二氧化碳腐蚀对油井水泥石抗压强度的影响(英文)

利用扫描电子显微镜、强度测试仪检测了不同条件下二氧化碳腐蚀油井水泥的产物、微观结构及抗压强度,研究了二氧化碳腐蚀油井水泥的机理及腐蚀对水泥强度的影响,分析和评价出了适合于大庆油田不同温度深井条件的水泥浆体系.结果表明:二氧化碳对油井水泥的腐蚀作用本质在于二氧化碳能够与水泥的水化产物发生化学作用,生成了各种不同晶体结构的CaCO3产物,使原有的水泥石微观结构遭到破坏,导致腐蚀后水泥石的强度下降;温度和二氧化碳分压增高;改善水泥石抗腐蚀能力应以有效改善水泥水化产物及微观结构为基础,添加抗腐蚀填充材料能有效改善水泥浆体系的抗腐蚀能力.     

抗H_2S腐蚀外掺料在油井水泥中的研究

为改善油井水泥石抗H2S腐蚀能力,研究了外掺料FB和CB(铁族化合物)对油井水泥抗腐蚀性能的影响。通过对腐蚀前后水泥石抗压强度、渗透率、孔结构(MIP法)等性能的测试和水泥石样品的微观形貌及腐蚀产物成分分析,评价两种外掺料对油井水泥石的抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:80℃下,H2S溶液腐蚀养护至28d,FB掺量为10%时,抗压强度达26.52MPa,比净浆水泥石提高35.6%,CB掺量为3%时,达29.86MPa,比净浆水泥石提高52.7%;FB和CB的掺入能有效降低水泥石有害孔(100nm)比例,且孔径分布趋于无害孔(50nm);FB和CB的掺量为10%时水泥石在7MPa驱替压力下的渗透率为零(原浆水泥石为0.96×10-3μm2)。FB和CB的掺入有利于水泥石抗H2S腐蚀能力的提高。     

微晶对油井水泥性能的影响

室内试验对比了掺入微晶的油井水泥和油井水泥原浆的常规性能、流变性、渗透率、水化热、水泥石强度及显微结构等.微晶水泥具有低成本、高性能的特点.微晶水泥石气体渗透率低于1×10-3μm2,水泥石的抗压强度最高可达60MPa.     

水性树脂的制备及对油井水泥防腐性能的提升

以苯乙烯磺酸钠、环氧树脂E54为原料，制备了一种用于提高油井水泥石抗CO₂腐蚀的水性环氧树脂WEP。通过FTIR、¹HNMR及TG分析了其化学结构和热稳定性。将制备的WEP分散到水中形成乳液，测试了乳液的分散性与稳定性。将WEP用于油井水泥石中，在模拟地层高温高压及CO₂酸性环境条件下进行了水泥石腐蚀实验，通过抗压强度、热重分析、SEM以及XRD评价了水泥石的腐蚀程度。结果表明，WEP具有较好的环境应用热稳定性，其热分解温度为295℃。WEP具有良好的自乳化性能，乳液分散均匀，乳液滴粒径较小，且乳液稳定性高，在6000r/min离心分离条件下可稳定30min不分层。WEP可有效提高水泥石抗CO₂腐蚀性能，水泥石在180℃、总压40 MPa、CO₂分压10 MPa条件下，腐蚀90 d后，含WEP的改性水泥石抗压强度衰退率仅为14.7%,CaCO₃质量分数仅为0.25%，均远低于对比水泥石。XRD和SEM结果表明，WEP改性的水泥石腐蚀后，其内部主要成分仍是水...     

固井水性环氧树脂水泥石力学性能研究

针对油井水泥石易脆裂而造成油气井层间封隔失效的问题,通过实验研究了水性环氧树脂含固化剂的掺入对油井水泥石力学性能的影响,利用单轴抗压强度实验考察了不同加量的环氧树脂对水泥浆力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:60％环氧树脂占比的树脂水泥石,其28 d的抗压强度可以达到51 MPa,抗拉强度可以达到5.1 MPa.相较于油井水泥石28 d抗压强度提高了47％,28 d抗拉强度提高了98％.其弹性模量降低至1.8 GPa,相较于油井水泥石降低了76.5％.通过实验说明,水性环氧树脂能有效提高水泥石的抗压、抗拉强度,降低弹性模量.结合微观形貌观察,高掺比树脂在水泥石固化后形成的三维网状结构与附着在网状结构上的水泥水化产物,能够改善水泥石的强度和韧性.     

