To Your Health: Self‐Regulation of Health Behavior Through Selective Exposure to Online Health Messages

Reaching target audiences is of crucial importance for the success of health communication campaigns, but individuals may avoid health messages if they challenge their beliefs or behaviors. A lab study (N = 419) examined effects of messages' consistency with participants' behavior and source credibility on selective exposure for 4 health lifestyle topics. Drawing on self‐regulation theory and dissonance theory, 3 motivations were examined: self‐bolstering, self‐motivating, and self‐defending. Prior behavior predicted selective exposure across topics, reflecting self‐bolstering. Standard‐behavior discrepancies also affected selective exposure, consistent with self‐motivating rather than self‐defending. Selective exposure to high‐credibility sources advocating for organic food, fruits and vegetable consumption, exercise, and limiting coffee all fostered accessibility of related standards, whereas messages from low‐credibility sources showed no such impact.     

Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate

This article seeks to reframe the selective exposure debate by demonstrating that people exhibit a preference for opinion‐reinforcing political information without systematically avoiding opinion challenges. The results are based on data collected in a national random‐digit‐dial telephone survey (n = 1,510) conducted prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Analyses show that Americans use the control afforded by online information sources to increase their exposure to opinions consistent with their own views without sacrificing contact with other opinions. This observation contradicts the common assumption that reinforcement seeking and challenge avoidance are intrinsically linked aspects of the selective exposure phenomenon. This distinction is important because the consequences of challenge avoidance are significantly more harmful to democratic deliberation than those of reinforcement seeking.     

Selective Exposure and Reinforcement of Attitudes and Partisanship Before a Presidential Election

Right before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, this 2‐session online field study examined consequences of selective exposure to political messages on accessibility of attitudes and of partisanship. In the first session, participants indicated attitudes toward political issues and their partisanship, which allowed measuring accessibility of attitudes and of partisanship. In the second session, participants browsed articles. Four issues were covered by 8 articles, with 2 articles featuring opposing perspectives. Selective exposure was unobtrusively logged. Finally, participants completed measures for attitudes and partisanship again. Selective exposure to attitude‐consistent articles was linked to greater attitude accessibility. The indirect impact of selective exposure on partisanship accessibility through attitude accessibility was significant.     

Spectral Analysis of Digital Messages Through Finite-Memory Transformations

The spectral analysis is performed for the stochastic sequence{b_{n}} = {h(a_{n}, a_{n-1},cdots, a_{n-M+1})}, where{a_{n}}is an independent identically distributed digital sequence andhis an arbitrary complex function. The computation of the spectrum is based on a general matrix method for the spectral analysis of memoryless functions of Markov chains. The approach employs a recursive algorithm, whose computational time and storage requirements are sufficiently small for the algorithm to be implemented on a modern general purpose computer, even for moderately high values of both the size of the source alphabet and the parameterM. The method is also extended to the case in which the input sequence{a_{n}}is a stationary finite Markov chain.     

Children's Sex-Stereotyped Self-Socialization Through Selective Exposure to Entertainment: Cross-Cultural Experiments in Germany, China, and the United States

Chinese, German, and U.S. American 4- to 6-year-old boys and girls were asked to select videos of children stories that they would most like to see. Choices were either between pairs of story videos presenting aggressive versus peaceful, nurturing content, with male or female sex of story protagonists held constant, or between pairs of videos featuring male versus female protagonists, with aggressive or peaceful story content held constant. Across countries/cultures, boys showed a strong preference for aggressive stories; girls for peaceful, nurturing ones. Again across countries/cultures, both sexes favored stories featuring protagonists of their own sex. However, the preference for same-sex story protagonists was particularly strong in American and Chinese girls. In comparison, American and Chinese boys showed only a moderate preference for male characters.     

Please Your Self: Social Identity Effects on Selective Exposure to News About In‐ and Out‐Groups

Hypotheses were tested in a secondary data analysis of an experiment on selective exposure to positive and negative news articles about same‐ and differently aged individuals. A sample of 178 young (18–30 years) and 98 older adults (50–65 years) browsed an online news magazine while reading times were logged by software. Younger individuals (high status, high uncertainty) generally focused their reading on same‐aged individuals, with a preference on positive news about this in‐group. Older recipients (low‐status, low uncertainty) were more likely to select negative news about young individuals than positive news about this out‐group and negative news about older individuals. Furthermore, exposure to negative news about younger individuals bolstered older recipients' self‐esteem.     

