变刚度机构及其在协作型机器人中的应用

协作型机器人被广泛应用于自动化和物料搬运。为承载有效载荷并实现精确运动,协作型机器人需要具备足够的刚性。此外,为满足人机交互的安全性,协作型机器人还需要具备足够的灵活性,变刚度机器人则同时满足了安全性与刚性的要求。该文首先介绍了变刚度机器人的相关研究和几种基于机械结构的可变刚度方法,并对其工作原理进行分类;然后根据刚度范围、刚度比和响应时间等标准,对现有方法进行定量比较,简单总结各种方法的优缺点,并介绍了相关变刚度机构在协作型机械臂和抓手中的应用。     

改进差分进化算法优化的机器人时间最优轨迹规划算法

协作型工业机器人在执行焊接、装配任务时,因关节状态无法达到最大约束而影响效率。在确保"人-机-环"安全的前提下,为最大限度地提高机器人的操作速度与响应时间,提出了一种改进差分进化(DE)算法优化的协作型机器人轨迹规划算法。采用蒙特卡洛算法获得机器人的操作空间,并采用广义动量方法进行碰撞检测。同时,以机器人在执行任务过程中运行时间最小为目标,兼顾满足运动学约束、动力学约束和负载约束,以保证机器人在运行过程中的平稳性。利用改进DE的全局寻优能力调整运动参数,进行关节空间的轨迹规划。在UR5机器人的平台进行仿真验证,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性、可行性。     

协作机器人的构型分析研究

针对协作机器人的构型分析研究,得出了偏置是影响机器人构型的一个重要因素。首先,对现有典型协作机器人的构型进行分析,通过构型间的内在联系与演化过程得到构型之间的差异。然后利用构型之间的差异引出了偏置的定义,并通过偏置对关节运动范围的影响将其分为S型偏置和Y型偏置。最后以全局性能指标、工作空间体积指标和灵活工作空间指标为性能评价标准,对iiwa、Sawyer、Yumi三种典型构型的性能进行了仿真。通过对比分析可知,偏置的存在使构型的全局性能和工作空间体积性能降低,但对灵活工作空间性能有提高作用。结果表明偏置是影响机器人性能的重要因素,该分析研究为协作机器人的构型设计提供了理论依据。     

竞争型遥操作机器人系统的研究

针对军事、反恐等领域遥操作机器人特点,首次系统地提出竞争型机器人遥操作系统的概念,并将其与传统协作型机器人遥操作系统进行比较分析,从而得出竞争型机器人遥操作系统的研究重点和特点．在此基础上,构建了一个基于网络的竞争型机器人对弈系统,为今后该方向的研究提供了新的思路．     

物理受限冗余机械臂逆运动学凸优化求解

针对冗余机械臂逆运动学求解结果极有可能超过机械臂物理限制的问题,提出一种基于凸优化的逆运动学求解方法使得逆解结果满足物理约束.首先分析了关节速度与力矩关系,采用机械臂动能及重复运动为优化指标,以关节速度、关节力矩为优化变量.然后将逆运动学求解问题转化为凸优化问题,进一步转化为二次规划问题,充分利用冗余特性,实现逆运动学求解时避免关节位置、关节速度、关节力矩极限.最后利用7自由度冗余机械臂KUKA LBR iiwa进行仿真,求解关节量结果符合物理极限及优化准则.结果表明本文提出的方法适用于物理受限冗余机械臂的逆运动学求解.     

基于粗集的规则提取LBR和LEM3

本文基于粗集理论,提出了一种新的规则提取法LBR(Learning By Rough Sets),并对LBR与另一种已有的规则提取法LEM1,即全局覆盖算法(global covering algorithm)进行了比较和讨论.基于比较的结果,得出了将LEM1改进后的LEM3.LBR不但可用于普通的决策表规则提取,更多地可应用于基于模糊划分的规则提取.LBR的提出,极大地简化和丰富了规则提取算法,在已知数据中可获取更为丰富的信息量.而LEM3的使用,则是在将"依赖"(depend on)这一概念推广的基础上,更灵活地使用"覆盖"(covering),扩大了获取规则的范围.LBR和LEM3因其各自不同的优点,在数据挖掘和智能领域均具有广泛的应用前景.     

协作机器人逆运动学形式化建模与验证

在机器人迅速发展的时代,人机协作型机器人安全性问题是人们关注的焦点.机器人逆运动学的建模与求解是决定其安全性的必要因素之一.旋量法是一种机器人逆运动学建模的常用方法,它可以解决传统D-H参数法的奇异性问题.然而,在建模过程中,旋量法会因人为因素或软件系统缺陷导致模型出现漏洞,从而威胁操作人员安全.因此,本文在旋量高阶逻...     

