多机器人编队离散模型及队形控制稳定性分析

针对包含绕心运动情况下的多机器人编队进行离散建模,并利用该模型解决保持队形期望前端始终朝着编队前进方向的控制问题.以控制多机器人编队收敛到期望的队形并镇定到预设运动规律上为目标,定义了一类通信拓扑图,基于该类图提出了一种分布式协同控制算法.给出了该控制算法下编队系统渐进稳定的充分必要条件及反馈控制参数的收敛域.证明了在该充分必要条件下可实现编队收敛到期望的队形和预设运动规律上的目标.仿真实验表明,在该算法控制下多机器人编队较好地收敛到期望队形并按预设规律运动,且过程中始终保持队形期望前端朝着编队前进方向,进而验证了该算法的有效性和正确性.     

多移动机器人避障编队控制

研究多移动机器人避障优化设计,针对多移动机器人在障碍物环境下的编队控制问题,为了保持整体合理避障和控制系统的稳定性和安全性,提出一种多机器人避障编队控制策略.首先获得多移动机器人编队的队形结构模型,结合多机器人完成避障编队任务的问题描述;在此基础上引入导航函数采用一种避障编队控制算法,使移动机器人能以设定的队形运动到目标点,可保证编队运动过程中未与障碍物发生碰撞.进行仿真的结果证明,所提算法解决了多机器人编队与避障问题,并保证了闭环系统的稳定性与安全性,验证了设计方法的有效性.     

基于轨迹跟踪车式移动机器人编队控制

针对车式移动机器人的运动学模型特点, 提出一种基于轨迹跟踪多机器人编队控制方法. 首先利用编队结构参数确定队形, 根据编队轨迹和相关参数生成虚拟机器人, 把编队控制转化为跟随机器人对虚拟机器人的轨迹跟踪; 然后运用反步法构造车式移动机器人轨迹跟踪系统的Lyapunov 函数, 通过使该函数负定, 得到跟随机器人的轨迹跟踪控制器; 最后在Microsoft robotics developer studio 4 (MRDS4) 中搭建3D 仿真平台, 设计了3 组实验, 所得结果表明了所提出方法的有效性.     

基于虚拟结构法的多移动机器人分布式预测控制

研究多移动机器人协同编队控制问题,提出一种基于虚拟结构的分布式预测控制算法.与现有编队控制方法相比,基于虚拟结构的方法可以使移动团队更加稳定地保持期望编队队形运动,通过将变换矩阵与虚拟结构相结合可以改善编队结构的灵活性,从而有效拓展该方法的应用范围.最后将所提出控制算法与现有编队控制方法进行对比仿真,结果验证了其有效性.     

基于诱饵-捕食的分布式编队队形切换控制

队形切换是多机器人编队的重要研究内容。针对未指定各机器人ID与目标位置对应关系情况下如何实现分布式多机器人编队队形切换的问题,本文结合自然界鸟群、鱼群等群生物的觅食行为建立了一种新的诱饵-捕食者系统,并将该系统应用到分布式多机器人编队的队形切换控制中。视编队中各机器人为捕食者,各目标位置为诱饵,通过捕食者与诱饵之间的相互作用,实现不同队形之间的切换。同时针对捕食者所受到的各种影响都建立了具体的数学模型。该方法在解决队形切换过程中无需预先规划各机器人的运动路径,可在分布性较强的编队中应用。仿真实验表明该控制策略对于分布式多机器人编队的队形切换有较好的适用性,为多机器人编队进行队形切换提供了新的思路和方法。     

任意初始位置机器人领航跟随型迭代学习编队

针对移动机器人编队形成与队形保持问题,提出了一种适用于任意初始位置条件下的迭代学习编队控制算法。采用领航-跟随型编队法,仅利用领航者的运动轨迹和期望的编队队形推导出跟随者的参考航迹,引入迭代学习控制（Iterative Learning Control,ILC）方法,设计跟随者的控制律,使跟随者随着每次迭代调节自身的线速度和角速度,与领航者一起以期望编队队形工作;引入对初始位置的学习,即同时进行编队队形的学习和编队初始位置的学习。解决了任意初始位置的多移动机器人形成并保持期望编队队形的问题。并在理论上分析了控制算法的可行性,仿真结果验证了控制算法的有效性。     

一类非完整移动机器人编队控制方法

针对大部分两轮非完整移动机器人轮轴中心与几何中心不重合的特点, 提出一种多机器人协调编队控制算法. 构造队形参数矩阵确定编队形状, 根据领航机器人和相关队形参数生成虚拟机器人, 把编队控制分解为跟随机器人对虚拟机器人的轨迹跟踪. 建立虚拟机器人与跟随机器人之间误差系统模型, 利用Lyapunov 理论设计相应控制器, 从而实现队形保持和变换. 应用microsoft robotics developer studio 4(MRDS4) 搭建3D 仿真平台, 设计3 组实验, 结果进一步验证了所提出方法的有效性.

