水冷壁气化炉紧急停车渣层热应力分析

基于实验室小型水冷壁气流床气化炉,研究了两种油渣浆气化后在炉内壁形成渣层的内部结构及组成。建立了气化炉水冷壁的三维传热和应力模型,对气化炉紧急停车时炉壁的热应力变化及其分布进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明：渣层中越靠近渣层表面,热应力的变化越大;靠近水冷管和渣钉处的渣层热应力变化相对较小;渣层表面温度变化相同时,孔隙率大的渣层产生的形变较大。     

气流床气化炉水冷壁结渣特性的实验研究

搭建了小型气流床水冷壁气化炉实验平台，进行水冷壁结渣实验，验证了“以渣抗渣”的思想，为气化炉水冷壁衬里的工业应用提供理论依据．研究了炉内火焰温度、壁温、循环水量等因素对渣的分布及形态的影响，以及渣层对水冷壁的保护作用．结果表明，熔渣对炉壁保护作用明显；循环水影响着水冷壁的正常运行；炉内温度及壁温是影响渣形态和渣分布的主要因素．     

水冷壁式气化炉内侧渣钉对气化炉传热的影响

煤气化炉的水冷壁对于维持气化炉在高温高压下安全稳定运行具有重要作用。利用ANSYS软件对水冷壁内侧壁面的温度分布进行模拟,模拟分析了渣层内有渣钉、无渣钉和用等面积肋片代替渣钉三种状况对传热过程的影响,考察了渣钉排布方式对水冷壁传热的影响。结果表明,布置渣钉可有效提高传热效率,及时带走气化炉内多余的热量;采用夹角小、三角形排布的渣钉排布方式传热效率更好,温度分布更均匀。该模拟计算对于水冷壁气化炉的传热结构设计及长周期安全运行具有实际意义。     

气化炉水冷壁衬里传热数值模拟研究

水冷壁衬里是气化炉安全稳定运行的关键部件.以高温高压气流床气化炉内水冷壁耐火衬里为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对水冷壁衬里附近的流动与传热进行研究,分析了渣层厚度对壁面导热系数、热通量、各层材料表面的影响.结果表明,气化炉原始开车工况下,壁面平均传热系数高达241W/(m2·K),渣钉表面温度约为1517K,此时渣钉容易...     

水冷壁式粉煤气化炉炉衬温度场数值模拟研究

为了使水冷壁式粉煤气化炉长周期、高效化运行,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对粉煤气化工艺的水冷壁式气化炉炉衬服役过程的温度场进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:1)水冷壁式气化炉内挂渣层由固态层、熔融层和流动层组成,提高耐火材料的热导率有利于挂渣层的形成。2)选用耐火材料的热导率为8~10 W·(m·K)~(-1),渣表面温度为1 290~1 310℃时,炉壁挂渣状态较好。3)当炉内已实现正常挂渣厚度(15 mm以上)时,水冷管和渣钉都会在安全温度下正常运行,在挂渣厚度较低的情况下(低于15 mm),渣钉和水冷管有超温的风险。     

水冷壁气化炉变工况温度及热应力分析

在实验室小型水冷壁气化炉上进行变工况气化试验,建立气化炉水冷壁的二维传热和应力模型,对气化炉变工况时水冷壁及渣层中的温度及应力变化进行了模拟计算。模拟结果表明：水冷壁及渣层中的周向应力及径向应力均随温度的升高而增大,而周向应力在数值上相对较大。在渣层 碳化硅层接触面上,随指定点与水冷管及渣钉的距离逐渐增大,等效应力迅速增大后趋于稳定;不同材料中的等效应力差异显著。     

水冷壁气流床气化炉渣层热应力数值模拟方法的改进

固态渣层能够保护气流床气化炉的水冷壁,防止其受到高温合成气直接辐射以及液态熔渣的侵蚀。本文提出一种数值模拟渣层热应力的改进方法,并应用该改进方法对降温阶段渣层热应力的变化进行模拟研究。在渣层热应力的数值模拟研究中,经常假定水冷壁渣层的热应力变化基于一个固定的参考温度（比如环境温度25℃）。然而对于降温阶段的水冷壁气流床气化炉,一个固定的参考温度值并不能表征渣层"无应力"的初始状态,在此基础上计算将会得到一个不合理的渣层应力分布结果。针对该问题,提出了一种改进方法：将水冷壁渣层分割为多个子计算域,每个子计算域内单独设置参考温度,以此实现在整个水冷壁渣层上施加一个近似为降温初始时刻的参考温度分布,从而使渣层在降温初始时刻处于"无应力"状态。同时,对前人文献中的三维水冷壁渣层结构在降温过程中的热应力变化情况进行计算,以此测试改进方法的准确性,改进方法得到的模拟结果与其他参考文献得到的渣层热应力变化趋势一致。     

