一种基于多维度生态评估的自然保护地 边界优化方法——以三江源国家公园黄河源 园区为例

科学准确划定自然保护地边界是设立保护地及制 定和实施保护管理措施的首要前提，厘清自然保护地边界 是在整合优化自然保护地的过程中首要解决的问题。以生 物多样性与生态系统服务双保护为目标，基于InVEST和 SWAT模型综合评估生态系统服务，并基于生物完整性等级 (Degree of Biological Integrity，DBI)和生态增强因子 (Enhancement Factor，EF)评估了保护成本及生态效益， 提出了一种自然保护地的边界优化方法。基于这种方法将三江 源国家公园黄河源园区的现有边界优化为涵盖总体自然边界、 核心生态边界与管理边界的多重边界，从而使生态系统服务得 到最大限度的保护，使生物多样性保护得到一定程度的加强， 并同时考虑管理效益，确保新增保护成本较低。     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

国土空间规划背景下城市生态空间研究进展

生态系统服务综合管理是保障城市生态安全和优化国 土空间格局的重要途径。城市中心城区生态空间稀缺、生态环 境压力大、居民需求多样,面临着生态系统服务供需空间分异 大、生态管控复杂的问题。因此,量化城市生态系统服务供给 和需求,识别生态供给与居民需求的空间分布差异,是提升生 态系统服务供给效率的重要途径,也是支撑城市用地空间进行 科学规划管控的关键。以桂林市中心城区为例,利用生态系统 服务供需比测度城市水源涵养、降温效益、雨洪调节、碳汇服 务、土壤保持、生物多样性保护和游憩服务7项生态系统服务供 需水平,并基于聚类分析识别了5类生态系统服务供需簇,耦合 供需匹配与失衡区、生态保护区,划定三级生态保护与管控区 和两类生态修复与功能提升区。依据分区的生态本底特点、分 区内各类服务供需水平等,提出分级分类的管控指引和优化策 略,以期为城市生态空间的规划与管理提供参考。     

生态系统服务评估在美国城市绿色基础设施建设中的应用进展评述

城市绿色基础设施提供着雨洪管理、空气净化、气候调节、能耗节约、提供生态栖息地以及文化功能等重要的生态系统服务。近年来,在美国国家环保局、美国风景园林基金会等相关组织机构的倡导下,生态系统服务监测和评估被结合到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设之中。本文分析了城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的研究进展和评估方法,并归纳了现今美国生态系统服务评估在绿色基础设施建设中的应用方式,包括为政策制定提供量化依据、为项目认证提供评价标准、以及为项目建设提供收益分析3种类型。最后,本文探讨了对我国绿色基础设施建设的相关启发,包括加强城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务研究和实践的结合,重视城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务的整体性和协同性,以及完善基于生态系统服务的城市绿色基础设施绩效监测体系3个方面。     

基于生态基础设施的城市空间发展格局——“反规划”之台州案例

以浙江省台州市为例,系统地介绍了城市物质空间的“反规划”途径,通过建立保障土地生命系统完整性和地域特色的生态基础设施(EI),在宏观、中观和微观三个尺度上来定义城市空间发展格局和形态。宏观尺度上,首先建立洪水安全格局、生物多样性保护安全格局、文化遗产安全格局和游憩景观安全格局等,并整合这些安全格局而形成区域EI,以引导和框限城市总体空间发展格局;在中观尺度上,通过对EI元素的控制,完善城市EI,并作为城市内部空间结构的基本框架;在微观尺度上,通过地段设计,将区域EI的生态服务功能导引入城市肌理,并以此为基础,形成独特的城市土地利用模式。研究表明,人地关系的协调不仅是一个量的问题,更重要的是一种空间关系和格局的协调。     

自然资本引领绿色基础设施可持续管理

自然资本是将人类赖以生存的自然环境资本化,以资本的视角看待自然.绿色基础设施的物质客体作为自然资本存量的组成部分,为人类社会提供了蕴含巨大价值的生态系统服务.将自然资本与绿色基础设施紧密结合,有利于精准制定政策以协调经济发展和自然管理的关系,实现国土空间内自然资本增值.通过梳理30多年来自然资本理论的演变特征,认为自然...     

