Dynamic compressive behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures

This paper investigated the dynamic behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) after elevated temperatures by using a 100‐mm‐diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Changes in weight and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were also studied. The results indicate that the weight losses of BFRC before cooling increase with temperature, while a reduction in weight loss value is observed after water cooling. The UPV values of BFRC decrease constantly as temperature increases, and the measured velocities under the same temperature increase with fiber content as temperature exceeds 200 °C. For a given temperature, the strain rate, dynamic strength, critical strain, and impact toughness of BFRC increase with impact velocity. For a given impact velocity, the increasing temperature generally leads to an increase in strain rate and critical strain and results in a decrease in dynamic strength and impact toughness except in the case of 200 °C. At 200 °C, however, a marginal reduction, even an improvement in dynamic strength is observed, and the impact toughness initially decreases, then increases with loading rate when compared with that at room temperature. Basalt fiber is effective in improving the strength performance, deformation capacity, and energy absorption property of concrete after high temperature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软硬混编预制体增强沥青基4D-C/C材料弯曲行为

以z向穿插炭棒、x-y向铺层纤维束法编织的软硬混编4D炭纤维预制体为增强体,采用沥青液相浸渍/炭化法制备了4D-C/C复合材料,研究了材料z向(炭棒方向)高温弯曲行为及损伤机理。结果表明:在室温~2 100℃范围,随着温度的升高,4D-C/C复合材料z向弯曲强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在室温~1 800℃时弯曲强度呈现增加的趋势,1 800℃后随着温度升高弯曲强度开始逐渐降低,但当温度达到2 100℃时其弯曲强度仍比室温下稍高。在室温~2 100℃范围,随着温度的升高,软硬混编预制体增强沥青基4D-C/C复合材料z向弯曲断裂应变一直呈增加的趋势,而弯曲弹性模量总体呈减小的趋势。室温下4D-C/C应力-应变曲线几乎为线性关系,高温下4D-C/C复合材料z向弯曲破坏更加趋向于非线性的破坏模式。损伤表征结果表明,随着温度的升高,材料破坏时的最大损伤逐渐增加。     

Flexural behavior of hybrid PVA fibers reinforced ferrocement panels at elevated temperatures

Fire safety should consider not only the performance of the structure after the fire but also the behavior during the fire. The structural fire reliability performance of hybrid PVA fiber reinforced ferrocement (HFF) panels is experimentally determined based on its flexural characteristics and damage during the exposure to elevated temperatures. The residual compressive strength of 60 cubs was also tested after exposed to temperatures. In addition, 30 HFF panels were tested to evaluate their structural capacity by conducting an in‐situ binding test during the heating of up to 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C, and compared with control samples tested at ambient (24°C) temperature condition. The main parameters investigated were the specimen thickness and the effect of using mineral admixtures (fly ash and silica fume) in the mortar mixtures. The results show a strength decline of both flexural and compressive strengths as temperature increases. The bending capacity at 800°C is reduced to about 90% of the ambient capacity only. In between the 2 temperatures, the reduction rate is found to be almost linear. A theoretical prediction of the moment capacity reduction shows a good agreement with the test results.     

Experimental and analytical study of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete prepared with basalt fiber under high temperature

The usage of mineral basalt fibers is a relatively novel and popular topic nowadays due to its abundant availability, low cost, and higher temperature resistance. In addition, the establishment of analytical models is beneficial because the experimental work is more time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study, the inorganic mineral basalt fibers with different length and content in hybrid fiber concrete composite are investigated to assess its suitability at room temperature and under high temperature. In addition, a new analytical model for stress-stain curve of hybrid fiber concrete composite is developed and compared with the models in previous studies. The microstructure examination is also conducted after exposure to high temperature to explore the fiber morphology and interaction with matrix. The substantial improvement was indicated by addition of basalt fiber in hybrid fiber concrete for stress-strain response, peak stress, elastic modulus, peak strain, ultimate stain, toughness, and specific toughness at room temperature and at 850°C. It was revealed that the basalt fiber had demonstrated overall good appropriateness in the hybrid fiber concrete composite for all the compressive properties. Moreover, the proposed analytical model could be useful for prediction of analytical behavior from experimental data under high temperature for the research and design purposes.     

Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete

After being subjected to different elevated heating temperatures, ranging between 105 °C and 1200 °C, the compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus and porosity of concrete reinforced with 1% steel fibre (SFRC) and changes of colour to the heated concrete have been investigated.The results show a loss of concrete strength with increased maximum heating temperature and with increased initial saturation percentage before firing. For maximum exposure temperatures below 400 °C, the loss in compressive strength was relatively small. Significant further reductions in compressive strength are observed, as maximum temperature increases, for all concretes heated to temperatures exceeding 400 °C. High performance concretes (HPC) start to suffer a greater compressive strength loss than normal strength concrete (NSC) at maximum exposure temperatures of 600 °C. It is suggested that HPC suffers both chemical decomposition and pore-structure coarsening of the hardened cement paste when C-S-H starts to decompose at this high temperature. Strengths for all mixes reached minimum values at 1000 or 1100 °C. No evidence of spalling was encountered. When steel fibres are incorporated, at 1%, an improvement of fire resistance and crack [F.M. Lea, Cement research: retrospect and prospect. Proc. 4th Int. Symp. On the Chemistry of Cement, pp. 5-8 (Washington, DC, 1960).] resistance as characterized by the residual strengths were observed. Mechanical strength results indicated that SFRC performs better than non-SFRC for maximum exposure temperatures below 1000 °C, even though the residual strength was very low for all mixes at this high temperature. The variations with colour, which occured, are associated with maximum temperatures of exposure.     

Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures

In this paper, the effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength stress–strain relationship (stiffness) and energy absorption capacities (toughness) of concretes are presented. High-performance concretes (HPCs) were prepared in three series, with different cementitious material constitutions using plain ordinary Portland cement (PC), with and without metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) separate replacements. Each series comprised a concrete mix, prepared without any fibers, and concrete mixes reinforced with either or both steel fibers and polypropylene (PP) fibers. The results showed that after exposure to 600 and 800 °C, the concrete mixes retained, respectively, 45% and 23% of their compressive strength, on average. The results also show that after the concrete was exposed to the elevated temperatures, the loss of stiffness was much quicker than the loss in compressive strength, but the loss of energy absorption capacity was relatively slower. A 20% replacement of the cement by MK resulted in a higher compressive strength but a lower specific toughness, as compared with the concrete prepared with 10% replacement of cement by SF. The MK concrete also showed quicker losses in the compressive strength, elastic modulus and energy absorption capacity after exposure to the elevated temperatures. Steel fibers approximately doubled the energy absorption capacity of the unheated concrete. They were effective in minimizing the degradation of compressive strength for the concrete after exposure to the elevated temperatures. The steel-fiber-reinforced concretes also showed the highest energy absorption capacity after the high-temperature exposure, although they suffered a quick loss of this capacity. In comparison, using PP fibers reduced the energy absorption capacity of the concrete after exposure to 800 °C, although it had a minor beneficial effect on the energy absorption capacity of the concrete before heating.     

玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋混凝土梁受弯性能研究

设计并制作了3根玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋（BFRP筋）混凝土梁,并对其进行三分点加载试验,主要测试了构件的开裂荷载、裂缝和挠度发展情况以及极限荷载等。结果表明,受BFRP筋线弹性的材料性质、较低的弹性模量等因素的影响,BFRP筋混凝土梁的受弯工作具有以下特点：(1)构件均发生脆性破坏;(2)构件的开裂荷载和开裂前的挠度受BFRP筋配筋率的影响很小;(3)构件的极限荷载随BFRP筋配筋率的增加而增大;(4)构件的荷载－挠度曲线在混凝土开裂前后均为线性,其转折点对应构件开裂。     

Flexural properties after exposure to elevated temperatures of a ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete incorporating steel fibers and polypropylene fibers

Experiments were carried out to investigate the flexural properties of fiber‐reinforced ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete after exposure to high temperatures. On the basis of experimental observation, the effect of GGBFS content, the steel fiber dosage, the polypropylene (PP) fiber dosage, and the strength grade on the residual strength of concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures were systematically examined. Test data indicate that exposure to high temperatures causes deterioration in the flexural strength of concrete; inclusion of GGBFS, PP fibers, and steel fibers, all effectively improve the residual flexural strength of concrete after fire. The optimum amounts of GGBFS, PP fibers, and steel fibers are identified respectively for better fire resistance of concrete. The strength losses of concretes characterized by different strength grades are very close to one another. Equations are proposed to predict the residual flexural strength of concrete incorporating GGBFS, PP fibers, and steel fibers after being heated to temperatures up to 800°C. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

