The effect of high temperature on the residual mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled ceramic coarse aggregates

This paper presents an experimental study on the residual mechanical properties of concrete with recycled ceramic coarse aggregate (RCCA) after exposure to elevated temperatures. Four concrete mixes were produced: a control concrete and three concrete mixes with replacement ratios of 20, 50 and 100% of natural aggregate (NA) by RCCA. The specimens were subjected to temperatures of 200, 400 and 600°C, for a period of 60 min. After cooling down to room temperature, the following concrete properties were evaluated: (i) compressive strength; (ii) splitting tensile strength; (iii) modulus of elasticity; (iv) ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV); and (v) water absorption by immersion. At ambient temperature, as expected, the replacement of NA by RCCA resulted in a performance reduction of concrete. After exposure to elevated temperature, in general, the results obtained indicated an improvement of the residual relative mechanical properties of the mixes with RCCA, particularly after exposure to 400 and 600°C. However, exposure to the highest temperature (600°C) tended to cause spalling in concrete mixes containing RCCA. Significant linear correlations were observed between the residual compressive strength of all concrete mixes and both the UPV and the water absorption by immersion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of cooling methods on residual compressive strength and cracking behavior of fly ash concretes exposed at elevated temperatures

This paper presents the effects of cooling methods on residual compressive strength and cracking behavior of concretes containing four different class F fly ash contents of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% as partial replacement of cement at various elevated temperatures. The residual compressive strength of the aforementioned fly ash concretes is measured after being exposed to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C temperatures and two different cooling methods, for example, slow cooling and rapid water cooling. Results show that the residual compressive strengths of all fly ash concretes decrease with increase in temperatures irrespective of cooling regimes, which is similar to that of ordinary concrete. Generally, control ordinary concrete and all fly ash concretes exhibited between 10% and 35% more reduction in residual compressive strength because of rapid cooling than slow cooling except few cases. Cracks are observed over concrete specimens after being exposed to temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C. Samples that are slowly cooled developed smaller cracks than those rapidly cooled. At 800 °C, all fly ash concretes that are exposed to rapid cooling showed the most severe cracking. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows reduction of Ca(OH)₂ peak and formation of new calcium silicate peak in concretes containing 20% and 40% fly ash when subjected to 800 °C in both cooling methods. Thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis results show increase in thermal stability of concrete with increase in fly ash contents. The existing Eurocode also predicted the compressive strength of fly ash concretes with reasonable accuracy when subjected to the aforementioned elevated temperatures and cooling methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Post-fire residual mechanical properties of concrete made with recycled concrete coarse aggregates

This paper presents results of an experimental study on the residual mechanical performance of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates, after being subjected to high temperatures. Four different concrete compositions were prepared: a reference concrete made with natural coarse aggregates and three concrete mixes with replacement rates of 20%, 50% and 100% of natural coarse aggregates by recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Specimens were exposed for a period of 1 h to temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C, after being heated in accordance with ISO 834 time–temperature curve. After cooling down to ambient temperature, the following basic mechanical properties were then evaluated and compared with reference values obtained prior to thermal exposure: (i) compressive strength; (ii) tensile splitting strength; and (iii) elasticity modulus. Results obtained show that there are no significant differences in the thermal response and post-fire mechanical behaviour of concrete made with recycled coarse aggregates, when compared to conventional concrete.     

基于正交试验的粉煤灰-硅锰渣再生混凝土力学性能研究

为研究固体废弃物取代混凝土原材料的适用性及对混凝土性能的影响,对16组粉煤灰-硅锰渣再生混凝土试块进行正交试验,研究当粉煤灰体积取代胶凝材料、硅锰渣体积取代砂、再生骨料质量取代粗骨料时不同取代量对混凝土坍落度、立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:当粉煤灰取代量为40%(体积分数)时,混凝土坍落度提高率最大,为14.5%,立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均降低,降低率分别为7.2%、22.8%;硅锰渣的取代会降低混凝土坍落度,当硅锰渣取代量为80%(体积分数)时,立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的降低率最小,分别为0.5%、11.5%;再生骨料的取代会降低混凝土坍落度,当再生骨料取代量为100%(质量分数)时,立方体抗压强度的降低率为1.9%,劈裂抗拉强度的降低率为12.4%。通过优化模型NSGM(1,4)对混凝土立方体抗压强度进行模型预测,模型模拟平均相对误差为0.542%,模型预测平均相对误差为2.727%。     