远程耦合：绿色基础设施绩效评价的空间 生态智慧

绿色基础设施提供的非原位生态系统服务通过服务流动耦合存在空间分异的自然系统和人类系统，并以需求效度表征远程供需空间和数量上的匹配程度，才能真实反映绿色基础设施的绩效能力。在生态智慧的引领下，运用远程耦合框架对供需关系进行重新思考，通过空间关联、空间过程和空间协同的系统性内涵，深化绿色基础设施非原位生态系统服务在空间上的认知，同时运用生态系统服务理论及其评价体系为远程空间的复杂关系呈现提供理论和量化途径，重建绿色基础设施绩效评价的技术框架。最后，基于远程耦合的空间系统、路径系统和交付意愿实现供需匹配、分配和利益的正和博弈，同时认知绿色基础设施的关键生态系统服务，识别、测度和制图绿色基础设施“供给-流-需求”的全过程，反馈需求效度并进行重点空间的调控，构建绿色基础设施绩效评价的实施框架。     

基于LDA主题模型的湖泊公园生态系统 文化服务公众感知研究

湖泊公园是城市蓝绿空间的重要类型之一,开展湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知量化研究,对保护生态环境和提升游憩空间质量具有重要意义。以武汉市8个典型湖泊公园为研究对象,爬取公园网络评论数据,利用LDA主题模型挖掘潜在主题,结合社会网络分析法和情感分析模型,并对比问卷调查结果,探讨湖泊公园生态系统文化服务感知差异。结果表明：湖泊公园生态系统文化服务公众感知维度有休闲娱乐、审美体验、运动健康、社交互动、历史文化和科普教育;主导服务类型是休闲娱乐和审美体验,而科普教育是最不易被感知的;公园可达性、周边文化建设、园内基础设施及自身特色是影响感知频率和满意度的主要因素;不同年龄段人群的使用需求和活动类型差异对感知满意度有一定影响。因此,未来湖泊公园的建设可在科普主题活动举办、特色湖泊文化景观、公园配套服务设施、生态环境治理等方面进一步完善,并关注多年龄段人群需求,从而提升公园服务品质。     

武汉中心城区生态系统服务额外需求 量化评估——缘起绿色基础设施供需错配

生态系统服务从产生到使用是一个动态流动过程,分别对应着生态系统服务的供给与需求,然而在城市化过程中,人口的聚集及绿色基础设施的破碎导致城市生态系统服务供需失衡极为严重。当生态系统服务供给无法满足需求时,则存在生态系统服务额外需求。通过量化评估生态系统服务的额外需求,将为绿色基础设施的精确供给提供决策依据。以武汉中心城区为例,以街区作为基本单元,选择合适的环境质量标准作为额外需求阈值,对以下4项生态系统服务额外需求进行量化评估与空间制图:空气净化、雨洪调节、温度调节和游憩服务,并采用熵值法求得各项服务的权重,叠加得到综合的生态系统服务额外需求。最终评估结果可作为武汉中心城区绿色基础设施优先实施区域与类型的规划依据。     

城市规划中几种生态范式探讨

本文应用“范式”理论，对城市 规划中协调城市与自然关系的生态思想 与方法体系进行了分析，将其总结为朴素 的自然保育生态范式、绿地系统范式、自 然适宜度范式、复合系统生态范式以及 景观生态范式。5种生态范式各有不同的 起源、亟待重点解决的问题以及内在的 不足，文章认为未来生态范式可能向“格 局—功能—过程”综合生态范式转换。     

