长余辉蓄光玻璃的制备及其性能研究

利用传统陶瓷制备方法合成了SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy长余辉发光粉体,该磷光体主发射波长位于520nm,余辉时间长达8h以上。并以硼硅酸盐低熔点玻璃为底材,掺杂该发光粉体,在一定温度下烧成,结果制得长余辉蓄光玻璃。研究还表明,烧成温度对该玻璃的发光性能影响较大,随着温度的升高,发光强度及余辉时间明显下降。     

废玻璃再生利用制备长余辉蓄光釉面砖及其性能的研究

利用传统陶瓷制备方法合成了SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy长余辉发光粉体,该磷光体主发射波长位于520nm,余辉时间长达20h以上,将发光粉掺入适量的低熔点玻璃料,经780℃烧成30min合成了性能较好的低温发光釉料,以废玻璃,粘土为主要原料添加其它少量助剂,经过成型,预烧,将低发光釉料涂覆在其上,在一定温度下烧成,制得长余辉蓄光釉面砖。     

烧成条件对长余辉蓄光玻璃光学性能的影响

以ＳｒＡｌ_２Ｏ_４：Ｅｕ,Ｄｙ长余辉发光粉体和低熔点硼硅酸盐玻璃为原料,在一定条件下合成了长余辉蓄光玻璃．研究结果表明,烧成温度和保温时间对该玻璃的发光效果影响较大．温度越高,保温时间越长,由于空气的氧化作用,蓄光玻璃的发光效果越差,本试验控制烧成温度在７５０～８００℃间,保温时间在 １０ｍｉｎ以内,能合成性能较好的蓄光玻璃．余辉衰减曲线表明蓄光玻璃的发光性能较之原始发光粉体有所下降．ＳＥＭ分析表明,低温合成的蓄光玻璃中,所含能继续保持发光性质的粉体料,明显比高温合成样要多．     

掺杂稀土CaAl 2O4基发光材料的制备及其发光机制

用固相烧结法制备了亮度高、余辉时间长的CaAl2O4:Eu,RE(RE为Nd,Dy)发光粉体材料,并对其发光性能进行了研究。发光粉体的发射光谱表明,其主发射峰均位于440nm左右。余辉衰减曲线证明其余辉衰减过程存在快速衰减和慢衰减两个过程。对于长余辉发光机制,认为Nd,Dy的加入起到了陷阱能级作用,从而延长了发光时间,增强发光亮度。并且在此基质材料中,Nd的陷阱深度比Dy的更合适,因而CaAl2O4:Eu,Nd的发光性能要优于CaAl2O4:Eu,Dy。     

H3BO3对化学共沉淀法制备Sr4Al14O25：Eu^2＋、Dy^3＋的影响

采用化学共沉淀法制备Sr4Al14O25:Eu^2 、Dy^3 长余辉发光粉体。研究了H3BO3的加入对粉体的相组成，晶体结构，发光性能与长余辉特性的影响。结果表明．加入的H3BO3大部分不进入晶格．作为助熔剂有利于Sr4Al14O25相的形成．一小部分H3BO3进入晶格中取代Al^3 离子并且对Sr4Al14O25:Eu^2 、Dy^3 长余辉发光粉体的发光性能与长余辉特性都有显著的提高．然而过量的H3BO3加入则会降低粉体的长余辉特性．本实验所获得H3BO3合适的添加量为0．7mol。     

电子束还原SrAl_2O_4:(Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+))长余辉材料的力致发光研究

通过高温烧结和电子束还原法制备了SrAl2O4:(Eu2+,Dy3+)长余辉发光材料,并利用球磨获得了SrAl2O4:(Eu2+,Dy3+)长余辉发光粉。通过把发光粉与环氧树脂混合制备了含有SrAl2O4:(Eu2+,Dy3+)长余辉发光粉的夜光胶,利用丝网印刷涂敷技术及热处理在石英玻璃上涂敷了厚度为1000 nm量级的SrAl2O4:(Eu2+,Dy3+)长余辉发光膜。通过小球下落冲击法和一套自制的基于一个雪崩二极管和皮安表的测试装置研究了这种长余辉发光膜的力致发光特性。研究发现,电子束还原法制备的SrAl2O4:(Eu2+,Dy3+)长余辉发光膜具有很好的力致发光特性,具有高达1.25的信背比和很高的信噪比。力致发光强度与小球下落前的初始高度即冲击发生前小球的动能成指数关系,光谱特性及衰减特性与长余辉发光相似。上述结果表明,力致发光是小球冲击能传递给电子并引起电子进入陷阱能级然后释放引起的。     

