桂林红黏土微结构特征分析

指出从土质学角度来分析土的工程性质一般要从土的矿物组成和土的结构两个方面进行分析,着重从土的结构方面对桂林红黏土微观结构特征进行了分析,以阐述桂林红黏土具有与一般黏性土不同物理力学性质的原因.     

TDR技术在石灰炉渣加固土中的应用

石灰炉渣和水泥炉渣常用于加固路基土。石灰炉渣含有除石灰以外的其它化学物质,因此,石灰炉渣加固土的性质比石灰加固土更加复杂。本文试验研究了石灰炉渣加固土的电学特性和强度增长的规律,应用TDR技术测得加固土的电导率随土中化学反应进行的变化规律,提出用双曲线模型反映不同掺入量的加固土电导率的变化与强度增长的规律。与传统的测试方法相比,TDR技术有助于了解石灰炉渣与土之间的化学反应对加固土性质的影响,对于控制压实质量非常有效。     

纳米膨润土加固黏土强度的试验研究

纳米膨润土是一种新型的土体加固材料,能有效提高土体的物理力学性质。掌握纳米膨润土加固土体的特性对于该技术的推广应用具有重要的意义。本文开展了10组无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了掺加纳米膨润土后黏土土样的力学性质,以及纳米膨润土掺量、土的含水率和干密度三个因素对土体无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明,纳米膨润土的掺加能有效提高黏土的抗压性能,且抗压强度随纳米膨润土掺量、土干密度的增加呈非线性增加;随土含水率的增加,抗压强度先减少后增加。黏土内掺入纳米膨润土后,由于土的孔隙会被填充,形成密集结构,纳米膨润土-黏土颗粒界面的有效接触面积增加,使黏土体的强度显著增加。同时,水分会在纳米膨润土-黏土界面起到润滑作用。本研究表明,这一土体加固技术能有效提高地基土的承载力和变形性能,因此具有巨大的应用潜力。     

氧化铁胶体与黏土矿物的交互作用及其对黏土土性影响

以湛江黏土为研究对象,采用选择性化学溶解法,利用浸泡法、改进型渗透仪与柔性壁渗透仪除去土中游离氧化铁、无定形氧化铁和络合铁胶体,比较分析除去氧化铁胶体前后土的物理与力学性质指标、矿物成分以及结构变化特点,探讨氧化铁胶体的界面活性、胶结特性及其与黏土矿物的交互作用。结果表明,湛江黏土的结构强度受黏土矿物——氧化铁胶体的电性引力和镶嵌孔隙的氧化铁胶结状态的控制是导致其具有高灵敏性、强结构性的根本原因。氧化铁胶体对湛江黏土的水稳性、稠度、黏附性、渗透性、压缩性、灵敏性、结构强度均有重要影响。氧化铁胶体与黏土矿物的交互作用的本质并不是通过改变和破坏矿物晶格结构来改变黏土矿物性质,而是通过改变土颗粒间的联结状态及粒间力来控制微观结构形态,进而影响土的基本性质。氧化铁胶体对土性的影响程度与其赋存状态、老化结晶程度、水化程度密切相关,除了游离氧化铁、无定形态的氧化铁也是构成湛江黏土胶质联结的重要组成部分。     

原位热力加固分散土的影响因素及其作用机理研究

分散土是一种水敏性特殊土，常采用石灰等土壤固化材料进行改性处理，但是对于边坡工程，由于改性处理的施工工艺复杂，使得改性成本较高且效果往往达不到设计要求。通过泥球、碎块、针孔、双相对质量密度计等分散性判别试验以及微观结构检测、X射线衍射、红外光谱分析等微观试验，研究了原位热力加固分散土的影响因素及其作用机理。试验结果表明，温度、加热时间、压实度对热力加固分散土具有显著的影响。随着温度的升高、加热时间的延长、压实度的增加，分散土的分散性逐步减弱，直至消除。加热温度低于200℃时，分散土的分散性虽然减弱，但具有可逆性；高于200℃以上时，分散土彻底失去分散性，且具有不可逆性。分散土经过高温处理后，通过颗粒失水凝聚、盐矿物形变胶结等作用，使得颗粒团聚结构增强，水溶性离子溶出量减少，土体碱性降低，双电层厚度减小，进而土颗粒间的引力大于斥力，分散性减弱甚至消失。研究结果表明，原位热力加固技术是一项很有前景的特殊土边坡稳定处置技术。     

