Spread spectrum for mobile communications

The characteristics of spread spectrum that make it advantageous for mobile communications are described. The parameters that determine both the performance and the total capacity are introduced, and an analysis which yields (approximately) the number of users that can simultaneously communicate, while maintaining a specified level of performance, is presented. Spread spectrum overlay, wherein a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network shares a frequency band with narrow-band users, is analyzed, and it is seen that excision of the narrowband signals from the CDMA receivers before despreading can improve both performance and capacity     

A spread spectrum communications channel sounder

The design of a microwave channel probing analyzer is presented and discussed. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the transmission path to be measured; the choice of spread spectrum probing signal; the signal processing methods used; modulation, demodulation, and synchronization at the transmitter and receiver sites; the path model to be fitted to the measured data and finally, the impact of all of these issues upon the necessary hardware and software. Following a formulation of the channel-probing problem, transfer function regression techniques are reviewed to illustrate the advantages of periodic averaging over established correlation methods. The construction of an experimental sounder based on these methods is described. The equipment has been used to measure the time-variant frequency-selective channel dynamics of a short (158 km) troposcatter transhorizon link at a frequency of 11.647 GHz over a 31.25-MHz bandwidth. Off-line, nonlinear spectrum analysis, based on Prony's method and singular value decomposition, is used to estimate parameters of a high-resolution delay model that accurately reflects the underlying ray structure of the transmission path     

Interference rejection techniques in spread spectrum communications

It is argued that the ability of a spread-spectrum system to withstand interference, both intentional and unintentional, is probably its greatest asset. Any spread spectrum receiver can only suppress a given amount of interference; if the level of interference becomes too great, the system will not function properly. Even under these latter circumstances, however, other techniques, which enhance the performance of the system over and above the performance improvement that comes automatically to systems from using spread spectrum, are available for use. These techniques typically involve some type of additional signal processing and are examined here. Two general types of narrowband interference suppression schemes are discussed and an overview is presented for several other techniques. The two classes of rejection schemes emphasized are (1) those based on least-mean-square estimation techniques, and (2) those based on transform-domain processing structures     

UHF频段陆地卫星移动通信业务多径效应测量

UHF测段陆地卫星移动业务多径实验于1999年6月至8月间利用日本GMS140E气象卫星为信标,分别在河南郑州至开封高速公路、林州至上党方向公路以及石家庄至阳泉高速公路段进行。地面接收系统和数据处理设备安置于汽车上。此项实验的目的是为地面卫星移动通信系统的设计提供重要的信道参数。本文给出了不同环境下多径效应的累计分布特性以及相应的预测模型。     

Roadside tree attenuation measurements at UHF for land mobile satellite systems

Tree attenuation results at 870 MHz are described for experiments conducted in October 1985 and March 1986 in Central Maryland. These experiments employed a helicopter as a source platform and a van with receiver and data acquisition instrumentation. Tree attenuation results were obtained for the cases in which the van was stationary and in motion. The experiments were performed for the purpose of providing the designers of planned land mobile satellite systems with important elements in the determination of link parameter requirements; namely, the expected fading statistics due to roadside trees for both mobile and stationary vehicles. Single tree attenuation results gave worst case median fades as high as 15 dB although roadside tree values were noted to produce fades in excess of 20 dB for small percentages of time. The cumulative fade distributions and their relative contributions as a function of path elevation angle, right side versus left side driving, and different road types are derived from the field measurements. Upon comparing the attenuations from bare deciduous trees (March 1986) with those due to trees in full foliage (October 1985), the increase in dB attenuations were, in general, less than 25 percent for the dynamic cases, and less than 40 percent for the worst case static configuration. This result demonstrates thai the dominant fading is caused by the wooded tree branches as opposed to the leaves on these branches. The tail end of the observed fade distributions was observed to follow lognormal distributions with respect to dB attenuation.     