基于热传导原理的气化炉内高温测量方法研究

受高温熔渣和气流影响,气流床气化炉内的温度测量往往十分困难,需要一种简单准确的方法来测量炉内温度.文中基于一维热传导原理,设计了带吹扫和水冷结构的气流床气化炉内高温测量装置.通过对气化炉壁面传热过程分析,提出了能够估算炉内温度的公式,并利用黑体炉中的实验数据拟合出了公式内的待定常数.在实验室小型水冷壁气化炉内用2种气化...     

干煤粉气流床气化炉反应室水冷壁温度场分析

采用三维有限元稳态温度场分析方法,对干煤粉气流床气化炉反应室水冷壁温度进行分析,重点考察了销钉长度、销钉直径、销钉间距、耐火材料厚度、耐火材料热传导系数、水冷壁管内换热系数对温度的影响,为气化炉反应室水冷壁结构设计提供参考.     

鳍片对辐射废锅多相流动及颗粒沉积特性影响

采用Realiazable k-ε湍流模型和随机轨道模型对不同鳍片径向长度辐射废锅内颗粒运动及沉积特性进行数值模拟,研究了鳍片径向长度对气流床气化辐射废锅内多相流场及温度场的影响。模拟结果表明:拐点及出口温度模拟值与实际测量值吻合较好,相差15 K以内,验证了模型的可靠性。受中心射流的影响,辐射废锅顶部存在火炬状温度分布。削减鳍片水冷壁导致换热面积减小,出口温度升高。在12.5 m高度处沉积速率最大,达到0.015 kg/(m~2·s)。相对长鳍片,颗粒沉积速率降低,沉积区域减少,有效缓解实际运行过程中出现的堵渣现象。     

Thermal calculation of the water-cooled elements of the lining of an electric arc steel melting furnace

Conclusions A model and a computer program using it have been developed making it possible to evaluate the influence of the electrical conditions after melt-down in an electric arc steel melting furnace on the thermal operation of tubular water cooled elements of the lining.The calculation is made for steady and nonsteady thermal conditions and makes it possible to determine the following parameters of thermal operation of the element: the temperature distribution across the layer of lining slag and tube wall; the temperature losses with the water and the water temperature at the exit of the element; the equilibrium lining slag thickness for a specified arc radiant power and heat exchange conditions in the furnace space.The heat losses with the water of a tubular wall panel of a DSP-100I6 furnace (tube diam. 76 mm and wall thickness 12 mm, lining slag thickness 20 mm, water consumption 5 m³/h per m² of panel) after meltdown of the heat were calculated.The equilibrium thickness of the lining slag decreases with a reduction in its melting point and in increase in arc radiant power P_a.rad.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 40–43, June, 1988.     

Modeling of an oxygen-staged membrane wall gasifier: effects of secondary oxygen

A new type of entrained flow gasifier with membrane wall and two-stage oxygen supply is being developed in China. The fraction of the secondary oxygen in total oxygen (FSO) is an important parameter for this kind of gasifier. A dynamic reduced order model (ROM) based on a reactor network model (RNM) is developed for this gasifier, which is used to investigate the effects of FSO on the slag layer thickness profile on the wall and explore the potential of FSO in dynamic slag control. The ROM adopts a flexible RNM blocking method, which varies with FSO to account for the influence of FSO on the flow pattern in the gasifier. Available industrial data was used to validate the model and a detailed sensitivity analysis for the calculation of slag layer thickness was performed. Static analyses show that FSO has a marked effect on the slag thickness distribution and higher FSO leads to lower heat loss through the wall. Finally, a slag control system, which introduced FSO as an auxiliary regulator, is proposed. Dynamic simulation shows that the new control system offers an improved performance in slag control and can broaden the regulating range of operating temperature.     

