质检机构测试设备的计量检定管理

测试设备的计量检定管理 ,对质检机构来说是至关重要的工作之一 ,它不仅是测量的可追溯性和校准的需要 ,而且对检测数据的准确性和有效性直接产生影响 ,进而影响到质检机构检验报告质量的正确程度。为了能对测试设备进行有效的计量检定管理 ,应从以下几个方面抓起。一、逐台建立测试设备的“计量管理档案”任何一个质检机构要对测试设备实施有效的计量检定管理 ,都必须对每台设备的情况 ,有全面、细致的掌握。而建立完善的设备“计量管理档案” ,无疑是有效的方法。根据计量检定管理工作的需要 ,“档案”的内容应包括 :设备采购前的“设备申…     

关于质检机构抽样过程的控制

质检机构对其检验样品的抽样过程,直接影响到后续的检验工作和最终检验结果;因此对抽样过程必须实施严格有效的控制,才能保证质检机构的服务质量和公正性.     

质检机构测试设备的计量检定管理

测试设备的计量检定管理，不仅是测量的可追溯性和校准的需要，而且对检测数据的准确性和有效性直接产生影响，进而影响到质检机构检验报告质量的正确程度。为了能对测试设备进行有效的计量检定管理，应从以下几个方面抓起。     

质检工作的回顾与展望

2008年是不平凡的一年,大事小情余音绕梁,给人留下难忘的印象。质检系统在经受住了严峻考验的同时,妥善应对压力和挑战,各项工作取得了重要的成绩。     

质检机构作出计量不合格判定依据不足

在质检机构的报告中我们可以发现．当该产品的国家标准或抽样实施细则中含有计量要求时，质检机构会据此对一些定量包装商品计量不合格作出判定，而质检机构作出判定的样本量通常只有有限的几组，甚至1组，这与《定量包装商品计量监督管理办法》和JJF1070-2005《定量包装商品净含量计量检验规则》（以下简称“JJF1070-2005”）的规定是相违背的。JJF1070—2005中规定的新的计量检验抽样方案如表1所示。     

论公路工程的质检与质量管理

在我们的生活中，交通是必不可少的，它为人类提供了方便，缩短地域问的物理距离，因此，她的存在显得尤为重要。在我国经济日益壮大的今天，公路工程的发展建设势不可挡。这就出现了一个新的问题，就是关于公路工程质量的问题。我们其实在生活中不难看到修建公路的情况，它的修建非常的复杂，而且需要为期不短的建设过程，如果是在冬天或是夏天这样极端的天气下施工，那更是非常艰难，也不能保证质量达到标准。     

谈谈质检机构的风险管理与防范

本文将风险管理概念引入了质检机构的检验活动,分析了在检验过程中责任风险的来源,以及如何从检验活动各个环节中加以防范,并就降低检验风险,减小风险的影响。提出了一些看法。     

规范检验报告是维护质检机构“三性”的需要

本文论述了规范检验报告的重要性。文章按照ＩＳＯ／ＩＥＣ导则，从技术检测的内涵提出了规范检验报告的内容，列举了编制时常见的几个误区，提出规范检验报告的思考。     

Life cycle inventory and analysis of re‐usable plastic containers and display‐ready corrugated containers used for packaging fresh fruits and vegetables

Today's demanding distribution challenges require engineers to choose from various types of materials, design and construction methods, to develop containers that can deliver goods with minimal damage. The challenge is even greater when packing and shipping goods which are perishable and sensitive to both physical and climatic changes in environment. In recent years the type of packaging material used to design and construct containers has undergone more scrutiny than ever, due to environmental challenges. This study focuses on two types of containers that have been designed and are being used to pack and ship fresh fruits and vegetables. The study compares the re‐usable plastic containers to single‐use display‐ready paper corrugated trays. Results show that, based on the scope of this study and comparing 10 different produce items, such as apples, carrots, grapes, oranges, onions, tomatoes, strawberries, etc., the re‐usable plastic containers require 39% less total energy, produce 95% less total solid waste and generate 29% less total greenhouse gas emissions. This study focused on the North American market. Major European nations have been using a large number of re‐usable plastic containers for these types of fresh produce for the past three decades. This study was initiated by the Franklin Associates, an independent consulting firm for allowing an in‐depth review of all data and results from a two year study titled: Life Cycle Inventory of Reusable Plastic Containers and Display‐Ready Corrugated Containers Used for Fresh Produce Applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测水中痕量硒

本文研究了用氢化物发生原子荧光法测水中痕量硒。本方法是在盐酸介质中,以硼氢化钾作还原剂,将硒转化为硒化氢。以高纯氩气作为载气将硒化氢从母液中分离,并导入石英炉原子化器中原子化。以硒特种空心阴极灯作激发光源,使硒原子发出荧光,荧光强度在一定范围内与硒的含量成正比。本方法简便、灵敏度高,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限为0.0677μg/L。     

Basic considerations on the calculation of the trippage number for returnable containers

The trippage number of returnable containers has a central position in economic, calculations and in comparing the environmental impacts of disposable and returnable container systems. Extremely varying trippage numbers are frequently reported for the same type of container, usually without any reference to the method of calculation. Only a few authors have published basic considerations on the calculation of the trippage number. Different methods of calculation have been recommended and different definitions of what should be understood by the ‘trippage number’ have been given. To investigate what is really achieved by these kinds of calculation, a model system, performing all the functions of a returnable container system in practice, for system analysis by computer simulation was established. By means of this model system it was found that in the lifetime of a container population one can differentiate between three kinds of populations, each one with an individual mean trippage number:

• (i) the average trippage number of all containers put into circulation
• (ii) the average trippage number of all lost containers
• (iii) the average trippage number of all existing containers, representing the total stock of circulating containers

