黄鳍金枪鱼块常用解冻方法的比较

为获得金枪鱼块的较适解冻方法。比较常用解冻方法对金枪鱼块的影响,包括自然空气解冻、冷藏库解冻、温盐水组合解冻、静水解冻。测定解冻时间以及解冻后72h 内鱼肉色泽、剪切力、pH 值、菌落总数和感官指标的变化。综合这5 个指标得出,温盐水组合解冻能更好地保持金枪鱼的品质,解冻后得到的鱼块a* 值为12.30,剪切力为342.48g,感官得分12.80,且在贮藏48h 内卫生指标均在行业标准范围之内。其中,色泽和剪切力能更好地表征金枪鱼肉品质的变化。     

温度波动对大目金枪鱼低温流通期间品质变化的影响

为研究温度波动对大目金枪鱼低温流通期间品质变化的影响，本实验分别模拟了冷链（CK组）与2 种断链（超市直销模式L1组、超市零售模式L2组）流通过程，并通过质构分析、pH值、高铁肌红蛋白质量分数、总挥发性盐基氮含量、组胺含量、菌落总数与感官分析等指标，综合表征不同低温流通过程对大目金枪鱼品质变化的影响。结果表明：各组样品在流通过程中的pH值、高铁肌红蛋白质量分数、总挥发性盐基氮含量、组胺含量与菌落总数均呈上升趋势；相较于CK组与L1组，L2组样品流通期间的温度波动最大，其硬度与咀嚼性增长最显著，品质劣变最明显；L2组样品在216 h时，pH值为6.66，高铁肌红蛋白质量分数升至35.23%，鱼肉褐变严重；此时，大目金枪鱼的总挥发性盐基氮含量为19.14 mg/100 g，组胺含量为89.97 mg/kg，菌落总数为5.43（lg（CFU/g）），感官评分为－2；由指标间的相关性分析可知，各组鱼肉样品间的高铁肌红蛋白质量分数、总挥发性盐基氮含量、组胺含量、菌落总数互相间呈显著正相关（P＜0.01、P＜0.05），这些指标可用于评价大目金枪鱼在不同低温流通过程中的品质变化。同时，流通期间应尽量减少温度波动，尤其是剧烈温度波动，其对大目金枪鱼的品质易造成明显影响。     

解冻方法对船上冻结南极磷虾品质变化的影响

以解冻后南极磷虾的蒸煮损失、表面活性巯基、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(TBARS)和菌落总数为指标,分析了低温解冻、流水解冻、碎冰解冻及室温解冻对船上冻结南极磷虾品质变化的影响。结果表明:不同解冻方法对南极磷虾的蒸煮损失没有明显差异(P<0.05);流水解冻方法南极磷虾的菌落总数较高,TVB-N和TBARS含量较低;低温解冻方法解冻时间较长,很难保证南极磷虾的品质;室温解冻方法南极磷虾的TVB-N含量最高。与其他解冻方法相比,碎冰解冻更适合保证南极磷虾品质。     

气体加压解冻对金枪鱼贮藏品质的影响

研究气体加压解冻对金枪鱼解冻及贮藏期间品质变化的影响,将金枪鱼分为O_2加压解冻组、CO_2加压解冻组及托盘包装解冻组,在4℃冷藏条件下解冻后进行托盘包装贮藏,以汁液流失率、pH值、色泽、嫩度、硫代巴比妥酸反应底物值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)、高铁肌红蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、菌落总数等理化指标的变化为依据评价金枪鱼的品质变化。结果表明:O_2加压解冻可以维持金枪鱼解冻时的色泽,并对贮藏期间金枪鱼的品质影响不大;CO_2加压解冻能够延缓贮藏过程中金枪鱼TBARs值上升,对脂肪氧化有抑制作用,从而维持金枪鱼贮藏期间的营养价值。     

反复冻结-解冻对黄鳍金枪鱼肉品质的影响

为了研究反复冻结-解冻对金枪鱼品质的影响,对金枪鱼(分别贮藏于-60℃和-18℃)做4次冻结-解冻处理后测定理化指标[解冻汁液流失,红度值a*,质构特性(包括硬度,咀嚼性,黏着性和弹性)],挥发性气味成分(电子鼻),菌落总数。结果表明:随着冻结-解冻次数增加,解冻汁液流失增加,-60℃下汁液流失更多;-18℃贮藏a*值显著降低,-60℃下降趋势不明显;硬度,咀嚼性和弹性都显著降低,然而黏着性变化不大;-60℃相对-18℃贮藏下反复冻结-解冻后挥发性气味差异较显著;菌落总数变化不明显,且在安全范围内。因此,金枪鱼贮藏加工、运输和贮藏过程中保持温度的稳定要避免温度反复波动,且-60℃是作为维持品质的较佳贮藏温度。     