“冲突”抑或“协作”——生态博弈机制下的城市开发边界划定路径

自然资源紧约束增强背景下,基于生态视角划定城市开发边界的必要性已渐成共识,但既往研究较少考量生态机制用于边界设定的复杂性,即同一用地承载多样生态功能、功能间存在彼此增益的互助或此消彼长的竞争。对此,为统筹各服务功能保护与使用的均衡效益,本文通过生态系统服务(ESs)价值当量评价与协同权衡机制多元统计解析,推演较优生态博弈情景及约束条件,并交予元胞自动机(CCA)动态模拟,构建了ESs-CCA划定路径。杭州实例证明:"协作"模式限定的开发边界能精准规避高生态价值联合区域、有序释放非"冲突"低成本相交地区,科学配置自然资源"量"的价值分级和生态系统"质"的机制供给,为生态文明建设与国土空间规划编制提供技术、决策支持。     

人本需求视角下基于乡镇单元主导功能的 特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务优化 研究——以上海为例

已有对城市生态系统服务功能优化的研究通常是"供给"导向下的增量研究,很少考虑到当地的人类价值取向变化下的实际需求对生态系统造成的负面效应,这些当地"需求"的负面效应直接影响城市生态系统服务提供的"供给"效益质量,使其在空间地域上的"供给-需求"错位、失衡,造成地方规划管理上的被动性和盲目性,这一现象在生态用地和建设用地交错的特大城市郊区的半城市化地区最为显著。以上海为例,探讨基于人本需求的特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务主导功能优化思路;以乡镇街道为基本单元对半城市化地区进行解构,评价其供给、调节、支持、文化娱乐游憩等生态系统服务的功能现状,通过人本需求视角的聚类分析定位乡镇单元的生态主导功能,并据此提出生态系统服务的优化思路;旨在通过支持空间规划决策来有效控制半城市化的负面效应,使局部单元的生态服务价值优化与总体城市生态系统服务提升的目标达成一致。     

自然保护地生态系统修复研究进展与修复策略

为应对全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、生态系统服务降低以及入侵物种增加等问题与挑战,有关保护地生态系统修复的研究与实践亟待开展。通过文献整理、案例筛选与实地调研相结合的方法,认识到保护地生态系统修复具有保护生态系统完整性、促进净增益最优化以及协调生态保护与社区发展等重要意义。在此基础上,阐述自然保护地生态系统修复的原则、愿景、目标和指标;结合国内外典型案例说明自然恢复、辅助再生、生态重建和保护保育4种修复模式的应用情景。同时,根据文献分析总结中国生态系统的退化分布及其原因,结合实地调研结果提出保护地生态系统修复的问题与关注重点,并有针对性地提出6项具体的修复策略与3项建议。以期在中国国土空间生态保护修复背景下,为自然保护地生态系统修复活动的开展提供理论支持与案例参考。     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes

In this paper, we propose the ecological network concept as a suitable basis for inserting biodiversity conservation into sustainable landscape development. For landscapes to be ecologically sustainable, the landscape structure should support those ecological processes required for the landscape to deliver biodiversity services for present and future generations. We first show that in multifunctional, human-dominated landscapes, biodiversity conservation needs a coherent large-scale spatial structure of ecosystems. Theory and empirical knowledge of ecological networks provides a framework for the design of such structures. Secondly, ecological networks can bridge the paradox between reserve conservation (fixing nature in space and time) and development, which implies change. This is because ecological networks can change structure without losing their conservation potential. Thirdly, ecological networks facilitate stakeholder decision-making on feasible biodiversity goals. They help to focus on an effective spatial scale. We conclude that extending the ecological network concept with multifunctional indicators is a promising step towards sustainable landscape development and stakeholder decision-making.     

