稀土催渗离子渗氮层中晶体缺陷的研究

用透射电镜研究了稀土催渗离子渗氮层中的晶体缺陷。结果表明,稀土催渗使γ'-Fe_4N晶粒显著细化,晶界面缺陷的增加有利于氮原子的扩散。在γ'-Fe_4N晶粒内有许多尺寸较小的空位型Frank位错环及其蜷线位错和堆垛层错等晶体缺陷;扩散层铁素体中存在高密度位错及位错环。大量空位的存在,以及位错吸引空位运动,是加速渗氮的主要原因。     

稀土催渗离了渗氮层中晶体缺陷的研究

用透射电镜研究了稀土催渗渗离子渗氮层中的晶体缺陷。结果表明,稀土催渗使γ′－Ｆｅ４Ｎ晶粒显著细化,晶界面缺陷的增加有利于氮原子的扩散。在γ′－Ｆｅ４Ｎ晶粒内有许多尺寸较小的空位型Ｆｒａｎｋ位错环及其蜷线位错和堆垛层错等晶体缺陷;扩散层铁素体中存在的高密度位错及位错环。大量空位的存在,以及位错吸引空位运动,是加速渗氮的主要原因。     

离子渗氮层中γ‘—Fe4N相内位错环和层错类型的研究

用透射电镜衍衬方法测定了稀土催渗离子渗氮层中γ’Ｆｅ４Ｎ相内位错环及层错的类型。     

2Cr13不锈钢的稀土催渗循环离子渗氮工艺研究

对2Cr13不锈钢进行稀土催渗循环离子渗氮试验,并和常规离子渗氮进行对比研究.利用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD、磨损机、扫描电镜及能谱仪对渗氮层进行分析.结果表明:稀土催渗循环离子渗氮工艺不仅能加快渗氮速度,提高耐磨性;而且可以使渗氮层的表面硬度提高、显微硬度梯度变得平缓,同时渗氮效果随循环次数增加而愈好.另外,还能优化2Cr13不锈钢渗氮层的相组成.扫描电镜结合能谱分析得知:添加到渗氮气氛中的纯稀土La存在于渗层中.既验证La的催渗效果,又说明La起到一定的微合金化作用.     

离子渗氮层γ‘—Fe4N相内位错环和层错类型的鉴别

用透射电镜衍衬方法测定了稀土催渗离子渗氮层γ’－Ｆｅ４Ｎ相内位错环及层错的类型。结果表明，位错环为ｂ＝１／３「１１１」空位型，其形成原因是：在离子渗氮过程中，设有离子的持续轰击导致大量空位点缺陷的产生，部分空位聚集成片崩塌而形成位错环。层错类型为抽出型，两侧的不全位错是１／６〈１１２〉型Ｓｈｏｃｋｌｅｙ不完全位错。     

离子渗氮层γ′-Fe_4N相内位错环和层错类型的鉴别

用透射电镜衍衬方法测定了稀土催渗离子渗氮层γ′ Fe4 N相内位错环及层错的类型。结果表明 ,位错环为b =13[111]空位型 ,其形成原因是 :在离子渗氮过程中 ,高能离子的持续轰击导致大量空位点缺陷的产生 ,部分空位聚集成片崩塌而形成位错环。层错类型为抽出型 ,两侧的不全位错是 16 〈112〉型Shockley不全位错     

Q235钢稀土催渗氮化的电化学行为研究

通过电化学方法测试了不同电解液中Cl^-离子浓度、温度以及pH值对稀土催渗Q235钢渗层的极化曲线的影响,分析了这3种因素对稀土催渗Q235钢渗氮层腐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明,在中性、碱性溶液中,在室温下和一定Cl^-离子浓度下渗氮层具有良好的耐蚀性能,从而说明了稀土催渗渗氮层比常规渗氮层具有更优越耐腐蚀能力的基本原因。此外,分别对Q235钢稀土催渗渗氮层和常规渗氮层的组织结构进行了金相观测,表明稀土催渗渗氮层生成厚约28μm的晶粒细小,组织致密的白亮层,从而具有良好的耐蚀性和更高的硬度。     

离子渗氮前预氧化催渗作用及机理

研究了预氧化对42CrMo钢离子渗氮的催渗作用及机理。采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD、SEM和接触角测量仪研究了渗氮层厚度、渗氮层物相、预氧化后表面形貌和表面自由能。结果表明,预氧化对离子渗氮具有明显的催渗作用,在300℃预氧化30 min后进行离子渗氮(500℃、4 h),化合物层厚度达到15μm,是不经预氧化处理的传统离子渗氮化合物层厚度的2倍以上;有效扩散层厚度达到最大值570μm,明显高于传统离子渗氮的有效扩散层厚度。研究还表明,300℃预氧化30 min后表面产生了大量纳米级氧化物颗粒和微裂纹、孔洞,同时接触角最小、表面自由能最大,离子渗氮阶段氧化物可以有效地转化为氮化物。由此推测预氧化催渗机理可能是表面纳米级氧化物颗粒和微裂纹、孔洞的形成,一方面有利于活性氮原子的吸附,从而促进化合层的形成,另一方面为氮原子提供的扩散通道,有利于扩散层的增加。     

42CrMo钢的钛催渗等离子渗氮工艺

研究了不同渗氮时间下钛元素对42CrMo钢常规离子渗氮工艺的作用效果,表征分析了不同渗氮工艺下试样表面的渗层组织及性能。结果表明,钛催渗离子渗氮试样的表面硬度和渗层深度均明显高于常规离子渗氮。在535℃×3 h的工艺条件下,钛催渗离子渗氮试样渗层的表面硬度达到887.4 HV0.2,渗氮层厚度约为400μm。钛元素的加入促进了氮元素的渗透和扩散,在试样表面生成高硬度化合物TiN。相较于相同保温时间下的常规离子渗氮,钛催渗离子渗氮试样表面硬度提高了60 HV0.2,渗层厚度增加了80μm,渗氮效率提升了约25%。与常规离子渗氮相比,钛催渗离子渗氮工艺具有显著优势,不仅有利于改善渗层组织性能,增强渗氮效果,还提高了渗氮效率,使渗氮周期明显缩短。     

2CrB钢稀土催渗离子SNC共渗的研究及应用

通过对2CrB马氏体不锈钢进行离子渗氮、离子SNC共渗和稀土催渗离子SNC共渗三种工艺的对比试验.实验结果表明,稀土催渗离子SNC共渗工艺可有效地提高2CrB钢共渗层深度,增加渗层硬度.稀土元素的加入有利于γ′相的形成,减小ε相;明显地细化渗层组织;促进复合型(FeCr)_3(N,C)_2化合物弥散细小析出,弥散强化效果明显.2CrB鼓风机叶片经稀土催渗离子SNC共渗后,能够保证整个叶面的硬度HV_5≥800,渗层深度δ>0.25mm的技术要求.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。