短切碳纤维对油井水泥基复合材料性能的影响

为保证油气井固井长期封固的有效性,需要在油井水泥基材料中添加增强增韧材料改善水泥浆性能。针对短切碳纤维对油井水泥基复合材料性能的影响,研究了短切碳纤维加入到油井水泥基材料中的流变性、稠化时间、失水量以及抗压强度、抗折强度和抗冲击强度,最后对碳纤维水泥石微观形貌进行观察。实验结果表明,碳纤维对水泥浆流变性和稠化时间影响较小,对水泥浆施工无不利影响,碳纤维的加入可以有效降低水泥浆的失水量;在0.4%碳纤维加量范围内,水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度随着碳纤维加量增大均有不同程度的增大。养护28 d后,0.4%碳纤维水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗冲击强度较空白水泥石分别提高19.1%、34.4%、21.1%;短切碳纤维水泥浆凝固形成水泥石后,纤维通过粘结力和机械咬合力限制水泥试件中局部裂缝的扩展,同时也消耗水泥石破坏能量,从而增强力学性能。研究结果为碳纤维在油井水泥基材料中的应用提供借鉴与参考。     

铝酸钙水泥-矿渣体系的CO2腐蚀行为及微观结构研究

针对CO₂易腐蚀硅酸盐水泥石、破坏水泥石结构完整性、诱发层间封隔失效等问题，本文利用矿渣改性铝酸钙水泥，研究了铝酸钙水泥-矿渣体系在60、80、100、120℃和纯CO₂条件下的抗压强度变化规律，并采用X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪和扫描电子显微镜测试了CO₂腐蚀对铝酸钙水泥-矿渣体系水化产物及微观结构的影响。结果表明：与纯铝酸钙水泥石相比，矿渣使铝酸钙水泥石水化产物转变为C₂ASH₈,大幅提高了水泥石早期抗压强度。当铝酸钙水泥与矿渣质量比为5∶5时，60℃养护14 d的铝酸钙水泥抗压强度提高了215.4%。经CO₂腐蚀后，铝酸钙水泥-矿渣体系水化产物由C₂ASH₈转变为C₂AS,并有CaCO₃生成，腐蚀层的致密程度增加，相同温度下水泥石的抗压强度随腐蚀时间增加而增大。     

C级油井水泥在深水固井中的应用前景

针对深水表层固井存在的低温、水泥石强度发展缓慢、浅层流、易漏失等难点,本文对深水固井水泥浆体系中油井水泥的选择进行了相关研究。与G级油井水泥相比,C级油井水泥更容易配制低密度水泥浆,低温条件下水化速度更快,水泥浆稠化时间短,水泥石抗压强度更高。     

二氧化碳对油井水泥石的腐蚀

在分析二氧碳(CO2)腐蚀水泥的化学作用过程的基础上,测量和分析了腐蚀水泥石的微观结构、抗压强度及渗透率.结果表明:CO2对水泥产生腐蚀作用的本质在于CO2能够与水泥的水化产物相作用生成各种不同晶体结构的CaCO3,破坏了水泥石的原有产物组成及结构,导致腐蚀后水泥石的抗压强度下降,渗透率增大.温度、CO2分压增高,腐蚀水泥石抗压强度降低,渗透率增大.添加抗腐蚀填充材料的水泥浆腐蚀后初期抗压强度有所降低,后期抗压强度具有不下降或上升趋势.实验设计的6号水泥浆具有较好的抗腐蚀效果.     

油井水泥的粒度区间与其组成及性能的关系

从定量角度研究G级油井水泥不同粒度区间对其组成及性能的影响规律.对油井水泥进行精确分级后,测定不同粒度区间油井水泥的矿物、化学组成、微观结构和强度性能.油井水泥在分级过程中出现分相现象,细颗粒中C3S含量较高,粗颗粒中C2S含量较高.不同粒度油井水泥微观结构和强度性能差别大,细颗粒水化速度快,水泥石早期强度高,但后期发展不足;中颗粒水化速度适中,早期和后期强度均很高,G3水泥石比G级水泥3d抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高39.4％和25.7％;粗颗粒的水化程度低,强度发展慢.5～30 μm粒度区间对油井水泥的水化及强度的贡献较大,为指导G级油井水泥的生产和高性能复合固井水泥浆的制备提供理论依据.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。