Residual stress-strain relationship for concrete after exposure to high temperatures

An experimental research is performed on the complete compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete after heating to temperatures of 100-800 °C. All concrete specimens are ?15 cm × 30 cm standard cylinders, made with siliceous aggregate. The heated specimens are tested at 1 month after they are cooled to room temperature. From the results of 108 specimens with two original unheated strengths, a single equation for the complete stress-strain curves of heated concrete is developed to consider the shape varying with temperature. Through the regression analysis, the relationships of the mechanical properties with temperature are proposed to fit the test results, including the residual compressive strength, peak strain and elastic modulus. Compared with the experimental curves, the proposed equation is shown to be applicable to unheated and heated concrete for different temperatures. In addition, the split-cylinder tests of 54 specimens are also carried out to study the relationship of splitting tensile strength with temperature.     

Influence of fine ceramic aggregates on the residual properties of concrete subjected to elevated temperature

The residual properties of concrete subjected to elevated temperature are of importance to assess the stability of the structure. This paper investigates the performance of concrete containing white ware ceramic sand exposed to elevated temperature. Concrete mixes containing 0%, 50%, and 100% ceramic sand were prepared. The specimen were exposed to elevated temperatures of 200°C, 500°C, and 800°C for a duration of 60 minutes. Their residual mechanical properties (compressive strength, split tensile strength), ultra sonic pulse velocity, and mass change for different cooling regimes were investigated and compared among specimen. The results showed that incorporation of ceramic sand in concrete mixes improved the resistance against elevated temperature of hardened concrete.     

RAC配合比设计及力学性能试验研究

将收集的三种不同来源的废弃混凝土,制备成再生粗骨料RA-I、RA-II和RA-III.并分别对再生混凝土进行配合比设计,通过(RAC)力学性能试验,研究了不同取代率及不同使用寿命的骨料对再生混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度的影响.研究结果表明:在不同取代率的情况下,立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度基本均超过普通混凝土的相应强度;对于劈裂抗拉强度,骨料RA-I随着取代率的增加相继增长;骨料RA-II和骨料RA-III随着取代率的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;对于抗折强度,随着取代率的增加而呈先降低后持续增高的趋势.     

磁化水钢纤维再生混凝土早期强度研究

为研究磁化水和钢纤维对再生混凝土早期强度的影响,以C40强度为基准,研究分析不同磁场强度(0 mT、200 mT、260 mT、320 mT)的磁化水和不同体积掺量的钢纤维(0%、0.6%、1.2%)对再生混凝土立方体早期抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的影响,并对其微观结构进行观察分析。试验结果表明:钢纤维能够显著提高再生混凝土早期抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度;磁化水对于再生混凝土抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均有不同程度的提升,其中劈裂抗拉强度增幅较小;在0.6%钢纤维掺量和260 mT磁场强度下再生混凝土早期抗压强度增幅较为明显。     

Effect of pumice and fly ash incorporation on high temperature resistance of cement based mortars

The effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of cement based mortars containing pumice and fly ash were investigated in this research. Four different mortar mixtures with varying amounts of fly ash were exposed to high temperatures of 300, 600, and 900 °C for 3 h. The residual strength of these specimens was determined after cooling by water soaking or by air cooling. Also, microstructure formations were investigated by X-ray and SEM analyses.Test results showed that the pumice mortar incorporating 60% fly ash revealed the best performance particularly at 900 °C. This mixture did not show any loss in compressive strength at all test temperatures when cooled in air. The superior performance of 60% FA mortar may be attributed to the strong aggregate-cement paste interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and ceramic bond formation at 900 °C. However, all mortar specimens showed severe losses in terms of flexural strength. Furthermore, specimens cooled in water showed greater strength loss than the air cooled specimens. Nevertheless, the developed pumice, fly ash and cement based mortars seemed to be a promising material in preventing high temperature hazards.     

Effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical properties of high‐strength concrete containing varying proportions of hematite

Aggregates typically constitute 70 to 80 wt% of concrete, and therefore their type, size, and structure play an essential role in modifying the properties of concrete. When concrete is used for shielding nuclear applications, temperature is also a key factor. This study investigates the effects of elevated temperatures (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C), heating durations (1, 2, and 3 h), and cooling regimes (air, and water cooling) on mechanical properties of concrete containing different proportions of hematite. A sample of plain concrete was produced for comparison purposes by using river sand, crushed sand, and crushed aggregates. Replacement ratios of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% were used for hematite aggregates. The cement content and water–cement ratio were 450 kg/m³ and 0.38, respectively. Slump values of fresh concretes as well as unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and elasticity modulus values of hardened concrete were determined. The addition of hematite into concrete seems to improve its mechanical properties, and hematite concretes have better thermal stability at elevated temperatures than plain concrete does. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

再生轻骨料混凝土抗压强度指标换算关系研究

为了研究再生轻骨料混凝土立方体抗压强度和轴心抗压强度,以及两者之间的换算关系,以再生轻粗骨料取代率为变化参数,制作了15个标准立方体试块和15个标准棱柱体试块,进行抗压强度试验.实测了试块的抗压强度,探讨了不同再生轻粗骨料取代率对于再生轻骨料混凝土抗压强度的影响规律,采用数据统计回归的方法,得到了再生轻骨料混凝土轴心抗压强度和立方体抗压强度之间的换算关系.研究结果表明:再生轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度均低于普通混凝土的抗压强度;随着再生轻粗骨料取代率的增加,再生轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度逐渐降低;再生轻骨料混凝土轴心和立方体抗压强度之间的换算关系和普通混凝土并不相同;基于实测数据,建立了再生轻骨料混凝土抗压强度指标之间的换算关系式.     

玄武岩-粗聚丙烯纤维干硬性混凝土拉压性能试验研究

混杂纤维增强干硬性混凝土在国内外已有广泛的应用,纤维配比是影响其拉压性能的主要因素之一。为研究玄武岩纤维与粗聚丙烯纤维配比对干硬性混凝土拉压性能的影响,将玄武岩纤维与粗聚丙烯纤维单掺或按不同比例混合掺入干硬性混凝土中,开展不同养护龄期下纤维混凝土的抗压、劈裂抗拉试验,分析纤维混杂增强效应,并基于成熟度理论修正养护龄期,优化玄武岩-粗聚丙烯纤维干硬性混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度预测模型。结果表明:玄武岩纤维与粗聚丙烯纤维的掺入不仅提升了干硬性混凝土抗压、劈裂抗拉性能,而且纤维的桥接作用能明显改善混凝土的脆性破坏特征,其中玄武岩纤维与粗聚丙烯纤维混掺配比为1 ∶2(质量比)时最为明显,表现出了最优的纤维混杂正效应。根据等效龄期-抗压强度关系式计算得到的混凝土抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度具有更好的幂函数关系,该模型便于计算及预测不同养护温度条件下玄武岩-粗聚丙烯纤维干硬性混凝土的拉压性能。     

Influence of cooling methods on high-temperature residual mechanical characterization of strain-hardening cementitious composites

Residual strength tests are commonly used to characterize the high-temperature mechanical properties of concrete materials. In these tests, the specimens are heated to a target temperature in a furnace and then cooled down to room temperature, followed by mechanical testing at room temperature. This research investigates the influence of the cooling method on the residual strength of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) after exposure to 400°C and 600°C. Two types of cooling methods — furnace-cooling (within a closed furnace) and water-cooling (immersed in a water tank) — were adopted. Four different SHCC previously investigated by the authors for high-temperature residual mechanical and bond behavior with steel were studied. Two different specimen sizes were tested under uniaxial compression and flexure to characterize the residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture. The effect of the cooling method was prominent for the normalized residual modulus of rupture at 400°C, but not at 600°C. The cooling method had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength of any material at either of the two temperatures, except one of the SHCC (PVA-SC) at 400°C. Specimen size also had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture irrespective of the cooling method.     