     

基于径向基函数神经网络的移动机器人多变量固定时间编队控制

针对带多不确定性的一组非完整移动机器人的编队控制收敛问题,提出了基于径向基函数神经网络的移动机器人多变量固定时间领航者-跟随者编队控制算法.RBFNN补偿了系统所受的多不确定性,并消除了鲁棒控制的抖振现象.基于固定时间理论和Lyapunov方法进行了控制算法设计,使所提出的控制方法保证了编队控制系统中的所有信号全局固定时间收敛,在任意系统初始条件下,在通过参数设计的固定时间内,使机器人编队达到期望编队.仿真结果显示了所提出算法的有效性.     

基于领航位置信息的AUV三维编队控制方法

研究了自治水下机器人（Autonomous Underwater Vehicle,AUV）三维环境中编队控制问题,应用领航一跟随式队形控制方法,仅利用领航者的位置信息及期望编队队形得到虚拟机器人的航行轨迹及速度信息,作为跟随者的航行参考量,应用反步及滑模控制方法为跟随者设计自适应控制律,使其轨迹收敛于虚拟机器人的轨迹,从而与领航者保持期望位姿关系。随后,在具体AUV动力学模型上,利用MATLAB／SIMULINK平台进行了编队控制的仿真研究,实现了预期的控制效果,验证了算法的有效性及实用性。     

具有通信延迟的多无人机编队飞行控制

针对固定通信拓扑下的具有时变通信延迟的多无人机(multi-UAVs)系统,在一致性协议的基础上提出了分布式的编队控制算法.利用Lyapunov-Krasovskii函数分析了时延多无人机系统的稳定性,并以线性不等式(LMI)的形式给出了系统稳定的条件.当满足稳定性条件时,编队控制算法将使系统中无人机的速度和编队队形分别渐近地收敛至期望速度和期望队形.仿真实例验证了控制算法的有效性.     

Distributed consensus-based formation control for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots with a specified reference trajectory

In this paper, the distributed formation control problem for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots using consensus-based approach is considered. A transformation is given to convert the formation control problem for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots into a state consensus problem. Distributed control laws are developed for achieving the formation control objectives: a group of nonholonomic mobile robots at least exponentially converge to a desired geometric pattern with its centroid moving along the specified reference trajectory. Rigorous proofs are provided by using graph, matrix , and Lyapunov theories. Simulations are also given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

Leader–follower formation control of nonholonomic mobile robots based on a bioinspired neurodynamic based approach

This paper investigates the leader–follower formation control problem for nonholonomic mobile robots based on a bioinspired neurodynamics based approach. The trajectory tracking control for a single nonholonomic mobile robot is extended to the formation control for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots based on the backstepping technique, in which the follower can track its real-time leader by the proposed kinematic controller. An auxiliary angular velocity control law is proposed to guarantee the global asymptotic stability of the followers and to further guarantee the local asymptotic stability of the entire formation. Also a bioinspired neurodynamics based approach is further developed to solve the impractical velocity jumps problem. The rigorous proofs are given by using Lyapunov theory. Simulations are also given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

From Trajectory Tracking Control to Leader–Follower Formation Control

Abstract

This work investigates the leader–follower formation control of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots. First, the formation control problem is converted into a trajectory tracking problem and a tracking controller based on the dynamic feedback linearization technique drives each follower robot toward its corresponding reference trajectory in order to achieve the formation. The desired orientation for each follower is selected such that the nonholonomic constraint of the robot is respected, and thus the tracking of the reference trajectory for each follower is feasible. An adaptive dynamic controller that considers the actuators dynamics in the design procedure is proposed. The dynamic model of the robots includes the actuators dynamics in order to obtain the velocities as control inputs instead of torques or voltages. Using Lyapunov control theory, the tracking errors are proven to be asymptotically stable and the formation is achieved despite the uncertainty of the dynamic model parameters. In order to assess the proposed control laws, a ROS-framework is developed to conduct real experiments using four ROS-enabled mobile robots TURTLEBOTs. Moreover, the leader fault problem, which is considered as the main drawback of the leader–follower approach, is solved under ROS. An experiment is conducted where in order to overcome this problem, the desired formation and the leader role are modified dynamically during the experiment.     

