纳米氮化硅陶瓷的组织与性能研究

采用热压烧结方法,以非晶纳米Si3N4和α-Si3N4粉末作为原料,制备了纳米氮化硅陶瓷,研究了起始粉末对氮化硅陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响.纳米氮化硅陶瓷的主要组成相为α-Si3N4、β-Si3N4和Si2N2O;其组织由尺寸为100nm左右的晶粒组成,α-Si3N4起始粉末的添加对组织形态没有影响.抗弯强度和断裂韧性均随α-Si3N4起始粉末含量的增加而先升后降,在其含量为40%时达到最大值;硬度随α-Si3N4粉末含量的增加而降低.     

可加工BN/B_4C复相陶瓷的制备与其抗热震性能

采用热压烧结工艺制备了BN/B4C微米复相陶瓷和BN/B4C纳米复相陶瓷。由淬水法测试了单相B4C陶瓷,BN/B4C微米复相陶瓷和BN/B4C纳米复相陶瓷的抗热震性能,用三点弯曲法测试了热震后样品的抗弯强度。结果表明:BN/B4C微米复相陶瓷和BN/B4C纳米复相陶瓷的抗热震性能明显高于单相B4C陶瓷的抗热震性能,而且BN/B4C纳米复相陶瓷的抗热震性能明显高于BN/B4C微米复相陶瓷的抗热震性能。BN/B4C微米复相陶瓷和BN/B4C纳米复相陶瓷具有良好的抗热震性能主要是由于具有较高的抗弯强度和较低的弹性模量;同时BN/B4C复相陶瓷中的BN/B4C弱界面和层状结构的h-BN晶粒能够显著提高复相陶瓷的抗热震性能。     

Si3N4-TiN纳米复相陶瓷的制备与性能研究

采用热压烧结方法制备了Si3N4-TiN纳米复相陶瓷,研究了纳米TiN颗粒的添加对Si3N4陶瓷组织、力学性能和抗热震性能的影响.研究结果表明:Si3N4-TiN纳米复相陶瓷的显微组织由粒径为100 nm左右的晶粒构成,TiN以独立颗粒的形式存在;纳米TiN颗粒的添加可以提高纳米Si3N4陶瓷的断裂韧性和抗弯强度,但对硬度影响不大;适量TiN颗粒的添加能改善纳米Si3N4陶瓷的抗热震性.     

氮化硅陶瓷的热等静压处理与抗热震性能研究

以氮化硅喷雾造粒粉为原料,通过高温常压烧结及热等静压处理烧坯两种制备方法获得的氮化硅陶瓷材料,进行了陶瓷显微组织结构、热导率与抗热震性能研究.结果表明热等静压处理能够消除烧结体的残余孔隙,有利于提高陶瓷的强度、热导率和抗热震性能.     

氮化硅陶瓷材料高温抗热震性能及其衰减规律研究

氮化硅陶瓷作为先进陶瓷材料具有耐高温、抗腐蚀等优异性能,因此被广泛应用于航空航天领域的强热冲击环境。热压烧结制备的Si3N4复合材料的抗弯强度较高,但抗热震性能随温度升高显著降低,热压烧结工艺在提升抗热震性能方面尚有不足。本文提出了使用二次热处理烧结方式来提高Si3N4陶瓷的抗热震性能,通过热压烧结-气压烧结二次热处理的烧结方式获得更致密、抗热震性能更好的Si3N4陶瓷材料。测试结果显示,常规热压方式制备的氮化硅陶瓷,随着热震温度的升高、次数的增加,材料内部产生微裂纹的概率增大,热震后试样抗弯强度逐渐降低,1200℃时平均强度下降率达23.48%。而经过二次热处理后氮化硅陶瓷抗弯强度略有降低,但抗热震性能得到明显改善,随着热处理时间增加,二次热处理后氮化硅陶瓷显微结构更加致密,抗热震性能将明显提高,热震后强度下降率明显减小,1200℃热震10次后强度下降率为12.25%。本文提出了提高Si3N4陶瓷的抗热震性的方法,探讨了氮化硅陶瓷在1200℃高温下的抗热震性能及其衰减规律,为改善氮化硅陶瓷器件高温性能提供了参考。     