Emanating from these basic considerations, it was found that the actual average trippage number of all containers put into circulation after ‘x’ fillings (U_x) can be calculated exactly by the quotientof the sum of all filled containers (ΣN) and the sum of all containers put into circulation (ΣE) since the first day of use of a container type according to the following expression It must be stated that correct results can only be achieved by taking into account all containers filled or put into circulation from the very first day of use. Despite this drawback, this kind of calculation has the advantage of being based on figures that are available and easily retraceable for almost all filling-plants. After the first circulation, the average trippage number (U_x) is equal to 1.0, rising with each circulation because of its tendency to approximate to a constant final value after an infinite number of fillings (U_x→∞), which can be calculated by the quotient of the sum of all filled containers (ΣN) and the sum of all lost containers (ΣA) since the first day of use of a container type, represented by the inverse value of the proportion of lost containers (a) or its complement, the share of refillable containers (r), according to This (theoretical) final value is approximated by each partial population (the population of all input new containers, of all lost and all existing containers) but with a different velocity, dependent on the parameters a=1?r (the loss rate) and r_z =1?b (the rate of containers returning to the filling-plant from the total stock of existing containers). The number of circulations needed to approach this final value rises with a decreasing share of lost containers (a) and with a decreasing share of containers returning to the filling plant (r_z) from the total container stock. The calculation by the inverse value of the share of lost containers (l/a ) is therefore not relevant to the calculation of the actual average trippage number of any partial population (number of new containers put into circulation, lost containers or stock of all existing containers). To receive correct results, also for this calculation, it is necessary to take into account all containers filled or lost from the very first day of use. This may be troublesome with a container type used by many filling-plants and with traditional old containers, where the necessary figures are no longer available. A further drawback of this kind of calculation is that the number of lost containers cannot be calculated exactly, because of the uncertainty of whether all containers, for which the plant holds the deposit, exist or not. Therefore the share of lost containers is mostly set too low, which results in the calculation of too high a trippage number.     

Application of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Environmental Stress Indicator for Vegetation Management

Adaptive vegetation management is time-consuming and requires long-term colony monitoring to obtain reliable results. Although vegetation management has been widely adopted, the only method existing at present for evaluating the habitat conditions under management involves observations over a long period of time. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has long been used as an indicator of environmental stress in plants, and has recently been intensely studied. Among such ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is relatively stable, and can be conveniently and accurately quantified. Thus, the quantification of plant H₂O₂ could be applied as a stress indicator for riparian and aquatic vegetation management approaches while evaluating the conditions of a plant species within a habitat. This study presents an approach for elucidating the applicability of H₂O₂ as a quantitative indicator of environmental stresses on plants, particularly for vegetation management. Submerged macrophytes and riparian species were studied under laboratory and field conditions (Lake Shinji, Saba River, Eno River, and Hii River in Japan) for H₂O₂ formation under various stress conditions. The results suggest that H₂O₂ can be conveniently applied as a stress indicator in environmental management.     

Effect of sampling method on the level of styrene monomer migrated from polystyrene packaging material

Different types of polystyrene packaging material were tested for styrene monomer migration into corn oil using three sampling methods: immersion sampling, vapour phase sampling and utilization of sampling cells. For high-impact-grade polystyrene, immersion sampling resulted in the highest level of migrated styrene monomer. Vapour phase sampling was of considerable interest, because migration was only slightly lower than with immersion sampling. Sampling cells gave the lowest levels of styrene monomer in oil. However, when clear crystal polystyrene was tested, little difference was found between the three sampling methods.     

谈谈危险化工产品包装质量问题

阐述了我国危化品包装现状,提出提高危化品包装质量的若干途径,危化品包装发展的方向的几点建议     

Novel method for testing the grease ­resistance of pet food packaging

For paper‐based dry pet food packaging, one of the main requirements is a high resistance against staining from the fat in the product. For both development and quality control, rapid and reliable standardized test procedures assessing this property are needed. Although a number of tests are available, they either apply only to certain types of packaging materials and show limited correlation with field behaviour, or employ non‐standard testing substances, long testing times and complicated equipment. In response to this situation, a new testing procedure that reflects field behaviour but without the drawbacks of the existing tests has been developed. The new test shows high reproducibility and good correlation with field performance for a wide range of multiwall bag and folding box materials with different types of grease resistance treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PVC thermoformed containers for food packaging: establishment of a rapid extraction test for overall migration limit compliance testing

In order to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit given in amended EC Directive 90/128/EEC, overall migration tests are usually performed on the finished food packaging with food stimulants. For packaging converters, in particular, who thermoform a wide range of containers from an extruded sheet, the cost of testing for compliance can be prohibitive. However, the Directive also allows compliance to be demonstrated by use of a ‘more severe test’. In this study a ‘more severe test’ has been developed for PVC and VC/VA co-polymer materials involving extraction with methanol or a methanol/water mixture and evaporation to dryness. This procedure has been optimised so that it is simple and rapid to perform and gives slightly higher results for the extruded sheet compared to overall migration tests conducted with fatty and aqueous food simulants. Results are presented demonstrating the rapid extraction test to be a ‘more severe test’ and that it could be used by converters in conjunction with good manufacturing practice (GMP) to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit in a cost-effective way. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳模拟器辐照不稳定性测试方法

介绍太阳模拟器的基本结构和工作原理,分别研究脉冲和稳态太阳模拟器不稳定性的测试方法。对测试太阳模拟器不稳定性的采样方法和采样结果进行讨论分析,并通过实验得到典型结果。讨论了对太阳模拟器不稳定性测试装置本身的验证方法。