废轮胎中试回转窑热解炭特性分析

采用中试回转窑热解装置对废轮胎进行了热解研究，在450—650℃热解试验温度范围内，热解炭产率约为39%—44%。热解炭的工业及元素分析显示，热解炭中灰分含量高达10％以上；含量最多的金属元素是Zn和Fe；热解炭S含量2．2%—2．6％左右，轮胎原料中S元素约75%留在热解炭中，因此热解过程中排放出的气体硫化物很少。此外，探讨了热解炭孔容积分布和温度对比表面积的影响，在450—550℃，热解炭比表面积随热解温度升高而增大；温度继续升高，比表面积变化不大，在孔半径约为25nm处，热解炭比孔容积有最大值。     

废轮胎小型和中试规模热解研究的实验方法

从微观动力学尺度、小型批量实验室规模以及中试发展装置规模对废轮胎热解技术的最新研究进展进行了综述．废轮胎热解实际上是其组成胶体NR、BR、SBR和相应操作油的挥发过程，因此，其动力学模拟方法倾向于采用各种胶体成分热解动力学叠加的多组分模型．废轮胎小型规模批量热解研究主要集中在热解产物收率优化、热解油和炭产物的定性分析以及热解产物应用前景探讨等方面．目前，国际上较为成功的中试热解装置既包括快速工艺(流化床和烧蚀床)又包括慢速工艺(回转窑、真空移动床和两段移动床)．最后，阐述了针对国内情况开展废轮胎小型和中试热解的研究思路．     

生物质固定床热解特性的试验研究与分析

对稻杆、稻壳、木屑在固定床热解反应器内的热解特性进行研究,考察热解反应温度和生物质种类对热解特性的影响,分析了热解产物的性质。结果表明,三种原料热解气的热值在１２０００￣１５０００ｋＪ／Ｎｍ＾３之间,可满足民用煤气的热值要求;产气率一般为０．２５￣０．４５Ｎｍ＾３／ｋｇ,其中稻壳的产气率最低;温度对热解产气率、生物油产率的影响很大,对热解气组份、热值、气流率及半焦产率影响也较显著;生物油的特性数据     

废塑料和废轮胎的热解油化工艺

本文介绍了热解油化的特点、工艺流程以及国内外在废塑料，废轮胎热解油化方面的现状，比较了不同的工艺路线，分析了不同塑料的热解特性并且评价了废塑料，废轮胎热解油化工艺的前景。     

高温移动床废轮胎与生物质直接热解制气性能研究

对以不同比例组成的废轮胎与生物质均匀混合物在移动床内高温直接热解的制气性能进行了研究,考察了温度和废轮胎含量对产物产率、气体组分以及热值等影响。结果表明,温度对直接热解气产率和热值影响较大,温度越高,气体产率越大而热值越小;混合物中废轮胎含量增大,热解气中碳氢气体含量增多而含氧气体减少,气体产率逐渐减小而热值增大。温度升高,合成气(H2+CO)含量和H2/CO比值均增大;废轮胎含量增大,合成气(H2+CO)含量和H2/CO比值先增大后减小。当热解温度为1 000℃,废轮胎含量为35%时,热解产物中(H2+CO)含量最高为61%,且H2/CO的比值达到最大值为1.53,有利于作为工业合成气原料。同一温度下,混合物直接热解气热值远远高于生物质单独热解,说明废轮胎的掺入有助于优化热解气组成,提升燃气品质。     

杨木微波热解产气特性实验研究

以杨木为研究对象,利用自行设计的钟罩式生物质微波热解实验装置,研究杨木在不同微波功率下热解的产气特性,探讨微波功率和热解终温对热解过程产气成分、产气率和热值的影响规律,并引入热解气化效率概念。实验结果表明:在不同温度段,杨木微波热解产生的气体各组分体积分数的相对大小有差异,微波功率增加,对CO、CO2和CH4的产生起到一定的促进作用,而对H2的产生影响不明显。随着热解终温的升高,热解产气中CO、CO2、CH4和H2的体积分数均有所增加。提高微波功率和热解终温均可提升热解产气率,增大产气热值峰值,提高热解气化效率。     

炭黑非催化燃烧特性的固定床实验研究

含碳燃料在还原气氛下燃烧会生成炭黑，在动力设备的燃烧装置中，炭黑的后期氧化对污染控制是非常重要的。利用石英管固定床反应器对天然气扩散火焰中生成的炭黑在不同氧浓度下（20％、15％、10％和5％）的燃烧特性进行了研究，并选用了蜡烛炭黑、丁烷炭黑和煤焦作为对比。根据实验中得出的燃烧特性，与煤焦相比，炭黑的着火温度较低，但是炭黑的燃烧活化能相对更高。氧浓度对各试样着火温度影响不大，而却影响各试样燃烧过程。还进行了水蒸汽对天然气炭黑燃烧的影响研究，水蒸汽能引起炭黑燃烧速率的显著增大。图9参12     