CMOS/SOS frequency synthesizer LSI circuit for spread spectrum communications

Using a 3.5-/spl mu/m gate length complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor/silicon-on-sapphire technology, a single-chip, radiation-hardened, direct digital frequency synthesizer has been developed. The circuit is a critical component of a fast-tuning wideband frequency synthesizer for spread spectrum satellite communications. During each clock period the chip generates a new digitized sample of a sine wave, whose frequency is variable in 2/SUP 20/ steps from DC to one-half the clock frequency. Operation at up to 7.5 MHz is possible in a worst-case environment, including ionizing radiation levels up to 3/spl times/10/SUP 5/ rads(Si). A computationally efficient algorithm was chosen, resulting in 12-bit output precision with only 1084 logic gates and 3840 bits of on-chip read-only memory. The accuracy of the algorithm is sufficient to maintain in-band spurious frequency components below -65 dBc. At 300 mW, the chip replaces an MSI implementation which uses 25 integrated circuits and consumes 3.5 W.     

变速M元扩频水声通信系统研究

针对不同的水声信道和不同的接收信噪比有着不同的最优传输速率的思想,文章根据水声信道的特殊性,提出了一种基于M元扩频的新型水声通信系统,采用不同的码本以实现不同的通信速率。文章阐述了几种码本的产生方法和性质,通过仿真,获取了在几种通信速率在加性高斯白噪声(Additive White Gaussian Noise,AWGN)和衰落信道下的误码率曲线,并得到了在10-4误码率要求下所需的信噪比,为水声通信系统的灵活性和适用性提供了一种新的解决方案。     

UHF、L频段陆地卫星移动通信业务遮蔽环境衰落研究

ＵＨＦ、Ｌ频段路边树遮蔽和多径衰落实验分别于１９９９年８月和９月在河南安阳境内进行。利用日本ＧＭＳ１４０Ｅ气象卫星为信标,其下行频率分别为４６８．９２４ＭＨｚ和１６９１．００ＭＨｚ,有效全向辐射功率分别为３７ｄＢｍ和５６ｄＢｍ,中频带宽分别为２ｋＨｚ和２００ｋＨｚ,极化方式均为线极化。地面接收系统和数据处理设备安置于汽车上。此项实验的目的是为地面卫星移动通信系统的设计提供重要的信道参数。本文给出了     

Short-time Fourier transform receiver for nonstationaryinterference excision in direct sequence spread spectrum communications

A new adaptive excision approach for nonstationary interference excision in direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) communications is introduced. The proposed excision approach is based on the attractive localization properties of the impulse responses of the multiple pole filters. These impulse responses have Gaussian-like shapes and decrease in bandwidth with higher pole multiplicities. When used as data windows, they field a large class of computationally efficient short-time Fourier transforms (STFTs). Localization measures can be applied to determine the optimum window that maximally concentrates the interference in the time-frequency (t.-f.) domain. Interference mitigation is then achieved by applying a binary excision mask to the corresponding STFT for each data bit. We show that the proposed interference excision method permits both data-dependent windowing and time-varying filtering and leads to improved BER performance of the DS/SS system. The paper also derives the general optimum receiver implementing the STFT-based interference excision system     

UHF propagation prediction for wireless personal communications

Propagation characteristics of radio signals in the UHF band place fundamental limits on the design and performance of wireless personal communications systems, such as cellular mobile radio (CMR), wireless LANs, and personal communication services (PCS). Because the radio link is direct to each subscriber, the prediction of signal characteristics is most important in urban areas where subscriber density is high, and the buildings have a profound influence on the propagation. The paper starts by reviewing the characteristic signal variations observed in CMR systems employing high base station antennas to cover macrocells having radius out to 20 km. Theoretical models incorporating diffraction are shown to explain the observed range dependence and shadow loss statistics. For the low base station antennas envisioned to cover microcells of radius out to 1 km for PCS applications, signal propagation is more strongly dependent on the building environment and on the location of the antennas in relation to the buildings. Various levels of theoretical modeling of this dependence are discussed in conjunction with measurements made in various building environments. Finally, the paper discusses advances in site specific prediction for outdoor and indoor propagation     

Mutual interferences in a binary FH-FSK spread spectrum system for mobile radio

A binary frequency-hopped frequency shift keying (FHFSK) spread spectrum system for mobile radio communication as well as an address assignment scheme for such a system and an evaluation of error probabilities due to mutual interferences in binary FH-FSK in function of the number of simultaneous users are presented. In the absence of any form of synchronization between sequences, the system's performance is not as good as frequency-hopped differential phase shift keying (FH-DPSK) for any decoding scheme; decoding with intermediate decisions on interval pairs (i, i + L/2) in a sequence of length L gives approximately the same performance as when using only the combiner circuit and maximum likelihood decoding. With synchronization between sequences at the chip level, however, the results show binary FH-FSK performance comparable to that of frequency-hopped multilevel frequency shift keying (FH-MFSK) and thus, substantially better than that of FH-DPSK.     