纳米SiO2浸泡改性再生橡胶混凝土力学性能研究

本实验主要目的是研究经过纳米SiO2溶液浸泡的再生骨料橡胶混凝土坍落度、抗压强度和劈裂强度的变化规律、确定此操作对再生骨料混凝土的影响。实验以C30素混凝土为基准,通过掺入5%(等质量取代砂)的橡胶颗粒、纳米SiO2溶液（0%、1%、3%,相对水的质量）和再生骨料（Recycled concrete aggregate, RCA）（30%、50%、100%,等质量取代天然骨料）,制备纳米SiO2改性再生橡胶混凝土试件并进行坍落度、抗压和抗劈裂试验,分析不同浓度的纳米SiO2溶液和不同RCA取代率对再生橡胶混凝土力学性能的影响。结果显示：控制其他变量相同的RCA混凝土试块中,纳米SiO2溶液浓度的增加会降低拌合物的坍落度,而RCA取代率的增加会提高拌合物的坍落度;在30%RCA取代率和1%浓度的纳米SiO2溶液时再生橡胶混凝土的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度比基准组分别高出2.5%和6.7%;总体来看,经过纳米SiO2溶液浸泡后的再生橡胶混凝土呈现出早期强度和后期强度提升的特点。     

Retained properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures: Size effect

Concrete as a construction material is likely exposed to high temperatures during fire. The retained properties of concrete after such exposures are still of great importance in terms of the serviceability of structures. This paper presents the effects of high temperatures on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of concrete. Specimens with different sizes were exposed to high temperatures ranging from 200 to 1200^°C. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound numbers of the specimens were determined. The microstructures of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The test results indicated that the retained compressive strength of concrete considerably decreased with increase in temperature. The effect of specimen size on the retained compressive strength was not pronounced. The retained splitting tensile strength of concrete remarkably reduced as the temperature was increased. The specimen size played an important role on the retained splitting tensile strength of concrete up to 400^°C. The test results revealed that ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test can be successfully used in order to check the uniformity of fire‐damaged structures. The rebound numbers decreased with increase in exposure temperature. SEM studies on specimens exposed to 800^°C revealed significant changes in the microstructure of the concrete. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residual compressive strength of fire‐damaged mortar after post‐fire‐air‐curing

The effects of cooling regimes and post‐fire‐air‐curing on compressive strength of mortar were investigated. Mortars were made with CEN reference sand, CEM I 42.5 R cement and natural spring water. The sand–cement and water–cement materials' ratios were chosen as 3.0 and 0.50 for all mixtures, respectively. At 28 days, the specimens were heated to maximum temperatures of 400, 600, 800 and 1000°C. Specimens were then allowed to cool in the air, furnace and water. After cooling, the specimens were air‐recured. Compressive strength test was carried out before air‐recuring and after 7 days of air‐recuring. The highest reduction in compressive strength was observed at 1000°C regardless of cooling regime. Gradual cooling regime in air and furnace without post curing showed almost no difference in terms of compressive strength reduction for four elevated temperatures. Shock cooling in water caused significant reduction in compressive strength compared with both gradual cooling regimes without post curing. After air and furnace cooling regimes, 7 days air‐recured specimens showed further reduction in compressive strength for four elevated temperatures. Specimens cooled in water and subjected to 7 days air‐recuring showed significant strength gain approximately 39, 100 and 130% for 400, 600 and 800°C elevated temperature, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of elevated temperatures and cooling regimes on normal strength concrete

The compressive strength of normal strength concrete at elevated temperatures up to 700^°C and the effect of cooling regimes were investigated and compared in this study. Thus, two different mixture groups with initial strengths of 20 and 35 MPa were produced by using river sand, normal aggregate and portland cement. Thirteen different temperature values were chosen from 50 to 700^°C. The specimens were heated for 3 h at each temperature. After heating, concretes were cooled to room temperature either in water rapidly or in laboratory conditions gradually. The residual strengths were determined by an axial compressive strength test. Strength and unit weight losses were compared with the initial values. Throughout this study, ASTM and Turkish Standards were used. It was observed that concrete properties deteriorated with the heat; however, a small increase in strength was observed from 50 to 100^°C. Strength loss was more significant on the specimens rapidly cooled in water. Both concrete mixtures lost a significant part of their initial strength when the temperature reached 700^°C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