废轮胎回转窑中试热解油整体及轻质馏分的应用研究

为了使废轮胎达到资源化利用，在对废轮胎回转窑中试热解油进行品质分析的前提下对其应用前景进行了研究。通过与各种商用石油衍生油品的比较，认为当热解油产量较低时，可以将其整体作为重柴油使用：而当产量较高时，按照不同馏分加工利用可实现其价值的提升。热解石脑油馏分的BTX（苯、甲苯、二甲苯）含量达40％～50％，可以通过加氢预处理、溶剂抽提和精馏分离回收其中的轻质芳烃。     

废轮胎整胎与生物质共气化实验研究

以树枝秸秆及废轮胎整胎为原料,在"反烧"式固定床气化炉中以空气为气化剂进行气化实验研究。结果表明,随着空气当量比ER的增加,炉内气化温度升高,气化效率提升,当ER为0.30时,炉内温度达到750℃,气化效率为56.45%,气体热值为4.68 MJ/m3;随着原料中废轮胎比例的增加,气化效率有所提高,燃气热值升高,当废轮胎质量含量为44%时,气化效率达到60.21%,气体热值为5.34 MJ/m3;气化温度是影响气化效率和气体热值的最重要因素,提高空气当量比可以使炉内温度升高,强化气化效果;同时原料中废轮胎比例也对气化效率及气体热值有较大影响,废轮胎质量含量为40%~50%较为适宜。废轮胎以整胎形式与生物质共气化是废轮胎处置与资源化利用的有效方式。     

废轮胎热解油特性及其燃烧应用

随着石油资源的日益枯竭及废轮胎数量的日益增多,利用废轮胎热解制取燃料油对缓解能源供应紧张局面,充分利用废弃资源都具有重要意义.废轮胎热解油具有热值高、灰分低、粘度低和残炭值低等优点,但也存在整体性能较柴油差的缺陷.与柴油混合作为发动机燃料使用的结果表明,废轮胎热解油可以作为重柴油使用;炉内燃烧试验表明.废轮胎热解油污染物排放量较柴油高.探索合适的废轮胎热解工艺,提高废轮胎热解油的品质,是将废轮胎热解油直接作为燃料油使用须研究的主要课题之一.     

Conversion of waste tires to liquid products via sodium carbonate catalytic pyrolysis

This study deals with the pyrolysis of waste tires supplied from the transport industry. The base material of tire is latex, which is derived from natural rubber trees. Nowadays rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a fast-growing tropical tree crop, which is being cultivated for latex and ultimately for tire production. Waste tires can be recycled for energy and valuable materials in many ways; however tire burning is the most common practice for heat generation. In recent years, the catalytic conversion of waste tires through pyrolysis into liquid, solid, and gas products was investigated. Liquids product was produced from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire at high temperature (up to 600°C) using sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) as a catalyst. Thermo-physical characteristics of the produced liquid samples showed that up to 85% of the produced oil can be used in internal combustion engines. Gasoline and diesel fuel contents in the liquid products are 45% and 40%, respectively. The gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the volatile fraction of pyrolysis products showed styrene (28.1%) and butadiene (10.7%) as dominant compounds. The gaseous phase includes C₁–C₄ hydrocarbons (4.8%) and the liquid phase includes C₅–C₈ hydrocarbons (6.5%) of the total products.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks for syngas production over Fe-based catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor

Rice husk (RH) was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor between 400 and 800°C with Fe-based catalysts and the outlet gases were analyzed online by gas chromatography. The results showed that Fe₂O₃ has a good catalytic activity in the pyrolysis. The influence of Fe₂O₃ catalyst was to convert RH to largely syngas. The concentration of H₂ increased with increasing temperature and could be released completely at 700°C with the addition of Fe₂O₃. The concentration of CH₄ was not affected, indicating that Fe₂O₃ had no effect on the methanation.     

真空条件下金属氧化物催化废轮胎热解研究

最终热解温度为520℃的条件下，在耙式固定床反应器中研究了废轮胎橡胶粉添加不同金属氧化物作催化荆时的真空热裂解特性。实验表明，在添加2．5％CaO、ZnO真空热解时油收率有所增加，为48％左右。CaO、ZnO分别与TiO2混合后进行真空热解实验，油产率大幅度下降，而气体产率显著上升，热解炭中炭质结焦物明显降低。如ZnO／TiO2使热解气产率达到24．82％，气体热值达到28．76MJ／m^-3。添加各种金属氧化物后，热解油中的总硫含量最低为0．522％，接近国家10号重柴油标准，热解气中的H2S含量降低到25mL／m^2，体现出一定的脱硫效果。     

流化床反应器中生物质的热解研究

以松木锯末、花生壳、大豆秸秆等几种典型生物质为试验原料,在流化床反应器内进行了热解试验,分别考察了热解反应温度、停留时间、进料量对生物质热解产物(油、气、炭)产率的影响,以及这几种生物质原料热解产油率的最佳工艺条件.运用GC/MS方法确认了生物质热解油中的40种化合物,生物质热解油的GC/MS法分析结果为其在化工和能源方面的综合利用提供了有价值的数据.     