长余辉发光Lyocell纤维的制备与性能研究

通过采用不同偶联剂对长余辉发光粉末进行表面处理,比较其在NMMO水溶液中的沉降性变化,优选出合适的钛酸酯偶联剂以提高发光粉在NMMO水溶液中的分散稳定性,并采用干湿法纺丝,成功制备了长余辉绿色发光Lyocell纤维。结果表明,通过对发光粉的偶联剂处理,所得发光Lyocell纤维强度略有提高。随着发光粉含量的增加,纤维的热性能和结晶度有所降低,初始发光亮度提高。当发光粉含量>10%(质量分数)时,纤维的衰减时间常数迅速增大,余辉性能提高。     

稀土发光玻璃的制备与性能研究

利用高温固相合成法在还原气氛中,合成了新型长余辉发光粉CaxSr1-xAl2O4:Eu 2 ,并以硼酸盐体系玻璃B2O3-(Na,K)2O-XO和硅硼酸盐体系玻璃SiO2-B2O3-(Na,K)2O-X2O-XO 的低熔点玻璃作为载体,掺杂该发光粉合成了稀土蓄光发光玻璃.实验改进了合成发光玻璃的热处理方法,提出二阶段的热处理方案,确定了发光玻璃的最佳合成温度分别为820℃和880℃.并根据SEM结果,对两种发光玻璃的表面质量及发光强度进行了对比分析,发现合成的硼硅酸盐发光玻璃的稳定性和发光效果要好于硼酸盐发光玻璃.     

纳米铝酸锶长余辉发光粉体的制备与性能表征

采用共沉淀法首先制得铝酸锶前驱体,经水热处理后煅烧获得了颗粒尺寸约为50nm的SrAl2O4:Eu2 ,Dy3 长余辉发光粉体.利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、荧光分光光度计和余辉测试仪等手段对粉体进行了表征.结果表明,在相同的煅烧条件下,与直接煅烧前驱体获得的粉体相比,经水热处理的粉体不仅颗粒尺寸小、粒度分布均匀而且发光性能(亮度和余辉)优异.     

一种Eu2+激活的铝酸锶长余辉结构

采用高温烧结工艺制备了一系列铝酸锶铕体系的长余辉发光粉。其荧光光谱表明,铝锶比例对长余辉颜色有明显的影响。通过ＸＲＤ分析,讨论了铝锶比例对发光粉基质结构的影响,并对发光颜色变化的原因作了进一步的解释。当铝锶比例达到５：１时,荧光光谱只在４１０ｎｍ左右显示一个单峰,ＸＲＤ分析表明,该发射峰是Ｅｕ＾２＋在一基质结构－－ＳｒＡＩ１２Ｏ１９中产生的,ＳｒＡＩ１２Ｏ１０：Ｅｕ＾２＋发光结构的长余辉特性亦得到验证。     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹脆性断裂的最小J_2准则

实际工程的结构中,裂纹多处于复合型状态,因此复合型裂纹断裂的理论研究有着更为重要的理论意义和实用价值。本文以Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为研究对象,将偏应力张量的第二不变量2J作为判定依据,预测了裂纹起裂的角度以及开裂荷载,并与一些实验数据进行了比较,符合得也较好。计算结果进一步表明了在裂纹起裂引起的应变能转化过程中,起主要作用的是形状改变比能这一事实,由此得出了另一个结论是在裂纹尖端,平行于裂纹方向的应力级数展开式中非奇异项对裂纹的开裂角度以及开裂荷载是有影响的。     

