鲜切果蔬病原微生物侵染及其生物控制的研究进展

病原微生物的侵染不但影响鲜切果蔬的质量安全,还会危害人类健康。本文概述了新型鲜活农产品-鲜切果蔬病原微生物的种类、污染源、感染率、生长特点及影响因素等研究进展,并介绍了这些病原微生物的生物控制的研究概况。     

鲜切果蔬中生物保鲜剂的研究进展

随着人们对食品质量与安全的要求日益提高,鲜切果蔬保鲜技术迅速发展,生物保鲜剂因具有安全、高效等特点成为鲜切果蔬保鲜的研究热点。鲜切果蔬经分级、清洗、修整、去皮、切分、保鲜、包装等过程处理后,机械损伤、生理代谢、病原微生物污染等问题会引起鲜切果蔬腐烂、品质下降,给鲜活农产品的经济贸易带来了巨大损失,并对人类生命安全造成了重大威胁,因此本文综述了温度、气体环境、生理生化反应、微生物等几项能够导致鲜切果蔬褐变腐烂、品质下降的重要影响因素;总结了3种生物保鲜剂在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用,包括植物类天然保鲜剂、动物类天然保鲜剂和微生物保鲜剂;讨论了生物保鲜剂的不足,并对今后生物保鲜剂的发展进行了展望。     

鲜切果蔬天然抗菌剂的研究进展

鲜切果蔬因其新鲜营养、方便即食的优点,而拥有广阔的市场前景.由微生物引起的腐败变质及食源性疾病是影响鲜切果蔬质量与安全的重要因素,控制鲜切果蔬的微生物污染能够促进鲜切果蔬加工业健康稳定的发展.天然抗菌剂具有高效、无毒、环保等优点,采用天然抗菌剂控制鲜切果蔬的微生物污染能够减少化学合成类抗菌剂对人体健康产生的不良影响,避免食品加工过程中带来的潜在危害.概述了植物、动物和微生物来源的天然抗菌剂在鲜切果蔬微生物控制中的研究进展,并对鲜切果蔬天然抗菌剂的发展前景进行了分析.     

鲜切果蔬微生物污染及控制研究进展

微生物侵染是影响鲜切果蔬品质的重要因素之一。本文概述了鲜切果蔬中微生物的污染来源、种类及其对鲜切果蔬组织生理的影响,并对国内外微生物的控制方法进行了介绍。     

鲜切果蔬的微生物污染及其杀菌技术

鲜切果蔬是指经过挑选、清洗、控水、修整、分级、包装,有时根据需要去皮、切割的新鲜水果和蔬菜.鲜切果蔬由于具有清洁卫生、新鲜、食用方便等特点,越来越受到消费者的喜爱.微生物是影响鲜切果蔬质量与安全的重要因素.本文概述了鲜切果蔬微生物污染的来源和种类、常用的杀菌剂种类、冷杀菌技术,并对鲜切果蔬的应用前景进行了展望.     

鲜切果蔬中微生物及其控制

微生物是影响鲜切果蔬质量的关键因素之一,控制微生物的生长对鲜切果蔬有重要意义。本文概述了鲜切果蔬中微生物的种类、数量和生长情况,着重介绍了抑制鲜切果蔬中微生物生长的最新研究进展和控制方法。     

清洗技术对鲜切果蔬微生物与品质影响的研究进展

清洗是鲜切果蔬加工过程中必不可少的环节,清洗不仅可以减少微生物数量,还可以去除果蔬经切分后流出的组织汁液,减缓褐变反应,降低营养成分损失,提高食用品质。本文综述了物理清洗、化学清洗和生物清洗技术通过物理或化学作用破坏微生物细胞壁、细胞膜和DNA等而导致其死亡的杀菌机理及其对鲜切果蔬中PPO和POD等褐变相关酶活的抑制作用以及这些技术对鲜切果蔬中V_C、叶绿素和固形物含量等营养物质的维持效果,同时还归纳了适合不同种类鲜切果蔬的清洗技术条件,提出了鲜切果蔬清洗技术的研究方向,以期为今后研究不同清洗技术对鲜切果蔬微生物与品质的影响提供理论依据。     

鲜切果蔬包装技术研究进展

鲜切果蔬因失去外层组织保护,再加上微生物侵害,品质不易保持。适当的包装可以从改善鲜切果蔬周围环境、减少微生物数量、延长货架期和维持鲜切果蔬品质等方面起重要作用。本文结合鲜切果蔬保鲜过程中的品质变化特点,对国内外鲜切果蔬包装技术的发展动态进行了研究,系统总结和分析了气调包装、涂膜包装、真空包装等不同包装技术的保鲜原理与研究进展,归纳了适合鲜切果蔬的包装技术参数;同时,结合鲜切果蔬包装的技术要求,提出了鲜切果蔬包装的研究趋势。该文为鲜切果蔬包装技术与装备的研究提供参考。     

分析鲜切果蔬中四种病原微生物多重PCR检测技术

针对目前多重PCR检测技术应用过程中存在的问题,文章从实践角度出发,阐述了研究鲜切果蔬中四种病原微生物多重PCR检测技术的应用过程,并分析了检测试验结果,其目的是为相关建设者提供一些理论依据。     

鲜切果蔬贮藏保鲜技术的研究进展

鲜切果蔬因具有营养丰富和新鲜度高的优点,日益受到国内外消费者的喜爱。鲜切果蔬经清理、去皮、切分等处理后,组织结构受到损害,容易出现组织褐变、质地下降和微生物侵染等问题,货架期随之缩短。简述了影响鲜切果蔬品质的原因,并重点介绍了近年来国内外鲜切果蔬保鲜技术的新进展,其中包括物理、化学、生物及综合保鲜技术。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发,介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.