几种纤维在增强混凝土中的应用

介绍了聚丙烯纤维、碳纤维、钢纤维和玻璃纤雏增强混凝土的基本性能,其中聚丙烯纤维有较好的技术经济性能,已在混凝土工程中广泛应用;由于碳纤维等后3种纤维有高强、高模和韧性,可用于次结构甚至主结构的增强或加固用。同时简介了国内外研究情况以及一些实际应用案例,指出今后有待研究的问题和研究的重点及方向。     

应变强化纤维加强水泥基配筋复合材料的抗弯承载力模型

本文建立了钢筋一应变强化类高性能水泥基复合材料的抗弯承载力模型．传统的钢筋混凝土构件易开裂,耐久性差,高性能纤维加强水泥基复合材料强度较高,受拉时延性好,作为基体配置钢筋后,与相同配筋条件的混凝土梁相比,承载力和延性均提高．     

Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures

This paper presents the effect of temperature on thermal and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and fiber reinforced SCC (FRSCC). For thermal properties specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion were measured, whereas for mechanical properties compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus were measured in the temperature range of 20–800 °C. Four SCC mixes, plain SCC, steel, polypropylene, and hybrid fiber reinforced SCC were considered in the test program. Data from mechanical property tests show that the presence of steel fibers enhances high temperature splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus of SCC. Also the thermal expansion of FRSCC is slightly higher than that of SCC in 20–1000 °C range. Data generated from these tests was utilized to develop simplified relations for expressing thermal and mechanical properties of SCC and FRSCC as a function of temperature.     

先张法预应力玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

采用先张法工艺设计制作了1根全预应力玄武岩纤维增强塑料筋(BFRP筋)混凝十梁,2根部分预应力BFRP筋混凝土梁和1根普通BFRP筋混凝土梁,对其进行三分点加载试验,主要测试了构件的开裂荷载、裂缝和挠度发展情况、屈服荷载和极限荷载等性能。结果表明,对BFRP筋施加预应力,可以提高梁的杭裂度,有效减小梁的挠度和裂缝宽度;非预应力钢筋的配筋率越大,梁的极限抗弯承载力越大,在BFRP筋配筋率相同的情况下,全预应力梁和非预应力梁的极限抗弯承载力相当;在预应力梁中采用非预应力钢筋,可以减小裂缝宽度间距,并且提高梁的延性;全预应力梁和非预应力梁在纯弯段上的裂缝数量和裂缝分布基本相同,部分预应力梁的裂缝数量明显多于全预应力梁和非预应力梁。     

聚酯纤维在沥青混凝土中的应用

分析了路用纤维性能的要求,比较了各种纤维的性能,确认了聚酯纤维是较适宜的纤维沥青混凝土加强材料。纤维沥青混凝土提高了沥青路面的高温抗车辙能力、低温抗裂性能、抗疲劳性能以及水稳定性能,有效地延长沥青路面的使用寿命。重点介绍了上海石油化工股份有限公司聚酯纤维产品金路丝在沥青混凝土中的应用情况。     

Research on seismic resistance and mechanic behavior of reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete walls after high temperature

This study focused on the mechanical behavior of reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (RLAC) walls under repeated horizontal loads after a standard temperature‐rising fire‐resistance test and compared the specimen walls' ultimate loads, yielding loads, cracked loads, stiffness, and ductility with those of reinforced normal‐weight aggregate concrete (RNAC) walls. Steel reinforcing bar spacing, aggregate types, wall widths, and high temperatures were variables in this study. The experimental results showed that, after the fire‐resistance test, the smaller the steel reinforcing bar spacing of RLAC walls, the higher the yield and ultimate loads, yet the worse the ductility and the hysteresis loop's energy, whereas the greater the width of the wall, the greater the stiffness and the higher the hysteresis loop's energy. The differences in terms of stiffness, ductility, and hysteresis between RLAC walls with and without the fire‐resistance test were insignificant, indicating that RLAC walls do not lose their basic mechanical behavior during a high‐temperature fire. RNAC walls showed, indeed, a significant downward trend for strength and hysteresis after the fire‐resistance test, but the decrease was much less clear for stiffness. Therefore, RLAC walls did show better seismic resistance than RNAC walls under the same testing conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanical behavior of masonry materials at high temperatures