多孔氮化硅陶瓷制备及其性能研究进展

多孔氮化硅(Si_3N_4)陶瓷由于具有优异的力学性能、良好的抗热震和低介电常数等特点,在极端力/热环境下具有很大的应用潜力。研究表明:不同的制备工艺对多孔氮化硅陶瓷晶粒尺寸、微结构有很大影响,从而影响材料的力学性能;介电性能受气孔率、相组成影响;渗透率受气孔率、气孔尺寸、弯曲度的影响。综述了多孔Si_3N_4陶瓷的烧结工艺、成型工艺及其相关性能研究,并结合目前的研究热点,指出了未来多孔氮化硅陶瓷研究的发展方向。     

氮化硅基多孔陶瓷的制备与应用进展

多孔氮化硅陶瓷具有优异的抗氧化、抗热震、低介电常数和介电损耗、高孔隙率、优良的机械力学和耐酸碱腐蚀等性能,备受国内研究者的青睐。分析多孔氮化硅陶瓷的制备方法和应用领域的研究进展,展望了多孔氮化硅陶瓷的研究方向。     

氧化钇对氧化镁陶瓷烧结和抗热震性能的影响

为提高氧化镁陶瓷抗热震性和烧结性能,以高纯纳米氧化镁为主要原料,高纯纳米氧化钇粉为添加剂,聚乙烯醇为结合剂,制备了氧化镁陶瓷试样,研究了氧化钇添加量(外加,质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%和4%)和煅烧温度(1 350、1 450和1 550℃)对氧化镁陶瓷性能的影响。结果表明:氧化钇与方镁石形成有限置换型固溶体,提高了烧结试样致密度;氧化钇抑制了烧结试样中方镁石晶粒生长;氧化钇通过第二相增韧和微裂纹增韧提高了氧化镁陶瓷的抗热震性。     

纳米莫来石的制备及其对氧化铝陶瓷性能的影响

以硝酸铝和硅溶胶为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了纳米莫来石粉体,进而探讨了纳米莫来石对氧化铝陶瓷烧结性能、抗弯强度以及抗热震性能的影响.结果发现,在1100 ℃煅烧硝酸铝与硅溶胶先驱体时仅有少量Al2O3生成,当将煅烧温度升高到1200 ℃时,获得了单一的莫来石晶相,粉体的平均粒径在50～60 nm之间;在氧化铝中添加2wt%～10wt%的纳米莫来石,可以有效促进陶瓷体的致密烧结,并获得良好的抗弯强度与抗热震性能;纳米莫来石含量为5wt%的陶瓷,在1650 ℃烧结后的抗弯强度为247.49 MPa,经过1200 ℃热震后的抗弯强度为218.52 MPa;当纳米莫来石的添加量超过10wt%时,将降低陶瓷的饱和体积密度,并恶化陶瓷的抗弯强度与抗热震性能.     

Al2TiO5添加量对MgO-Al2TiO5复合陶瓷烧结及抗热震性的影响

以纳米MgO粉为原料,选用以纳米Al2O3粉和纳米TiO2粉经1500℃保温3 h烧结制备的Al2TiO5为添加剂,采用固相烧结法经1500℃保温3 h制备了Al2TiO5质量分数分别为0、5%、10%和20%的MgO-Al2TiO5复合陶瓷,并采用XRD、SEM和EDS等研究了Al2TiO5添加量对MgO-Al2TiO5复合陶瓷烧结性能及抗热震性能的影响。结果表明:添加Al2TiO5有利于促进复合陶瓷的烧结,其体积密度和线收缩率随Al2TiO5添加量的增加而增大,当Al2TiO5添加量为20%(w)时,其体积密度和线收缩率分别为3.68 g·cm-3和22.07%;当Al2TiO5添加量为10%(w)时,其抗热震性能最佳。Al2TiO5位于方镁石晶粒交界处,抑制方镁石晶粒生长,阻碍裂纹扩展,使MgO-Al2TiO5复合陶瓷的抗热震性能得到改善。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。