Pyrolysis of pressure-sensitive adhesive wastes in a fixed-bed reactor

Pyrolysis of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) wastes have been investigated in a fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 20°C/min. PSA pyrolysis mainly occurs between 300 and 600°C. The maximum liquid yield was obtained at 550°C with a yield of 55.69%. Liquid product can be used as fuel or raw material for purifying 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, dehydroabietic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene, and styrene. The main composition in gas is CO and CO₂, followed by CH₄ and H₂. High content of ash in char limits the application in fuel, but might be used as an adsorption material after upgrading.     

有机固体废弃物在固定床内热解的实验研究

通过对几种典型的城市有机固体废弃物的热解实验，为开展新的垃圾处理工艺提供基础研究。文中考察了不同工况下的有机固体废弃物的热解产物特性，分析了物料性质、热解终温、加热方式等因素对热解产物分布的影响。通过实验发现，热解终温是较重要的影响因素，同时物料的工业分析结果也是一个重要因素。     

Experimental investigation of pyrolysis process of woody biomass mixture

This paper describes an experimental investigation of pyrolysis of woody biomass mixture. The mixture consists of oak, beech, fir, cherry, walnut and linden wood chips with equal mass fractions. During the experiment, the sample mass inside the reactor was 10 g with a particle diameter of 5-10 mm. The sample in the reactor was heated in the temperature range of 24-650℃. Average sample heating rates in the reactor were 21, 30 and 54 ℃/min. The sample mass before, during and after pyrolysis was determined using a digital scale. Experimental results of the sample mass change indicate that the highest yield of pyrolytic gas was achieved at the temperature slightly above 650℃ and ranged from 77 to 85%, while char yield ranged from 15 to 23%. Heating rate has sig- nificant influence on the pyrolytic gas and char yields. It was determined that higher pyrolysis temperatures and heating rates induce higher yields of pyrolytic gas, while the char mass reduces. Condensation of pyrolytic gas at the end of the pyrolysis process at 650℃ produced 2.4-2.72 g of liquid phase. The results obtained represent a starting basis for determining material and heat balance of pyrolysis process as well as woody biomass pyrolysis equipment.     

Pyrolysis of giant mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) in a fixed-bed reactor: Effects of pyrolysis parameters on product yields and character

Slow pyrolysis of giant mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) stalks have been carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (Al₂O₃, ZnO) and without catalyst at four different temperatures between 400 to 550°C with a constant heating rate of 50°C/min and with a constant sweeping gas (N₂) flow rate of 100 cm³/min. The amounts of bio-char, bio-oil, and gas produced were calculated and the compositions of the obtained bio-oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of pyrolysis parameters, such as temperature and catalyst, on the product yields were investigated. The results show that both temperature and catalyst have significant effects on the conversion of Verbascum thapsus L. into solid, liquid, and gaseous products. The highest liquid yield of 40.43% by weight including the aqeous phase was obtained with 10% zinc oxide catalyst at 500°C temperature. Sixty-seven different products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the bio-oils obtained at 500°C temperature.     

The influence of the degree of back-mixing on hydrogen production in an anaerobic fixed-bed reactor

This paper reports on results obtained from experiments carried out in an acidogenic anaerobic reactor aiming at the optimization of hydrogen production by altering the degree of back-mixing. It was hypothesized that there is an optimum operating point that maximizes the hydrogen yield. Experiments were performed in a packed-bed bioreactor by covering a broad range of recycle ratios (R) and the optimum point was obtained for an R value of 0.6. In this operating condition the reactor behaved as 8 continuous stirred-tank reactors in series and the maximum yield was 4.22 mol H₂ mol sucrose⁻¹. Such optimum point was estimated by deriving a polynomial function fitted to experimental data and it was obtained as the conjugation of three factors related to the various degrees of back-mixing applied to the reactor: mass transfer from the bulk liquid to the biocatalyst, liquid-to-gas mass transfer and the kinetic behavior of irreversible reactions in series.     

A modified temperature integral approximation formula and its application in pyrolysis kinetic parameters of waste tire

A modified temperature integral approximation formula was proposed to calculate the kinetic parameters of tire pyrolysis. The relative error percentage of our formula was less than 0.02% at the range of 5 ≤ u ≤ 80. In order to validate our formula, the kinetic parameters of waste tire pyrolysis in a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TG) were calculated according to different temperature integral approximation formula. The results demonstrated that the coefficient of the experimental TG and simulated TG from our formula was higher than that from Coats-Redfern method. The active energies of tire pyrolysis were 33.03 (120–300°C), 72.30 (300–420°C), and 50.83 kJ/mol (420–500°C).