Beating the News Blues: Mood Repair Through Exposure to Advertising

This paper explores mood regulation in advertising. In Experiment 1, participants made sad by previous media content experienced greater mood enhancement from exposure to a pleasant product advertisement than those made happy. Sad participants were also more likely to attribute their mood change to how they liked the ad and the product. In Experiment 2, exposure to a positively framed antismoking ad reduced negative mood more than exposure to a negatively framed ad. This was true, however, only for sad participants and not for happy and neutral participants, who were presumably less motivated to repair mood. In addition, exposure to the positively framed ad encouraged sad participants, but not happy or neutral participants, to attribute higher risks to smoking and express stronger antismoking attitudes than did exposure to the negatively framed ad.     

The Role of Actors' Race in White Audiences' Selective Exposure to Movies

Movie producers are often reluctant to cast more than a few minority actors in otherwise race‐neutral movies for fear that the White audience will largely avoid such films. Two experiments were conducted to test the idea that the racial makeup of a cast could influence White audiences' selective exposure to movies. Results revealed that actors' race does influence selective exposure in certain contexts. For nonromantic movies, participants' racial attitudes moderated the relationship between race and selective exposure. For romantic movies, regardless of racial attitudes, White participants showed significantly less interest in seeing movies with mostly Black casts than in seeing movies with mostly White casts. These findings are discussed in light of both social identity theory and social cognitive theory.     

Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement?

To what extent do online discussion spaces expose participants to political talk and to cross‐cutting political views in particular? Drawing on a representative national sample of over 1000 Americans reporting participation in chat rooms or message boards, we examine the types of online discussion spaces that create opportunities for cross‐cutting political exchanges. Our findings suggest that the potential for deliberation occurs primarily in online groups where politics comes up only incidentally, but is not the central purpose of the discussion space. We discuss the implications of our findings for the contributions of the Internet to cross‐cutting political discourse.     

Partisan Selective Sharing: The Biased Diffusion of Fact-Checking Messages on Social Media

Using large Twitter datasets collected during the 2012 U.S. presidential election, we examined how partisanship shapes patterns of sharing and commenting on candidate fact-check rulings. Our results indicate that partisans selectively share fact-checking messages that cheerlead their own candidate and denigrate the opposing party's candidate, resulting in an ideologically narrow flow of fact checks to their followers. We also find evidence of hostile media perception in users' public accusations of bias on the part of fact-checking organizations. Additionally, Republicans showed stronger outgroup negativity and hostility toward fact checkers than Democrats. These findings help us understand “selective sharing” as a complementary process to selective exposure, as well as identifying asymmetries between partisans in their sharing practices.     

如何解析GSM短消息

首先简要说明短消息及其接口协议,然后重点描述如何接收和发送短消息,并用实例进行说明。     

选择性腐蚀确定GaN薄膜中位错类型

提出了一种确定GaN外延薄膜中位错种类的方法。通过化学试剂对GaN薄膜表面进行选择性腐蚀,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)及原子力显微镜(AFM)对腐蚀前后的薄膜进行了表征,确立了GaN薄膜表面的蚀坑形貌与位错类型之间的对应关系。XRD测试结果表明,GaN薄膜中的位错密度并不随着腐蚀时间延长而发生变化。采用AFM对蚀坑形貌进行深度剖析,发现了四种不同的位错蚀坑:倒六角锥型蚀坑、倒六角平台型蚀坑、倒双六角平台型蚀坑以及混合型蚀坑。进一步研究表明,这四种不同的位错蚀坑分别对应于四种不同的位错种类,所有蚀坑基本都可以沿着这四种腐蚀路线演化而来。同时用扫描电镜(SEM)观察到的蚀坑形貌与AFM测试结果基本一致。     

Patterning of Oriented Photofunctional Polymer Systems Through Selective Photobleaching

Many applications of semiconducting conjugated polymers in (opto)electronic devices require the patterning of these functional materials into structures with feature sizes of typically between 1 and 100 μm, ideally by simple and reliable methods. We demonstrate that selective photobleaching, i.e., a spatially resolved change of the chemical structure of the active species by irradiation through an appropriate mask, is an extremely simple and versatile technique that satisfies this need. The process is particularly attractive for structuring oriented materials that exhibit anisotropic properties and is of potential interest for a broad range of applications.     

The Gender News Use Divide: Americans' Sex-Typed Selective Exposure to Online News Topics

To examine psychological origins of sex-typed news preferences, an online newsmagazine was presented to 196 American participants in an experimental setting. The presented articles featured the same portions of social/interpersonal and achievement/performance topics. Newsreaders' selective news exposure was unobtrusively logged. Results show that, in line with gender stereotypes, women favor social/interpersonal topics and men prefer achievement/performance issues. Newsreaders' affiliation motive, self-esteem, and, to a small extent, gender schemata influenced what news content was preferred.     