Decentralised consensus-based formation tracking of multiple differential drive robots

This article investigates the control problem for formation tracking of multiple nonholonomic robots under distributed manner which means each robot only needs local information exchange. A class of general state and input transform is introduced to convert the formation-tracking issue of multi-robot systems into the consensus-like problem with time-varying reference. The distributed observer-based protocol with nonlinear dynamics is developed for each robot to achieve the consensus tracking of the new system, which namely means a group of nonholonomic mobile robots can form the desired formation configuration with its centroid moving along the predefined reference trajectory. The finite-time stability of observer and control law is analysed rigorously by using the Lyapunov direct method, algebraic graph theory and matrix analysis. Numerical examples are finally provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theory results proposed in this paper.     

含驱动器动力学的移动机器人编队自适应控制

针对含有驱动器及编队动力学的多非完整移动机器人编队控制问题,基于领航者-跟随者[l-ψ]控制结构,通过反步法设计了一种将运动学控制器与驱动器输入电压控制器相结合的新型控制策略。采用径向基神经网络（RBFNN）对跟随者及领航者动力学非线性不确定部分进行在线估计,并通过自适应鲁棒控制器对神经网络建模误差进行补偿。该方法不但解决了移动机器人编队控制的参数与非参数不确定性问题,同时也确保了机器人编队在期望队形下对指定轨迹的跟踪;基于Lyapunov方法的设计过程,保证了控制系统的稳定与收敛;仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Finite‐time formation control of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots

This paper considers finite‐time formation control problem for a group of nonholonomic mobile robots. The desired formation trajectory is represented by a virtual dynamic leader whose states are available to only a subset of the followers and the followers have only local interaction. First of all, a continuous distributed finite‐time observer is proposed for each follower to estimate the leader's states in a finite time. Then, a continuous distributed cooperative finite‐time tracking control law is designed for each mobile robot. Rigorous proof shows that the group of mobile robots converge to the desired geometric formation pattern in finite time. At the same time, all the robots can track the desired formation trajectory in finite time. Simulation example illustrates the effectiveness of our method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distributed Consensus of Multiple Nonholonomic Mobile Robots

Consensus problems of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots are considered in this paper. These problems are simplified into consensus problems of two subsystems based on structure of nonholonomic mobile robots. Linear distributed controllers are constructed respectively for these two subsystems thanks to the theory of nonautonomous cascaded systems. Consensus of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots has been realized using the methodology proposed in this paper no matter whether the group reference signal is persistent excitation or not. Different from previous research on cooperative control of nonholonomic mobile robots where the consensus problem under persistent exciting reference has received a lot of attention, this paper reports the first consensus result for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots whose group reference converges to zero. Simulation results using Matlab illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers in this paper.      

Robust formation control without velocity measurement of the leader robot

In this paper a control problem of leader–follower motion coordination of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots is addressed and subsequently in the proposed scheme, a reference trajectory generated based on the information from the leader is tracked by the follower robots. To alleviate demanded information on the leader, specifically to eliminate the measurement requirement or estimation of the leader's velocity and dynamics, a virtual vehicle is constructed whereby its trajectory converges to the reference trajectory of the follower. Trajectory tracking controller is then designed to allow the follower robot to track the virtual vehicle using neural network approximation, in combination with the backstepping and Lyapunov direct design technique and finally the performance and effectiveness of the controller is verified throughout the experiments.     

Cooperative adaptive consensus tracking for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots

This paper addresses the cooperative adaptive consensus tracking for a group of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots, where the nonholonomic robot model is assumed to be a canonical vehicle having two actuated wheels and one passive wheel. By integrating a kinematic controller and a torque controller for the nonholonomic robotic system, a cooperative adaptive consensus tracking strategy is developed for the uncertain dynamic models using Lyapunov-like analysis in combination with backstepping approach and sliding mode technique. A key feature of the developed adaptive consensus tracking algorithm is the introduction of a directed network topology into the control constraints based on algebraic graph theory to characterise the communication interaction among robots, which plays an important role in realising the cooperative consensus tracking with respect to a specific common reference trajectory. Furthermore, a novel framework is proposed for developing a unified methodology for the convergence analysis of the closed-loop control systems, which can fully ensure the desired adaptive consensus tracking for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots. Subsequently, illustrative examples and numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate and visualise the theoretical results.     

一种编队控制的动态调整与规划方法

This article is concerned with cooperative control problems in formation of mobile robots under the nonholonomic constraints that certain geometrical constraints are imposed on multiple mobile robots throughout their travel. For this purpose, a new method of motion control for formation is presented, which is based on the dynamic regulation and scheduling scheme. It is attractive for its adaptability to the formation structure and desired trajectory. The quality of formation keeping can be evaluated by the instantaneous errors of formation offset and spacing distance. Some kinematics laws are developed to regulate and maintain the formation shape. Simulation results and data analysis show the validity of the proposed approach for a group of robots.