An experimental campaign is presented to determine the effects of high temperatures on the mechanical properties of several materials for masonry walls (blocks and mortars), testing a series of cylindrical specimens (diameter of 100 mm and height of 200 mm). After compression tests at 20 °C, an experimental procedure was designed for high‐temperature testing. The cylindrical samples were heated in a muffle furnace, then were inserted into a specific apparatus (called ‘thermos’) for maintaining the prescribed temperature, and finally were subjected to a mechanical compression test. The results obtained by applying this procedure show a common variation of the strength, reduction of modulus of elasticity, and corresponding increments of the ultimate strain with temperature enhancement. Specific diagrams and discussion on the results are performed for each material. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete at different ages

In order to improve the strength and toughness of geopolymer concrete (GC) at different ages under impact load, using slag and fly ash as cementitious materials, NaOH and sodium silicate as alkaline activators, carbon fiber as reinforcement, carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete (CFRGC) was prepared. The dynamic compression test of CFRGC was carried out by Φ 100 mm SHPB test system. The effects of age (3 d, 7 d, 28 d) and fiber content on the dynamic mechanical properties of CFRGC were studied, and the strengthening and toughening effects of carbon fiber on GC were analyzed. In addition, the strengthening and toughening effects of carbon fiber on GC and ordinary Portland cement based concrete (PC) were compared and analyzed. The results show that the performance indicators of CFRGC at different ages have strain rate effect under impact load, and the dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption of CFRGC increase approximately linearly with the strain rate. With the increase of age, the dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption of CFRGC increase, and the strain rate sensitivity of dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption also increases. With the increase of carbon fiber content, the dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption of CFRGC increase first and then decrease, and the strain rate sensitivity of dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorption also increase first and then decrease. When the carbon fiber content is 0.2%, the dynamic mechanical properties of CFRGC are the best, and the strain rate sensitivity of performance indicators is the strongest. Carbon fiber has strengthening and toughening effects on GC and PC. When the fiber content is 0.2%, carbon fiber has the best strengthening and toughening effects on GC and PC. The strengthening and toughening effects of carbon fiber on GC is better than that of PC. Compared with 28 d, carbon fiber has better strengthening and toughening effects on GC at the ages of 3 d and 7 d.     

改性聚丙烯纤维砂浆和混凝土的性能试验

试验采用P.P.Kraai提出的砂浆及混凝土干燥收缩裂缝测试方法、混凝土力学性能试验、抗冻等耐久性能试验方法,研究了改性聚丙烯纤维对砂浆和混凝土性能的影响。结果表明,在混凝土中掺入一定量的改性聚丙烯纤维,混凝土的抗压强度略有下降;纤维在混凝土中形成的乱向支撑体系,产生了有效的增强效果,减少了裂缝的产生,提高了混凝土的抗折、抗拉强度,从而改善了混凝土抗裂、抗渗、抗冲击和抗冻等性能。     

Electromagnetic shielding property of laminated carbon fiber tape reinforced thermoplastics

ABSTRACT

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) has a good electromagnetic shielding property due to its higher conductivity and broad absorption frequency bandwidth while presenting high specific strength and stiffness, their easy process-ability, cost-effectiveness, and recyclability. In the present study, laminated CFRTP made of carbon fiber-polyamide 6 unidirectional tape (UD tape) were fabricated with different laminate configurations and arrangements (unidirectional, bidirectional, and quasi–isotropic) and then were compared with randomly chopped-tape CFRTP. Thereafter, estimated electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) using Simon formalism and flexural properties of CFRTP were evaluated. The result showed a remarkable total EMI-SE of 31–44 dB in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) range and strongly correlated with the laminate configuration of CFRTP. Whereas, randomly chopped-tape CFRTP has a lower total EMI-SE of 23–27 dB in the same frequency range. In addition, the flexural test result showed the flexural strength and modulus are strongly influenced by the tape layer configuration in the laminated CFRTP. Moreover, microscopy analysis was also conducted to verify the interlaminar structure and fiber-to-fiber contact in the composite. In conclusion, laminated CFRTP made of UD tape can be considered as electromagnetic interference shielding material for both functional and structural applications.     

纤维增强塑料弯曲强度测量不确定度评定

基于GB/T 1449–2005和JJF l059–1999标准,对影响纤维增强塑料弯曲强度的各个因素进行分析,通过对各不确定度分量的计算,给出了扩展不确定度以及分析结果,在置信概率为95%的条件下,当弯曲强度为368.96 MPa时,扩展不确定度为9.82 MPa(k=2)。