自适应UKF算法在目标跟踪中的应用

针对目标跟踪中系统噪声统计特性未知导致滤波发散或者滤波精度不高的问题, 提出了一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman filter, UKF)算法.该算法在滤波过程中,利用改进的Sage-Husa估 计器在线估计未知系统噪声的统计特性,并对滤波发散的情况进行判断和抑制, 有效提高了滤波的数值稳定性,减小了状态估计误差. 仿真实验结果表明,与标准UKF算法相比,自适应UKF算法明显改善了目标跟踪的精度和稳定性.     

基于极大后验估计的自适应容积卡尔曼滤波器

针对标准的容积卡尔曼滤波器(CKF) 设计需要精确已知噪声先验统计知识的问题, 提出一种自适应CKF 算法. 该算法在滤波过程中, 利用Sage-Husa 极大后验估值器对噪声的统计特性进行在线估计和修正, 有效地提高了CKF 的估计精度和数值稳定性. 在某些情况下, 噪声协方差估计会出现异常现象使得滤波发散, 进而提出了相应的改进方法. 仿真结果表明了自适应CKF 算法的可行性和有效性, 且明显改善了标准CKF 算法的滤波效果.     

基于极大似然估计的新息自适应滤波算法

针对噪声统计信息未知或时变情况下常规卡尔曼滤波估计精度下降甚至发散的问题,提出了一种基于极大似然估计的新息自适应滤波算法.算法对基于极大似然估计的常规新息协方差估值器进行限定记忆指数衰减加权修正,增加滑动窗口内新近新息协方差序列的利用权重;根据新息自适应原理,利用新息协方差估计值直接计算滤波增益矩阵,加快滤波器收敛速度的同时提高了滤波算法的估计精度.算法应用于捷联惯性导航系统/全球定位系统(SINS/GPS)组合导航系统,仿真实验表明:在噪声统计信息未知或时变情况下,算法具有更强的鲁棒性以及更高的滤波精度.     

改进的Sage-Husa自适应算法及应用

针对标准卡尔曼滤波和Sage-Husa自适应卡尔曼滤波不能同时满足实时在线估计状态量测噪声阵和抑制滤波发散的问题，提出一种改进的Sage-Husa自适应卡尔曼滤波算法。在检测到量测异常时，在协方差匹配技术的最严格收敛判断条件，计算出次优滤波方法中新的状态估计均方误差阵的加权系数，通过新的状态估计均方误差阵对原来的状态估计均方误差阵进行修正，能有效抑制滤波器的发散。提高实际应用中，Sage-Husa自适应卡尔曼滤波算法在复杂不稳定环境中的稳定性与可靠性。将改进的算法放在BDS/INS系统中进行实验验证，实验结果表明，相比常规Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法，改进的Sage-Husa自适应卡尔曼滤波算法改善了上述系统的可靠性和自适应能力，最终有效的提高组合导航系统的性能。     

无人机控制系统传感器故障诊断的方案与仿真

应用卡尔曼滤波器对传感器进行故障诊断时,由于输入噪声和测量噪声的统计特性是不确定的,因此难以得到其准确的统计特性先验信息,而采用错误的噪声统计特性会产生滤波误差,甚至使滤波发散,因此该文提出了一种基于Sage-Husa时变噪声统计估计器的自适应卡尔曼滤波器算法,在滤波过程中利用噪声统计估计器对未知的统计特性进行在线估计,并对无人机控制系统的传感器故障进行在线诊断,此方法无须增加硬件余度和其他解析余度,易于实现,可靠性好,检测迅速.仿真表明该方法能够检测出系统故障并进行故障定位.     

组合导航自适应卡尔曼滤波改进算法研究

针对常规卡尔曼滤波由于噪声的统计特性与实际情况不相符而引起滤波误差增大的问题,提出了一种新的在线估计系统噪声和量测噪声的自适应滤波算法.新算法通过新息序列自适应量测噪声,对Sage-Husa滤波算法进行改进以估计系统噪声,该算法在噪声统计特性未知的情况下能进行滤波计算.最后对改进的新算法与常规卡尔曼滤波算法作了对比试验...     

基于支持向量机的自适应卡尔曼滤波技术研究

针对卡尔曼滤波(KF)中噪声的统计特性与实际不符时滤波精度严重降低甚至引起滤波器发散的问题,提出一种基于支持向量机的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法(SVMAKF).根据新息理论方差与实际方差的比值,应用支持向量机产生自适应因子对卡尔曼滤波器的噪声方差阵进行在线修正,使噪声方差阵能够根据实际噪声的变化得到调整.通过对雷达目标跟踪系统的仿真表明,该算法对噪声有较强的自适应性,能够提高滤波精度和滤波器的鲁棒性.     

基于不确定模型误差系统的变分贝叶斯STCKF

强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器在对含有模型误差和时变噪声的非线性系统进行滤波时, 容易出现性能降低甚至发散. 鉴于此, 提出一种基于变分贝叶斯的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 该算法运用虚拟噪声法补偿模型误差, 假设虚拟噪声均值非零, 且满足高斯分布, 虚拟噪声方差服从逆gamma分布, 在强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器估计状态的同时, 采用变分贝叶斯推理估计虚拟噪声参数. 仿真结果表明, 所提出算法对含模型误差与时变噪声的非线性系统具有较好的估计精度, 相比于自适应算法具有更强的鲁棒性.     

传感器故障条件下的自适应UKF 算法

针对目标跟踪中传感器故障导致滤波发散或者滤波精度不高的问题, 提出一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF) 算法. 该算法在滤波过程中, 根据自适应估计原理引入自适应矩阵因子, 实时调整系统状态向量和量测新息向量的协方差, 以满足无迹卡尔曼滤波算法的最优性条件, 并采取措施对滤波发散的情况进行判断和抑制. 与传统UKF和已有自适应UKF算法相比, 该自适应UKF算法显著提高了滤波精度和数值稳定性, 且具有应对传感器故障的自适应能力. 仿真实验结果表明了所提出算法的有效性.

     

基于自适应滤波的MEMS姿态确定方法

针对消费类电子设备对姿态测量系统的需求,本文提出了一种基于MEMS加速度计、陀螺仪和磁强计的九轴姿态确定算法.针对实际系统中传感器量测噪声未知的情况,首先介绍了一种基于矢量观测器的矩阵Kalman滤波姿态确定算法,然后利用残差匹配技术,设计了一种基于残差匹配的自适应滤波方法.论文采用自适应滤波对传感器量测噪声进行估计,并将估计的量测噪声代入线性矩阵Kalman滤波算法,有效解决了线性矩阵Kalman滤波需要准确量测噪声统计信息的缺陷.最后设计了仿真实验验证本文提出的算法,并将其与线性矩阵Kalman滤波算法比较.仿真结果表明,自适应矩阵Kalman滤波的姿态旋转误差角为0.6091°,标准差为0.3009°,能够有效的估计传感器量测噪声,并具有更高的姿态确定精度和稳定性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).