气流床煤气化炉壁面反应模型

建立了气流床煤气化炉煤灰渣颗粒沉积和壁面反应模型,相应完善了渣层流动、传热传质和相变模型,发展了数值模拟方法,并以国内某型两段式干煤粉加压气流床煤气化中试炉为对象进行了模拟。利用建立的模型可以得到壁面反应速率、渣层含碳量、固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度、渣层平均温度和液态渣层平均速度等。结果表明:氧煤比升高,渣层平均温度升高,固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和气化炉出口灰渣含碳量降低。计算得到的灰渣含碳量在14%左右,整体碳转化率为95.2%左右,与实际值相近。通过模拟发现壁面反应对于所分析气化炉的碳转化率、排渣含碳量、壁面渣层流动和温度状态具有重要影响,进而影响气化炉的安全稳定运行。     

封闭空间内纵向外翅片管结构参数对传热的影响

对封闭空间内的竖直纵向外翅片管在翅片长度、翅片夹角及基管壁温改变时的自然对流条件下的换热特性进行了三维数值研究。结果表明翅片管的单位质量散热量随翅片长度的增加而增大。在翅片长度一定时,其最大值大多出现在翅片夹角60°左右;在基管壁温升高时,对流占据比重出现极大值;在考虑翅片夹角对换热影响的基础上引入量纲1因子,依据65种算例结果拟合出竖直纵向外翅片管自然对流换热准则关系式,准则式与计算结果偏差平均为3.53%。     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型

国内Shell粉煤气化炉在长周期运行中曾多次出现大块熔渣堵塞渣池出口的现象,严重制约着工业化装置的安全、经济、稳定运行。为了探讨大块熔渣形成的原因,以Shell粉煤气化炉为研究对象,建立了其渣口区熔渣流动与传热模型。该模型可以预测固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和渣层表面温度等。结果表明:气化炉运行时,由于熔渣的沉积,在渣裙表面将形成一定厚度的固态渣层。开车初期,熔渣全部被冷凝成固态渣,当渣层表面温度超过渣的临界温度,液态渣层开始出现,此后随着时间的增加,固态和液态渣层都继续增厚直至达到稳定状态。离气化炉渣口处越远,渣层厚度和表面温度就越大。气化炉渣口温度和沉积率越低,固态渣层厚度就越大,所需要的特征时间也越长。     

Dynamic modeling and simulation of reaction,slag behavior,and heat transfer to water-cooling wall of shell entrained-flow gasifier

A mathematical model is developed to simulate a pilot Shell entrained-flow coal gasifier. Submodels of specific structures of the gasifier are established to simulate the complicated gasification process. The model includes the total energy conservation equation and mass conservation equations for the gas components, solid flow, and gas flow. It simulates the influence of the gasifier structure and dimensions and can calculate the effects of changing almost every important operation parameter, e.g., the syngas composition, gasification temperature, carbon conversion ratio, walllayer temperature, and slag mass flow rate. The model can predict the syngas composition under a limited residence time condition. Furthermore, it considers the heat transfer coefficient of each layer of the water wall to calculate its heat loss and temperature. Thus, the model also reflects the influence of performance parameters of the gasifier’s water wall. The slag mass flow rate on the wall is calculated using a slag submodel.     

壁面脉动传热对气波制冷性能影响研究

振荡管内气体温度周期性变化,管束壁面会与管内气体进行同频脉动传热作用,对制冷产生一定影响。搭建振荡管静止式气波制冷实验平台,对壁面温度进行测量研究;同时建立非定常流动传热数值模型,对对流换热量进行研究。实验结果表明,管束壁面最终形成一定温度分布,减薄振荡管束外壁面厚度以改变轴向导热面积,会使稳定后的壁面温度分布更陡峭。数值计算表明,冷端壁面与冷气的对流换热会加热冷气,降低制冷深度。将管束壁厚从10 mm降低至5 mm,制冷性能实验结果表明最大制冷深度提升0.2 K（1.6膨胀比）、0.5 K（1.8膨胀比）与0.4 K（2.0膨胀比）,验证了脉动壁面传热对制冷性能的影响。     

Über den Einfluss des Wärmeleitvermögens der Rohrwand auf den umfangsgemittelten Wärmeüberganskoeffizienten beim. Sieden im horizontalen VerdampferrohrThe influence of the circumferential heat conduction on the perimeter-averaged heat transfer coefficient at flow boiling in horizontal tubes

The different heat transfer coefficients of gas and liquid produce a temperature distribution along the perimeter in horizontal evaporator tubes. This temperature distribution, and thus the perimeter-averaged heat transfer coefficient is influenced considerably by the thermal conductivity, the wall thickness and the diameter of the tube. With measured local heat transfer coefficients and wetting limits at flow boiling of argon and nitrogen, perimeter-averaged heat transfer coefficients were calculated, taking as parameters the thermal conductivity, the wall thickness and the diameter of the tube. The results show that, by varying the values for these parameters, perimeter-averaged heat transfer coefficients can differ by several hundred per cent.