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论

土的基本特性及本构关系与强度理论是土力学及岩土工程学科的重要理论基础之一。本 文针对饱和黏土、砂土及堆石料等粗粒土,总结了这三类土在基本力学特性及本构强度理论方 面的研究现状和发展趋势。饱和黏土部分主要包括压缩特性、剪切特性—临界状态及剪胀/剪缩 、结构性及其破坏、中主应力影响、各向异性及主应力偏转效应、不排水抗剪强度、流变特性 、微观力学解析模型等;砂土部分包括临界状态概念与剪胀性、砂土各向异性、应变局部化等 ;堆石料等粗粒土部分则以颗粒破碎对堆石料等粗粒土的力学性质的影响为主线,重点介绍了 颗粒破碎的度量方法、颗粒破碎对剪胀性、临界状态线的影响以及相应的本构模型、宏观-微观 的力学分析方法。     

基于废油综合利用的微尘灰土适用性研究

分析了目前已经应用的煤炭抑灰剂配方在道路灰土应用的效果与力学性质变化,并基此采用地沟油脂混入石灰土中,研究其抑尘能力以及应用价值与前景。研究结果表明:地沟油微粒的存在对于石灰土抑灰效果明显且物理性质变化不大,对土体的力学性质与抗渗透均有增益作用,将有可能变废为宝且缓解大气粉尘污染的可行途径。     

菱苦土改性膨胀土工程性质的试验研究

通过对南京地区膨胀土的室内物理力学性质、石灰改性的系列分析,确定了膨胀土的等级、改性后土的胀缩性、强度与剂量的关系及掺入石灰的最佳配比,为膨胀土性质的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

考虑孔隙水盐分效应的人工软黏土工程特性与本构模型

中国江苏北部连云港地区海相软土蒙脱石族矿物含量相对较高,且在海陆交互环境沉积形成,沉积过程中具有孔隙水盐分较高的特点,但在后沉积过程中由于地表和地下淡水入侵,会使孔隙水盐分发生变化。工程设计一般依据既有地下水环境中土体参数,未能考虑盐分变化后土体参数变化,会造成工程安全系数的冗余度不足,进而导致工程风险。为了解决江苏北部地区基础设施运营中,孔隙水盐分变动环境下软黏土地基长期性状与工程性质变异问题,需要深入了解矿物成分、孔隙水盐分在软黏土物理和力学特性中的作用机制。由于天然软黏土的矿物成分、孔隙水成分差异较大,在黏土矿物盐敏性的研究和当地地下水盐分测试基础上,试验材料采用矿物成分均一的商用高岭土与膨润土组成的人工黏土作为研究对象,配制不同浓度的NaCl溶液作为孔隙水,模拟孔隙水盐分变化。通过液塑限试验、常规固结试验和固结不排水剪切试验,发现对于含蒙脱石矿物的人工黏土,液限w_L、压缩指数C_c和回弹指数C_s随着孔隙水盐分的增加而减小,而内摩擦角随着孔隙水盐分的增加而增加;对于高岭石矿物为主的人工黏土,液限w_L、压缩指数C_c、回弹指数C_s和内摩擦角都基本不随孔隙水盐分的增加而改变。将孔隙水盐分效应采用渗透吸力进行表征,在试验规律、修正剑桥模型和BBM模型认知的基础上,建立了考虑盐分效应的人工软黏土本构模型,并对比了计算结果与试验结果,两者在趋势上较为接近,验证了本构模型的实用性,可为近海岩土工程设计提供参考。     

几种膨胀土的工程性能试验研究

选取广西宁明、广东湛江、云南大理、江苏淮安四个地区的膨胀土,开展工程性能对比研究.主要分析研究各地区膨胀土的地质成因、矿物成分、化学成分、膨胀特征、物理力学性质、加固改良效果,结果表明:四个地区膨胀土的地质成因、矿物成分和化学成分有较大的差别,各地膨胀土的膨胀特征和物理力学性质也各不相同,广西宁明和云南大理膨胀土具有中等膨胀性,广东湛江和江苏淮安膨胀土的膨胀等级为弱.采用合适剂量的石灰加固改良广西宁明、广东湛江和江苏淮安膨胀土后,加固土的胀缩性明显降低,强度显著提高,可以满足高等级公路路基填料强度和稳定性要求.     