金枪鱼盐水浸渍过程中渗盐量及品质变化的研究

为研究渔船中金枪鱼经盐水冻结到冻结点后不及时取出对鱼体口感和品质的影响,将金枪鱼块分别进行CaCl2盐水、NaCl盐水及空气冻结,绘制5~-18℃的冻结曲线,测定达到冻结点后鱼块继续浸渍在盐水中其渗盐量和品质指标(感官评价、菌落总数、持水力、TBA、TVB-N、高铁肌红蛋白、组胺)随浸渍时间的变化。结果表明:CaCl2盐水冻结速度比NaCl盐水快28min;随浸渍时间的延长NaCl组渗盐量的增长量较CaCl2明显,0~20h内NaCl组渗盐量的变化为4.88%~9.66%;CaCl2、NaCl组的感官值分别在12、8h低于空气组,理化指标变化最小的CaCl2组0~20h TBA、TVB-N、高铁肌红蛋白的变化量分别为0.330、1.175mg/100g和3.58%,20h处CaCl2组的菌落总数、持水力、组胺含量分别为3.389lg CFU/g、49.88%、7.334mg/kg。鱼块在盐水中长时间浸渍不仅降低鱼肉的品质,而且影响鱼肉口感;CaCl2盐水不仅提高冻结速度,而且渗盐量低,对鱼肉口感影响小。研究结果为优化盐水冻结工艺提供了参考。     

不同气体比例对金枪鱼气调解冻及贮藏期间保鲜效果的影响

为减缓解冻过程及解冻后金枪鱼品质劣化,研究金枪鱼在不同气体比例条件下解冻及后续贮藏期间的品质变化。采用6种不同气体比例(100%O_2、20%O_2+80%N_2、60%O_2+40%N_2、40%O_2+60%CO_2、20%O_2+60%CO_2+20%N_2、40%O_2+40%CO_2+20%N_2),在4℃冷藏条件下对金枪鱼进行解冻及贮藏,以汁液流失率、pH值、色泽、嫩度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值、高铁肌红蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数等理化指标的变化为依据评价金枪鱼的品质变化。结果表明:气调解冻对金枪鱼的色泽影响较明显,并且气调包装有利于金枪鱼贮藏期间的保鲜,其中组4(40%O_2+60%CO_2)金枪鱼气调解冻及贮藏期间保鲜效果最好。     

不同解冻处理对猪肉理化特性及微生物数量的影响

以空气解冻、4 ℃冰箱解冻、静水解冻和微波解冻4 种不同解冻方式处理猪肉,分别测定处理后猪肉的汁 液流失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力值、色泽、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、 硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、菌落总数及乳酸菌数量,研究解冻方式 对猪肉品质的影响。结果表明：静水解冻后猪肉的解冻汁液流失率（2.74%）、蒸煮损失率（16.60%）、亮度值 （57.12）、红度值（13.94）、TVB-N含量（12.95 mg/100 g）和TBARs值（0.10 mg/100 g）低于其他3 种解冻方 式,pH值接近鲜肉,菌落总数及乳酸菌数量较低,因此静水解冻对猪肉的理化性质具有较好的保持作用;4 ℃冰箱 解冻后猪肉的剪切力值（25.41 N）最低,对猪肉嫩度的保持效果较好;微波解冻猪肉的黄度值（11.06）最低;随 着肉样冻结时间的延长,解冻肉中的菌落总数与乳酸菌数量均呈波动变化趋势;肉中的微生物数量对其理化性质具 有显著或极显著影响。在4 种解冻方式中,静水解冻能更好地保持猪肉品质。     

解冻方式对猪肉品质、理化性质与微观结构的影响

目的：探究冷冻猪肉最佳解冻方式。方法：考察了低频电场解冻、空气解冻、静水解冻3种解冻方式对解冻后猪肉的汁液损失率、水分含量、持水力、pH值、色差、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、质构特性、脂肪氧化和蛋白质氧化程度的影响。结果：低频电场解冻后汁液损失率（1.09%）、剪切力（2 600.15 N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）增加量（62.50%）较低，色泽好，pH值接近鲜肉，蛋白质氧化程度较小，滋味物质丰富，对肉的微观结构破坏小，肌肉组织和肌纤维结构保持较好；静水解冻后菌落总数较少、对蛋白质氧化巯基值的影响较小。结论：低频电场解冻下猪肉的品质、理化性质与微观结构要优于其他两种解冻方式。     

解冻方式对牦牛乳品质的影响

牦牛乳营养丰富，由于泌乳期较短人们常用冻藏的方式贮存，但是不同解冻方式对牦牛乳的品质有一定的影响。本研究观察不同解冻方式（4℃冷藏解冻、室温静水解冻、40℃水浴解冻、微波解冻）下-20℃和-40℃冻藏乳的品质差异。结果显示，静水解冻的冻结乳pH较低，菌落总数最多，在微生物的作用下营养成分含量也最低；冷藏解冻的冻结乳脂肪聚集程度最明显，稳定性最差；由于微波温度较高，使得微波解冻下牦牛乳的脂肪氧化度和蛋白水解度较高，营养成分含量偏低。相比较而言，40℃水浴解冻后乳的稳定性较高，解冻时间快，营养成分损失较少。此外，-40℃冻藏乳的蛋白和脂肪含量显著大于-20℃冻藏乳，提示冻结速率越快解冻时对乳品质的影响越小。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the