问题优先级判别：生态保护修复中的核心 生态智慧之一

随着生态文明建设的推进,生态智慧在中国日趋重 要,特别是在生态保护修复领域。然而现状生态保护修复实践 存在一个难点：无数问题交叉在一起,如何在资源有限的情况 下,判别生态问题优先级并依次推进保护修复是一个需要智慧 的决策过程。针对这个瓶颈,立足国内外文献综述探究生态问 题优先级判别的不同思路与方法。研究发现：1)生态问题分 析的主要方法包括生境质量评价、生态系统服务和生态安全格 局;2)国外生态保护修复问题优先级判别存在3个不同的时段 与思路“生态重要性判定-投资收益判别-多目标优化决策”; 3)国内整体还是处于第一个生态重要性判定的阶段,对生境的 强化不足,偶有学者提及多目标决策优化。立足研究,对生态 保护修复过程中问题优先级判别提出了4点建议,以促使相关 决策更具生态智慧。     

Habitat translocation,rebuilding biodiversity and no net loss of biodiversity

Recent reviews of the priority policy options and research needs for nature conservation have identified the importance of new land use policies for restoring and rebuilding biodiversity including habitat banking, ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity, restoring flood plain functionality and ecologically coherent networks. Such policies are usually delivered by habitat creation, habitat restoration and habitat enhancement. Habitat translocation is another mechanism that can contribute to the delivery of these policies. Habitats can be restored and created by translocating ecological resources from sites as part of ongoing habitat management, where habitat diversity or early successional habitats are required. Habitat translocation can be used to salvage ecological features and their associated ecosystem services from sites for consented or permitted development projects. Critical success factors for translocation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats are identified. New policy issues and research topics relating to habitat translocation are proposed.     

基于水生态系统服务综合效能提升的城市河流生态修复研究

针对城市双修背景下河流生态修复 工作存在的3大误区与困境,通过荟萃分析 的文献定量研究,厘清了城市河流修复的生 态效应,指出河流生态修复对水生态系统服 务有着积极的提升作用,丰富物种多样性, 增加物种数量与分布密度,对调节性生态系 统服务有显著的正面影响。研究构建了城市 河流生态修复方面,水生态系统服务综合效 能提升的概念模型,包括以水质净化为基 础、生境多样性为核心、文化性服务为关键 的3个方面。     

Ecological food web analysis for chemical risk assessment

Food web analysis can be a critical component of ecological risk assessment, yet it has received relatively little attention among risk assessors. Food web data are currently used in modeling bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals and, to a limited extent, in the determination of the ecological significance of risks. Achieving more realism in ecological risk assessments requires new analysis tools and models that incorporate accurate information on key receptors in a food web paradigm. Application of food web analysis in risk assessments demands consideration of: 1) different kinds of food webs; 2) definition of trophic guilds; 3) variation in food webs with habitat, space, and time; and 4) issues for basic sampling design and collection of dietary data. The different kinds of food webs include connectance webs, materials flow webs, and functional (or interaction) webs. These three kinds of webs play different roles throughout various phases of an ecological risk assessment, but risk assessors have failed to distinguish among web types. When modeling food webs, choices must be made regarding the level of complexity for the web, assignment of species to trophic guilds, selection of representative species for guilds, use of average diets, the characterization of variation among individuals or guild members within a web, and the spatial and temporal scales/dynamics of webs. Integrating exposure and effects data in ecological models for risk assessment of toxic chemicals relies on coupling food web analysis with bioaccumulation models (e.g., Gobas-type models for fish and their food webs), wildlife exposure models, dose-response models, and population dynamics models.     

主编寄语

Through his recent visits to three cities facing severe and challenging living environment, the author had a deeper insight into the symbiosis between human and nature. In Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, urban construction practices against floods and for water supply encroach on natural ecological infrastructure, resulting in the exhaustion of local water resource, city sinking, and erased indigenous cultural landscape of floating gardens. In Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where water bodies are heavily polluted, scarce urban parks become the only refuge for citizens. Finally in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, estuary gates built to block floods invade the once prosperous canals, accelerating the decline of floating communities and markets and exacerbating traffic congestion and air pollution. Learning from these cases, cities must become better at territorial spatial planning and have the foresight to develop and grow while preserving and improving existing ecosystems. Essentially, territorial spatial planning and ecological restoration is to work with and by nature that would provide generous ecosystem services for humans, and, eventually, to increase people’s well-being and enhance cities’ development of sustainability.