Geotechnical properties and microstructure of lime-stabilized silt clay

The geotechnical properties and microstructures of lime-stabilized silt clay from Jilin province, China, were studied in detail. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime content and curing time on the overall soil properties, including compaction characteristics, Atterberg limits, particle size distribution, pH, stress–strain behavior, peak strength, shear strength parameters, and California bearing ratio (CBR). The stabilized mechanisms of lime in silt clay were examined, and the observed test results were explained based on the results of scanning electron microscropy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analyses of the specimens. Lime content and curing duration significantly influenced the geotechnical properties and microstructure of the lime-stabilized silt clay specimens. An increase in lime content resulted in increases in compaction water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, sand size-fractions, pH, peak strength, cohesion, internal friction angle, and the CBR, but led to a reduction in the plasticity index, silt fractions, clay fractions, swelling capacity, and water absorption. Also, the addition of lime to silt clay changed this soil type from a ductile to a brittle material. The optimum lime content of the silt clays from Jilin province was determined to be approximately 5–7%. SEM micrographs showed that a white cementitious gel was formed after the addition of lime and that peaks related to smectite, illite, kaolinite, and quartz appeared to be sharper after stabilization with lime and a 90-day period of curing. These results show that the geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized silt clay are affected by the microstructural organization of the silt clay itself.

     

Use of recycled gypsum in the cement-based stabilization of very soft clays and its micro-mechanism

This paper presents an experimental study and micro-mechanism discussion on gypsum role in the mechanical improvements of cement-based stabilized clay (CBSC). A soft marine clay at two initial water contents (i.e. 50% and 70%) was treated by reconstituted cementitious binders with varying gypsum to clinker (G/C) ratios and added metakaolin to facilitate the formation of ettringite, followed by the measurements of final water contents, dry densities and strengths in accordance with ASTM standards as well as microstructure by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results reveal that the gypsum fraction has a significant influence on the index and mechanical properties of the CBSC, and there exists a threshold of the G/C ratio, which is 10% and 15% for clays with 50% and 70% initial water contents, respectively. Beyond which adding excessive gypsum cannot improve the strength further, eliminating the beneficial role. At these thresholds of the G/C ratio, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values for clays with 50% and 70% initial water contents are 1.74 MPa and 1.53 MPa at 60 d of curing, respectively. Microstructure characterization shows that, besides the common cementation-induced strengthening, newly formed ettringite also acts as significant pore infills, and the associated remarkable volumetric expansion is responsible, and may be the primary factor, for the beneficial strength gain due to the added gypsum. Moreover, pore-filling ettringite also leads to the conversion of relatively large inter-aggregate to smaller intra-aggregate pores, thereby causing a more homogeneous matrix or solid skeleton with higher strength. Overall, added gypsum plays a vital beneficial role in the strength development of the CBSC, especially for very soft clays.     

Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays

Although extensive research has been conducted on the mechanical behaviour of Portland cement-treated soft clays, there has been less emphasis on the correlation of the observed behaviour with clay mineralogy. In this study, experimental results from the authors have been combined with the data found in the literature to investigate the effect of parameters such as curing time, cement content, moisture content, liquidity index, and mineralogy on the mechanical properties of cement-treated clays. The findings show that undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cemented clays still continue to increase after relatively long curing times; expressions are proposed to predict the strength and sensitivity with time. This parametric study also indicates the relative importance of the activity of the soil, as well as the water–cement ratio, to the mechanical properties of cementitious admixtures. Two new empirical parameters are introduced herein. Based on the results of unconfined compression, undrained triaxial, and oedometer tests on cement-enhanced clays, expressions that use these parameters to predict undrained shear strength, yield stress, and the slope of the compression line are proposed. The observed variations in the mechanical behaviour with respect to mineralogy and the important effect of curing time are explained in terms of the pozzolanic reactions. The possible limitations of applying Abrams׳ law to cement–admixed clays are also discussed.     

卸荷对高应力下粘土力学性质的影响

随着地下工程建设规模的深入与扩大,高应力下土体在卸荷状态下的力学特性研究具有越来越重要的意义。通过对重塑粘土试样进行一系列的K0固结后卸除围压或轴压剪切试验,探讨并总结了关于卸荷应力路径下粘性土变形过程与强度变化关系,为工程建设提供可靠依据。     

Sugarcane press mud modification of expansive soil stabilized at optimum lime content:Strength,mineralogy and microstructural investigation

This study attempted to investigate the potential of sugarcane press mud(PM) as a secondary additive in conjunction with lime for the stabilization of an expansive soil.The physico-mechanical properties of an expansive soil,such as plasticity,shrink-swell behavior,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),mineralogical and microstructural characteristics were investigated.The expansive soil was stabilized at its optimum lime content(7%) for producing maximum strength,and was modified with four different quantities of PM in small dosages(0.25%-2%).Cylindrical soil samples,38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height,were cast and cured for varying periods to evaluate the strength of the amended soil.The spent samples after strength tests were further used for determination of other properties.The test results revealed that PM modification led to a substantial improvement in 7-d strength and noticeable increase in 28-d strength of the lime-stabilized soil(LSS).The addition of PM does not cause any detrimental changes to the shrink-swell properties as well as plasticity nature of the stabilized soil,despite being a material of organic origin.Mineralogical investigation revealed that the formation of calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) minerals,similar to that of pure lime stabilization with only the type of mineral varying due to the modification of PM addition,does not significantly alter the microstructure of the LSS except for superficial changes being noticed.     

