基于双目视觉导航的仿生机器人鲁棒控制算法

仿生机器人在定姿过程中受到空间扰动因素的影响容易产生控制误差,需要对机器人进行精确标定,提高仿生机器人的定位控制精度,因此提出一种基于双目视觉导航的仿生机器人鲁棒控制算法。利用光学CCD双目视觉动态跟踪系统进行仿生机器人的末端位姿参量测量,建立被控对象的运动学模型;以机器人的转动关节的6自由度参量为控制约束参量,建立机器人的分层子维空间运动规划模型;采用双目视觉跟踪方法实现仿生机器人的位姿自适应修正,实现鲁棒性控制。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行仿生机器人控制的姿态定位时对机器人末端位姿参量的拟合误差较低,动态跟踪性能较好。     

六轴工业机器人在线误差补偿方法的研究

提出一种机器人动态误差在线补偿方法,用以提高机器人的轨迹精度。在机器人参数误差得到离线补偿之后,基于ANFIS构建自适应模糊神经网络轨迹控制器,建立在线补偿系统控制模型,通过ADAMS与Matlab的协同仿真对系统仿真分析;仿真结果验证了所提出方法的可行性。在自主研发制造的六轴工业机器人的平台上,借助于API激光跟踪仪对机器人末端跟踪测量,进行实验分析;实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

考虑结构变形的机器人运动学标定及补偿

针对一种3P3R型串联机器人,建立了参考零位模型与DH(Denavit-Hartenberg)模型的混合运动学模型,将直线运动部分与旋转运动部分分开建模,能够更好地描述机器人不同机械结构的几何关系,在此基础上提出了结合几何辨识和参数辨识的两步标定方法.然后,结合机器人的机械结构特点,分析了机器人在操作大型零件过程中的结构变形,并提出了考虑结构变形的运动学补偿模型.最后,使用激光跟踪仪完成了机器人标定实验,通过对比空载和加载情况下的定位误差,验证了运动学标定和补偿的效果.结果表明,混合运动模型采用两步参数辨识能够在空载情况下取得较高的标定精度,而运动学补偿模型则能够在加载情况下对运动学进行较好的变形误差补偿.     

具有未校准视觉参数的移动机器人的跟踪控制

基于未校准视觉反馈的非完整运动学系统具有参数不确定性,较一般的运动学系统更加复杂.根据视觉反馈和非完整移动机器人的链式标准形式,研究了具有未标定摄像机视觉参数的移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题.利用固定在天花板上的摄像机系统提出运动学跟踪误差模型,并对该误差系统模型提出了一种动态反馈跟踪控制器;对具有不确定机械参数的动力学模型,提出一种自适应力矩控制器,该控制器保证了实际机器人状态渐近跟踪给定的参考轨迹,并通过Lyapunov方法严格证明了整个闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果证实了所提出的控制器的有效性.     

双目立体视觉系统的精度分析

为提高双目立体视觉系统的测量精度,分析双目视觉系统的工作原理以及该系统各个环节的误差模型.通过提高标定模板的精度、增加标定图像,可以减小标定误差及图像校正行对齐误差.分析图像识别误差对视觉系统测量精度的影响,导入视觉系统的结构参数与测量误差之间的关系,从而确定结构参数对测量精度的作用.讨论物距对测量精度的影响,并给出合...     

工业机器人的形位检测及精度标定研究

针对传统六自由度机器人进行形位分析与标定研究,采用运动学DH参数法建立机器人运动学位姿模型,利用激光跟踪仪进行机器人空间形位的辨识与减速比数据的采集,结合阻尼最小二乘法进行机器人零位与执行器的标定,通过修改控制器中机器人的末端执行器配置参数,完成传统工业机器人的末端位姿误差补偿,提高了机器人的绝对定位精度。     

基于时延补偿机理的工业机器人视觉跟踪控制系统

为提升机器人抓取精度,基于时延补偿机理设计工业机器人视觉跟踪控制系统。通过摄像机与机械臂之间的坐标系关系标定摄像机的外部参数;对工业机器人的运动情况进行建模,机器人机械臂在运动过程中产生坐标系变换,利用齐次坐标变换矩阵描述机械臂连杆运动位姿,引入模糊时延补偿算法,提高机械臂跟踪控制精度。系统性能测试结果表示：针对不同形状和位姿角度的物体,设计的系统在抓取过程中能够逐渐缩小误差,最终提高实验中的成功抓取次数,验证了设计系统的可靠性。     

医用机器人运动学参数最优化设计

提出了一种实用的医用机器人运动学参数误差的优化补偿方法．采用D-H方法建立起机器人连杆坐标系．在运动学分析和模型变换的基础上，运用数值优化技术建立了机器人运动学参数的误差方程，实现了运动学参数的优化设计，有效提高了机器人的重复定位精度．以仿真和实验验证的方式对优化结果进行了分析．     

空间网格化的机器人变参数精度补偿技术

现有的机器人参数辨识的方法所能提高的绝对定位精度有限,是由于关节和连杆柔度等非几何因素造成误差在空间中分布不均匀.为此,本文提出了一种变参数误差模型.由于各轴之间耦合,为了便于求解,提出采用空间网格来处理该变参数误差模型,同时提出了一套规则的参数辨识采样点选取方法.利用改进型的Levenberg-Marquardt迭代最小二乘法求出各网格对应的参数误差的全局收敛解.最后,利用激光跟踪仪在KUKA工业机器人上进行运动学标定验证补偿效果.验证结果表明:能将机器人的绝对定位精度平均值从0.901 mm提高到0.115 mm.     

基于一阶径向畸变算法的双目摄像机多位姿标定方法

双目立体视觉中在对物体进行三维测量或精准定位时,需要对摄像机进行标定以获得其内外参数。研究径向畸变摄像机模型,构造了基于一阶径向畸变（RAC）算法的双目摄像机内外参数线性求解公式。考虑侧倾角、旋转角、俯仰角以及透镜的主要畸变因素,修正了传统RAC标定法中只考虑径向畸变、部分参数需要先验值的缺陷。利用标定所得内、外参数进行了多位姿双目摄像机三维重构实验。实验结果表明,该标定方法重投影误差分布在[-0.3,0.3],动态识别结果与实际运行轨迹重合率为96%,对降低双目立体视觉三维测量误差率有积极性影响。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).