜(SEM) 、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)和透射电镜(TEM)分别对纳米管阵列的形貌和物相进行表征.结果表明:在40 V电压下,阳极氧化24 h,可以制得长12 μm,外径170 nm的无定形氧化钛纳米管阵列.300 ℃热处理后,TiO2纳米管表面开始收缩,由无定形向锐钛矿型转变, 温度升到600 ℃时,氧化钛纳米管表面形成较深的沟壑,锐钛矿型开始向金红石型转变,700 ℃热处理后,TiO2纳米管阵列被破坏.生物活性研究表明,具有TiO2纳米管阵列的钛片经热处理后具有良好的生物活性,能在模拟体液浸泡14 d诱导生成厚达13 μm的碳磷灰石层.     

钛基材上制备TiO2纳米管阵列电极的电化学性能

在0.5%(质量分数)NH4F/甘油电解液中通过恒压阳极氧化法在钛基体上制备TiO2纳米管阵列.采用循环伏安法、紫外-可见吸收光谱、顺磁共振波谱仪和傅立叶红外谱对TiO2纳米管阵列的表面性能进行了表征.结果表明:TiO2纳米管阵列电极可发生两个光化学过程,测得的电化学激发能?EOH/?OH＞1.643 V,对应的吸收光波长λ＜853 nm;TiO2纳米管阵列电极光化学性能变化是由于在电极表面发生Ti3+与Ti4+转化的过程中形成了·OH.     

有机电解液中TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及其光电性能

在氟化铵/丙三醇电解液中,采用恒压直流阳极氧化法制备TiO2纳米管阵列,并研究其在空气热处理过程中的结晶行为,最后将管阵列作为光阳极组装成染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC),研究氧化时间和热处理温度对其光电性能的影响。结果表明:TiO2纳米管阵列的形成是一个随时间渐进演变的过程;随着氧化时间的延长,纳米管长度逐渐增大,当时间为70 h时,长度达到5μm左右;管阵列在空气中于400℃以下热处理后,由锐钛矿相构成,450和500℃热处理时,由锐钛矿相和金红石相构成,同时管阵列结构具有良好的高温稳定性。光电性能测试显示,20 V、70 h制备的TiO2纳米管阵列经450℃热处理后,组装成的染料敏化太阳能电池的(有效面积1 cm2)光电转换效率可达到0.989%。     

原位模板法在铝基底上制备TiO2纳米管阵列薄膜

采用液相沉积法，将铝基多孔阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板浸入到（NH4）2TiF6溶液中，制备出高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列薄膜，并在不同的温度下进行了热处理。用场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪等手段对试样的微观形貌、结构及物相进行了表征。结果表明，TiO2纳米管的形貌依赖于AAO的特征，薄膜是由外径大约200nm，壁厚约40nm的TiO2纳米管阵列组成，薄膜厚度约25μm。原位模板法制备的TiO2纳米管阵列薄膜为非晶态，在400℃空气中焙烧2h转变为锐钛矿相TiO2。经过650℃焙烧仍保持纳米管结构，表现出较好的热稳定性。     

TiO2光催化纳米薄膜的晶化处理

TiO2光催化纳米薄膜在400℃～80℃温内恒温退火1h-2h，以消除膜内非晶，提高薄膜光催化活性。热处理前后试样的检测结果表明：退火使TiO2薄膜内非晶晶化，晶粒长大，光响应电流增大。随退火温度的升高，TiO2薄膜出现由非晶斗锐钛矿斗金红石的转变。其中，600℃退火1h的TiO2薄膜为锐钛矿加金红石的混晶结构，光电流密度最大Iuv=41．2A／m^2，光催化活性最好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。