回收轮胎钢纤维再生骨料混凝土基本力学性能试验研究

混凝土的基本力学性能与破坏形态是反映试件在不同受力状态下承载能力与韧性的重要指标。为了研究回收轮胎钢纤维(RTSF)再生骨料混凝土的基本力学性能,试验设计了8组不同种类的混凝土试件。通过坍落度、含气量、立方体抗压、劈裂抗拉与抗折试验,系统的探究了RTSF体积掺量(0.25%、0.5%、0.75%和1.0%)和再生骨料取代率(质量分数分别为50%、75%和100%)对混凝土基本力学性能以及破坏形态的影响。研究表明:随着再生骨料取代率的升高,混凝土拌合物坍落度减小、含气量增大,各项力学性能均产生不同程度的降低;RTSF能够有效提高再生骨料混凝土的基本力学性能,且试件的破坏形态随RTSF掺量的增加呈现出明显的延性破坏特征。综合各项指标,当再生骨料取代率为50%时,RTSF体积掺量为0.5%的RTSF再生骨料混凝土力学性能最佳。其试件立方体抗压强度(28 d)较普通混凝土仅降低1.0%,而劈裂抗拉强度与抗折强度较普通混凝土分别提高9.6%和12.5%。此外其弯曲韧度指数I₅、I₁₀和I₂₀分别为普通混凝土的2.7倍、3.8倍和4.8倍。     

同掺再生粗细骨料混凝土的力学与耐久性能研究

为了探讨同时掺入大掺量再生粗骨料和细骨料制备C40及以上强度等级再生混凝土的可行性,在C45天然骨料混凝土配合比的基础上,采用II类再生粗骨料、I类再生细骨料,以同掺再生粗细骨料质量替代率为25%、50%、75%、100%配制了4组再生混凝土,研究了再生粗细骨料替代率对再生混凝土基本力学性能和耐久性能的影响规律。结果表明:当同掺再生粗细骨料的替代率为25%时,混凝土的力学性能下降很小,替代率为50%、75%的混凝土的抗压强度分别达到C45、C40等级,替代率100%的全再生粗细骨料混凝土的28 d抗压、劈拉、轴压强度和弹性模量等力学性能指标较天然骨料混凝土降低12.0%~23.2%,并达到C35抗压强度等级。增加再生粗细骨料的替代率会降低混凝土的耐久性,但即使是全再生粗细骨料混凝土仍可获得高的耐久性,其抗碳化性能、抗氯离子渗透性、抗冻性能分别达到T-IV、RCM-IV和F300等级,说明在混凝土中同时掺用50%及以上再生粗细骨料配制C40及以上强度等级的再生混凝土是可行的。     

聚丙烯粗纤维对泵送混凝土性能的影响及灰色关联分析

为研究聚丙烯粗纤维掺量、长径比对泵送混凝土和易性与力学性能的影响,在基准混凝土中加入不同掺量和长径比的聚丙烯粗纤维,开展聚丙烯粗纤维混凝土(CPFRC)坍落度、扩展度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度试验,并基于灰色关联理论量化纤维掺量、长径比的增强效应。研究结果表明,聚丙烯粗纤维对泵送混凝土的坍落度、扩展度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度影响显著。相比于基准混凝土,聚丙烯粗纤维掺量为3 kg/m³时,混凝土和易性表现最优,抗压强度的增强效应最好,坍落度与扩展度分别降低了1.41%和15.76%,7 d、14 d和28 d抗压强度分别增长了20.42%、14.96%和11.49%;聚丙烯粗纤维掺量为6 kg/m³时,混凝土劈裂抗拉强度的增强效果最为明显,7 d、14 d和28 d劈裂抗拉强度分别增长了27.46%、13.61%和15.92%。当聚丙烯粗纤维掺量为3 kg/m³,长径比为47.5时,混凝土的和易性与力学性能最优,长径比对和易性与力学性能的总关联度达到0.849。