改良膨胀土施工技术与改良土的性质研究

黄淮河冲积平原区广泛分布弱～中等膨胀土,用这种土作为高等级公路路堤填筑材料时,必须用掺石灰的方法对土体进行改良,以提高土体的强度,降低土体的胀缩性。改良膨胀土施工采用二次掺灰工艺、合适的石灰拌和方法和碾压机械组合对提高改良土的碾压质量很重要。系列现场和室内试验研究表明:采用二次拌灰工艺能够使石灰均匀并易于碾压。尽管压实天然土的CBR强度不满足规范的要求,但改良土的CBR强度高,自由膨胀率低,无压膨胀量小。改良土的微观结构与天然土明显不同,土粒间连接增强,基本看不到单粒形态。     

Effects of humic acid on physical and hydrodynamic properties of kaolin flocs by particle image velocimetry

The physical and hydrodynamic properties of kaolin flocs including floc size, strength, regrowth, fractal structure and settling velocity were investigated by in situ particle image velocimetry technique at different humic acid concentration. Jar-test experimental results showed that the adsorbed humic acid had a significant influence on the coagulation process for alum and ferric chloride. Kaolin flocs formed with the ferric chloride were larger and stronger than those for alum at same humic acid concentration. Floc strength and regrowth were estimated by strength factor and recovery factor at different humic acid concentration. It was found that the increased humic acid concentration had a slight influence on the strength of kaolin flocs and resulted in much worse floc regrowth. In addition, the floc regrowth after breakage depended on the shear history and coagulants under investigation. The changes in fractal structure recorded continuously by in situ particle image velocimetry technique during the growth-breakage-regrowth processes provided a supporting information that the kaolin flocs exhibited a multilevel structure. It was proved that the increased humic acid concentration resulted in decrease in mass fractal dimension of kaolin flocs and consequently worse sedimentation performance through free-settling and microbalance techniques.     

粉煤灰炉渣加固土的室内无侧限抗压强度试验研究(英文)

给出了用粉煤灰、炉渣等工业废料加固土的室内无侧限抗压强度试验结果,分析了加固土无侧限抗压强度与外加剂掺量、养护龄期之间的影响规律,得出了针对不同工业废料加固土所用外加剂的最佳掺量。     

Clays in radioactive waste disposal

Clays and argillites are considered in some countries as possible host rocks for nuclear waste disposal at great depth.The use of compacted swelling clays as engineered barriers is also considered within the framework of the multi-barrier concept.In relation to these concepts,various research programs have been conducted to assess the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of radioactive waste disposal at great depth.After introducing the concepts of waste isolation developed in Belgium,France and Switzerland,the paper describes the retention and transfer properties of engineered barriers made up of compacted swelling clays in relation to microstructure features.Some features of the thermo-mechanical behaviors of three possible geological barriers,namely Boom clay（Belgium）,Callovo-Oxfordian clay（France） and Opalinus clay（Switzerland）,are then described,including the retention and transfer properties,volume change behavior,shear strength and thermal aspects.     

大气氧化致诱黏性土土性异变现象及其机理

关注了常温、常压、常态的大气环境下黏性土土性发生缓慢异变现象。以湛江黏土为研究对象,在大气氧化影响下,土色由青灰色、绿灰色变为淡黄棕、黄棕色;颗粒团聚程度增强,塑性、膨胀性、收缩性、灵敏性、结构屈服强度皆有所降低。大气氧化对土性改造使其力学性质有所强化,但因结构强度的减损对其力学稳定性的影响是长期的,且潜在危害较大。通过建立结构概化模型讨论了大气氧化致诱黏性土土性异变机理,大气环境诱发氧化还原环境变化,水-土-大气间的化学反应与运动影响颗粒间作用力改变,导致结构单元体联结形式更改进而重塑微观结构形态,控制土体的稳定性状态。氧化反应促使土中铁离子的化合价升高,在浓度梯度与土颗粒表面吸附能的作用下发生迁移并伴随着胶体态氧化铁的老化反应向晶质态发展,由#x0201c;混铁#x0201d;变为#x0201c;包铁#x0201d;为主的存在形式,微观结构变为低塑性的、物理接触的、弱结构强度的散凝结构。该研究可为因环境变化引起的地质灾害、工程灾害的预防、控制和治理提供了一定的理论支持。