扩频通信系统干扰及其仿真技术

扩展频谱技术有多种基本实现方式,本文主要介绍的是直接序列扩频技术,特别针对二进制的PSK调制解调技术,直接序列扩频系统的抗干扰能力分析与直接序列扩频系统的同步方法,并进行了相关仿真分析。     

Performance analysis of instantaneous frequency-based interferenceexcision techniques in spread spectrum communications

Jammers characterized by their instantaneous frequencies can be effectively mitigated in direct sequence spread spectrum communications by using open-loop adaptive excision filters. The primary requirement for these filters is that they must possess a notch in tune with the jammer instantaneous frequency (IF) to annihilate the interference power at every time sample. The interference time-varying frequency can be obtained using existing IF estimators, including quadratic time-frequency distribution methods. Without focusing on any specific estimator, we develop expressions for the receiver performance using a general class of multiple-zero FIR excision filters and show the dependence of the bit error rate (BER) on the filter order and its group delay. The effect of inaccuracies in the jammer instantaneous frequency information on the receiver performance is considered and evaluated as a function of the filter notch bandwidth. The latter is defined by the filter zero multiplicity, which is shown to be an important factor in the analysis of the correlator signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)     

Multitone spread spectrum multiple access communications system ina multipath Rician fading channel

The paper proposes a new multiple access communications system based on the combination of multitone transmission and direct sequence spectrum spreading (DS/SS). Multitone transmission is proposed because the associated larger symbol duration is favorable to combat the effects of multipath propagation. The multiple access capability of the system is achieved by means of DS/SS which also helps to combat the presence of several paths. On the other hand, DS/SS is also attractive to decrease the multiple access interference. The performance of this system is investigated for a multipath, slowly Rician fading and frequency selective channel, and a suboptimal receiver based on matched filters. The multiple access interference is also taken into account, A model for the computation of the bit error probability is derived for QPSK modulation of the orthogonal tones by the spread symbols. The system performance is investigated for selection diversity and maximal ratio combining (RAKE reception). Then the influence of the number of tones is investigated for given bandwidth, bit rate and transmission power. The positive effect of a multitone spread spectrum transmission is demonstrated     

面向移动通信的DSP发展动向

DSP在移动通信终端产品中是实时处理声音编码/解码、声音识别和活动图像的关键器件。世界各大半导体制　造商,对于DSP的研究与开发都给予高度重视,各自都为　多争取一些市场份额而努力奋斗,不断开发出新一代面向　移动通信的DSP产品。 　 随着Internet应用的深入普及,以第3代移动通信手　段来无线接入Internet正蔚然成风,方兴未艾。例如,现　在利用IMT-2000手机,可以享受高速且大容量的数据通　信服务,诸如听音乐 欣赏静止图像和活动图像。因此,对　数字信号处理器提出严格要求,如像要求更高速的处理能　力而且实现低功耗化。于是,各个DSP制造商纷纷推出各　自的新一代DSP产品。本文以NEC的μPD7721x系列新     

Propagation model for microcellular communications applied to pathloss measurements in Ottawa city streets

A new three-dimensional uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) microcellular communications propagation model is presented, using multiple-image theory and a ray launching technique, applicable to a general city scene with various distributions of buildings, streets and open areas. The model includes contributions to the received signal from all possible propagation paths, including ground and wall reflections from diffracted and specularly reflected signals both in the line-of-sight (LOS) and out-of-sight (OOS) regions. Within the scope of the UTD model, the accuracy of the UTD model is limited mainly by the assumptions of characterizing the tall building walls as “smoothed-out” flat surfaces with average relative permittivity ϵ_r and conductivity σ. The building corners are modeled as conducting wedges characterized by ϵ_r and σ. Comparison between present calculations and published measurements for a side street and a parallel street in Ottawa shows good results