Soft Error Mitigation Through Selective Addition of Functionally Redundant Wires

We introduce a logic-level soft error mitigation methodology for combinational circuits. The proposed method exploits the existence of logic implications in a design, and is based on selective addition of pertinent functionally redundant wires to the circuit. We demonstrate that the addition of functionally redundant wires reduces the probability that a single-event transient (SET) error will reach a primary output, and, by extension, the soft error rate (SER) of the circuit. We discuss three methods for identifying candidate functionally redundant wires, and we outline the necessary conditions for adding them to the circuit. We then present an algorithm that assesses the SET sensitization probability reduction achieved by candidate functionally redundant wires, and selects an appropriate subset that, when added to the design, minimizes its SER. Experimental results on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits demonstrate that the proposed soft error mitigation methodology yields a significant SER reduction at the expense of commensurate hardware, power, and delay overhead.     

Looking Through Northern Exposure at Jewish American Identity and the Communication Theory of Identity

This study explores Jewish American identity from a communication theory of identity perspective. We analyzed six episodes of the television show, Northern Exposure , for their representation of Jewish American identity. Next, the shows were edited into video segments reflecting the themes and shown to 26 Jewish Americans in order to elicit their perceptions of the communal expressions of Jewish identity. The study initially focuses on a communal representation of this group-based identity in order to understand how it is portrayed in collective consciousness. We then examine how this representation has interpenetrated the individual, interactional, and relational levels of identity.     

怎样看移动电话信令应用部分(MAP)的消息

介绍了移动电话信令应用部分消息的格式,说明了ＭＡＰ使用ＳＣＣＰ和ＴＣＡＰ的过程,并通过ＵＤＴ结构举例说明了对ＭＡＰ消息的分析主要在于对成份部分的分析。     

On Attaining the Multiple Solutions of Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM Three-Level Waveforms Through Function Minimization

Selective harmonic elimination pulsewidth modulation techniques are some of the control methods used in voltage/current source converters. However, challenges such as the task of finding all the multiple sets of solutions of the switching angles for a given problem may be difficult to deal with. In this paper, a direct minimization of the nonlinear transcendental trigonometric Fourier functions in combination with a random search is discussed. The unipolar (three-level) waveform is used to illustrate the proposed method confirming its ability to find multiple sets of solutions, including a case where 51 angles are sought for single- and three-phase applications. A simple harmonic distortion factor is studied for each set of solutions to assess their performance against the noneliminated harmonics. The results presented both at theoretical and experimental level are in close agreement and confirm the robustness of the proposed approach.     

计算机在音响扩声系统中的应用

1计算机应用技术在音响扩声系统的作用计算机技术是本世纪最伟大的发明成果之一。随着计算机的普及与发展，计算机多媒体技术日趋成熟，其应用领域越来越宽，将计算机应用技术引入到音响扩产领域并使其商业化，已经是一个很简单的事情了。一套音响扩声系统一般来讲包括三个基本单元：音源，放大器与扬声器。音源在扩声系统中是一个很重要的部分。然而不同的系统对音源的要求是不一样的，下文所叙述的音响扩声系统是指播放背景音乐的ＢＧＭ音响扩声系统，而该系统对于音源来讲，其技术指标相对其他的系统要求并不是那么高。因此，将计算机的…     

Improving the Luminescence of InGaN–GaN Blue LEDs Through Selective Ring-Region Activation of the Mg-Doped GaN Layer

In this study, we used the selective ring-region activation technique to restrain the surface leakage current and to monitor the luminescence characteristics of InGaN-GaN multiple quantum-well blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). To access the current blocking region after forming a periphery high-resistance ring-region of the Mg-doped GaN layer and to reduce the degree of carrier trapping by the surface recombination centers, we deposited a titanium film onto the Mg-doped GaN epitaxial layer to form a high-resistance current blocking region. To characterize their luminescence performance, we prepared LEDs incorporating titanium films of various widths of the highly resistive current blocking layer. The hole concentration in the Mg-doped GaN epitaxial layer decreased from 3.45times10¹⁷ cm^-3 to 3.31times10¹⁶cm^-3 after capping with a 250-nm-thick layer of titanium and annealing at 700 degC under a nitrogen atmosphere for 30 min. Furthermore, the luminescence characteristics could be improved by varying the width of the highly resistive region of the current blocking area; in our best result, the relative electroluminescence intensity was 30% (20 mA) and 50% (100 mA) higher than that of the as-grown blue LEDs