Three-dimensional numerical investigation of brittle bond fracture

A fracture mechanics based analysis of interface bond failure is presented. The bond edge is regarded as an interface crack front loaded under combined mode 1, 2 and 3 loading, and results are obtained for the critical stress for initiation of bond failure and the location along the bond edge where failure is initiated. A numerical procedure is formulated to study the propagation of the interface crack following initiation. Assuming that the crack propagates at the interface, a criterion for propagation is formulated, and it is shown that the crack front shape predicted is consistent with the basic interface fracture mechanics assuming quasi-static crack propagation. Results for the bond strength are presented for different fracture criteria and different bond shapes.     

A new method to estimate the plane strain fracture toughness of materials

Although the testing method for fracture toughness K_IC has been implemented for decades, the strict specimen size requirements make it difficult to get the accurate K_IC for the high‐toughness materials. In this study, different specimen sizes of high‐strength steels were adopted in fracture toughness testing. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces of the K_IC specimen, it is shown that the fracture energy can be divided into 2 distinct parts: (1) the energy for flat fracture and (2) the energy for shear fracture. According to the energy criterion, the K_IC values can be acquired by small‐size specimens through derivation. The results reveal that the estimated toughness value is consistent with the experimental data. The new method would be widely applied to predict the fracture toughness of metallic materials with small‐size specimens.     

Calibration procedures for a computational model of ductile fracture

A recent extension of the Gurson constitutive model of damage and failure of ductile structural alloys accounts for localization and crack formation under shearing as well as tension. When properly calibrated against a basic set of experiments, this model has the potential to predict the emergence and propagation of cracks over a wide range of stress states. This paper addresses procedures for calibrating the damage parameters of the extended constitutive model. The procedures are demonstrated for DH36 steel using data from three tests: (i) tension of a round bar, (ii) mode I cracking in a compact tension specimen, and (iii) shear localization and mode II cracking in a shear-off specimen. The computational model is then used to study the emergence of the cup-cone fracture mode in the neck of a round tensile bar. Ductility of a notched round bar provides additional validation.     

On the failure of cracks under mixed-mode loads

Fracture of plates containing a crack under mixed-mode, I and II, loading conditions is investigated. Fracture mechanisms are first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior. Two distinct features are observed and they are typical of shear and tensile types of failure. From this correlation, a fracture criterion based on the competition of the attainment of a tensile fracturing stress σ_{_C} and a shear fracturing stress τ_{_C} at a fixed distance around the crack tip is proposed. Material ductility is incorporated using τ_{_C}/σ_{_C} determined from classical material failure theories. The type of fracture is predicted by comparing τ_{_max}/σ_{_max} at r=r_{_C} for a given mixed mode loading to the material ductility_{τ_C/σ_C} , i.e. τ_{_max}/σ_{_max})<(τ_{_C} /σ_{_C}) for tensile type of fracture and (τ_{_max}/σ_{_max}) r (τ_{_C}/ σ_{_C}) for shear type of fracture. It is found that, for typical engineering structural metals with certain ductility, (1) crack propagation initiates according to the maximum hoop stress criterion when the the mode mixity is near mode I and according to the maximum shear stress criterion when the mode mixity is near mode II, and (2) the transition of the failure from tensile to shear type can be predicted by the proposed criterion. For brittle materials the maximum hoop (opening) stress always reaches the tensile fracturing stress before the maximum shear stress reaches the shear fracturing stress of the material at a crack tip. Therefore, specimens made of brittle materials tend to fail under the maximum hoop stress criterion, as demonstrated by Erdogan and Sih (1963) and others. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同形态铁素体试样低温断裂行为的研究

采用热模拟方法,模拟不同形态的针状铁素体、板条状铁素体和魏氏组织的试样,测定试样的断裂参量,发现不同形态伯铁素体具有不同的解理断裂应力σｆ,而且韧性高的σｆ也高;断口分析结果也表明,不同的铁素体具有不同的断口特征。低温下解理断裂的发生满足两个条件;切应力达到临界的切应力;正应力达到解理断裂应力。     

Discrete fractal fracture mechanics

A modification of the classical theory of brittle fracture of solids is offered by relating discrete nature of crack propagation to the fractal geometry of the crack. The new model incorporates all previously considered theories of fracture processes, in particular the Griffith [Griffith AA. The phenomenon of rupture and flow in solids. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond 1921;A221:163-398] theory, its contemporary extension known as LEFM and the most recently developed Quantized Fracture Mechanics (QFM) by Pugno and Ruoff [Pugno N, Ruoff RS. Quantized fracture mechanics. Philos Mag 2004;84(27):2829-45]. Using an equivalent smooth blunt crack for a given fractal crack, we find that assuming that radius of curvature of the blunt crack is a material property, the crack roughens while propagating. In other words, fractal dimension at the crack tip is a monotonically increasing function of the nominal crack length, i.e., the presence of the Mirror-Mist-Hackle phenomenon is analytically demonstrated.     

Evaluation of the fracture toughness properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Dupont Tradename Teflon) is a common polymer with many structural applications including sheet, gaskets, bearing pads, piston rings and diaphragms. The interest here developed because this polymer is being considered as the major component of a newly proposed `reactive' material with a possible application as a projectile to replace common inertial projectiles. Little mechanical property data is available on this material since it is commonly used only as a coating material with the dominant properties being its low friction coefficient and high application temperature. Previous work (Joyce, 2003) on commercially available sheet PTFE material has demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method of ASTM E1820 (1999), the elastic-plastic fracture toughness standard to develop fracture toughness properties of this material over a range of test temperatures and loading rates. Additional work on the aluminum filled `reactive' derivative of the basic PTFE polymer (Joyce and Joyce, 2004) has also recently been completed. In this work, standard ASTM E1820 fracture toughness specimens machined from sintered pucks of PTFE were tested at four test temperatures and at a range of test rates to determine the J _Ic and J resistance curve characteristics of the PTFE material. The major results are that while crack extension is difficult at standard laboratory loading rates at ambient (21 °C) temperature or above, for temperatures slightly below ambient or for elevated loading rates, a rapid degradation of fracture resistance occurs and cracking occurs in a ductile or even nearly brittle manner.     

Prediction of the Brittle Fracture Toughness of Neutron-Irradiated Reactor Pressure-Vessel Steels. Part 1

The irradiation effect on the temperature dependence of the brittle fracture toughness of reactor pressure-vessel steels is simulated using the probabilistic model for the fracture-toughness prediction, which was proposed by the authors earlier. The paper analyzes the irradiation effect on the parameters controlling the plastic deformation and brittle fracture of reactor pressure-vessel steels. We consider the mechanisms of microcrack nucleation in nonirradiated, irradiated, and post-irradiation-annealed reactor pressure-vessel steels.     

Fracture resistance of 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia

Anin situ technique for the assessment of fracture resistance employing double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens was developed in the present study. The side-grooved DCB specimens were loaded with pure bending moments in a specially designed and fabricated test fixture which went inside the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. The study as conducted on a 8 mol% fully stabilized cubic phase yttria (Y₂O₃) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic. The powder processed sheets were sintered at 1600°C for 2 h in a zirconia tube furnace. The mode I applied energy release rate, G_I was determined for both pure YSZ and treated YSZ. Two sets of experiments were conducted for the complete characterization of the ceramics. Three fracture toughness values were determined for the pure and treated ceramics, viz. (i) at the onset of the crack initiation,G _ic, (ii) at the arrest of a subcritical crack, G_ia and (iii) at the onset of the fast fracture,G _if. Two analyses of the experimental data were carried out, viz. method of extrapolation and statistical analysis. In case of the pure YSZ, a transgranular mode of the stable crack growth was identified to be predominant. The porous coating treatment appeared to have positive effects as the crack initiation resistance increased due to electrode layers. The stable crack growth behaviours of the ceramics were investigated by monitoring the crack growth velocity as a function of appliedG values. The results obtained were of direct significance in designing and fabrication of SOFC stacks.