移动机器人编队的运动控制策略

为实现移动机器人编队的多样性、稳定性和队形变换连续性,并解决移动机器人编队运动中的避障、避碰、到达目标的问题,对基本队形进行分析,提出队形参数化的思路,建立基本队形虚结构的参数化数学模型,通过调整参数使队形在基本队形及其衍生的队形间进行变换;机器人在运行的过程中,利用行为融合方法、跟随领航者法、人工势场法和虚结构法对机器人进行运动控制,实现了机器人的避障、避碰、队形归建等目标。对上述策略进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,使用本策略既保留了虚结构法队形稳定、队形归建迅速的优点,又改进了其灵活性差的不足。     

连续体单孔手术机器人的建模与优化分析

提出了一种新构型的6自由度连续体单孔手术机器人．其形变骨架采用超弹性材料一体化成型加工,具有一系列十字交叉镂空结构的弹性铰链．建立了机器人的运动学模型,分析了机器人的可达工作空间,提出一种手术作业空间的优化搜索方法,获得了作业空间中关键位置的操作灵活性．进而以操作灵活性为目标,以关节形变能力为约束,优化分析连续体机构形变骨架的几何参数,形成提升连续体单孔手术机器人操作灵活性的参数优化方法．最后进行连续体机器人的运动控制实验,经过测试,机器人的末端位置误差为2.23 mm,角度误差为2.06°,验证了模型的准确性．     

网格资源调度研究

在介绍网格资源管理的基础上,针对网格中的资源调度问题,分析和总结常见的三类资源调度策略;并结合应用任务的类型分析了面向应用的资源调度策略,探讨网格对不同类型任务的调度支持,着重分析协作型任务的调度问题。将协作型任务通过BPEL4WS规范描述后,分解为多个可以并发或串行执行的子任务,然后进行调度。基于此,提出了一个新的协作型任务调度方法。     

电动力液压驱动四足双臂机器人的设计与实现

针对定基座机器人在复杂环境下作业能力不足的问题,研制出电动力液压四足双臂机器人,将浮动基座与双臂系统的优势有机结合,能够代替人员完成复杂环境下应急处置、工程作业等任务。详细阐述了四足双臂机器人的机械结构、机载电液动力系统、分布式控制系统以及仿真与操作训练平台的设计与实现。提出基于全身虚拟模型的足底力分配方法与足臂协调运动规划方法,实现了躯干浮动基座与双臂系统的联动,大大提升了机器人的作业能力和效率。通过搭建的仿真与操作训练平台完成单臂作业以及双臂协同作业的仿真,验证了所提出控制方法的有效性,并对机器人操作员进行操作训练。在实际样机实验中,测试了单臂抓取以及双臂协同抓取的能力,证明了四足双臂机器人能够满足复杂环境下移动作业的需求。     

FIR filter-based online jerk-constrained trajectory generation

In the context of human–robot manipulation interaction for service or industrial robotics, the robot controller must be able to quickly react to unpredictable events in dynamic environments. In this paper, a FIR filter-based trajectory generation methodology is presented, combining the simplicity of the analytic second-order trajectory generation, i.e. acceleration-limited trajectory, with the flexibility and computational efficiency of FIR filtering, to generate on the fly smooth jerk-constrained trajectories. The proposed methodology can generate synchronized (fixed-time) and time-optimal jerk-limited trajectories from arbitrary initial velocity and acceleration conditions within $20$ microsecond. Other jerk-constrained trajectories such as jerk-time fixed trajectories, which are particularly suitable for vibration reduction, can be easily generated. Experimental validations carried out on a seven axis Kuka LBR iiwa are presented.     

Robust variable admittance control for human–robot co-manipulation of objects with unknown load

Over the last years, physical Human–Robot Interaction (pHRI) has become a particularly interesting topic for industrial tasks. An important issue is allowing people and robots to collaborate in an useful, simple and safe manner. In this work, we propose a new framework that allows the person to collaborate with a robot manipulator, while the robot has its own predefined task. To allow the robot to smoothly switch from its own task to be a compliant collaborator for the person, a variable admittance control is developed. Furthermore, in general the task to accomplish requires the robot to carry variable, unknown, loads at the end-effector. To include this feature in our framework, a robust control is also included to preserve the performance of the robot despite uncertainties coming from the unknown load. To validate our approach, experiments were carried out with a Kuka LBR iiwa 14 R820, first to validate both parts of the controller, and finally, to study a use-case scenario similar to an industrial production line. Results show the efficiency of this approach to allow the person to collaborate at any moment while the robot is capable of performing another task. This flexible framework for object co-manipulation also allows unknown loads up to 2 kg to be handled without making the task more difficult for the person.     

A Human-Robot Collaboration Framework for Improving Ergonomics During Dexterous Operation of Power Tools

In this work, we present a novel control approach to human-robot collaboration that takes into account ergonomic aspects of the human co-worker during power tool operations. The method is primarily based on estimating and reducing the overloading torques in the human joints that are induced by the manipulated external load. The human overloading joint torques are estimated and monitored using a whole-body dynamic state model. The appropriate robot motion that brings the human into the suitable ergonomic working configuration is obtained by an optimisation method that minimises the overloading joint torques. The proposed optimisation process includes several constraints, such as the human arm muscular manipulability and safety of the collaborative task, to achieve a task-relevant optimised configuration. We validated the proposed method by a user study that involved a human-robot collaboration task, where the subjects operated a polishing machine on a part that was brought to them by the collaborative robot. A statistical analysis of ten subjects as an experimental evaluation of the proposed control framework is provided to demonstrate the potential of the proposed control framework in enabling ergonomic and task-optimised human-robot collaboration.     

A New Algorithm for Measuring and Optimizing the Manipulability Index

The estimation of the performance characteristics of robot manipulators is crucial in robot application and design. Furthermore, studying the manipulability index for every point within the workspace of any serial manipulator is considered an important problem. Such studies are required for designing trajectories to avoid singular configurations. In this paper, a new method for measuring the manipulability index is proposed, and then some simulations are performed on different industrial manipulators such as the Puma 560 manipulator, a six DOF manipulator and the Mitsubishi Movemaster manipulator.     

柔性冗余度机器人振动抑制的一种方法

新一代机器人要求具有轻质、高速、重载、高精度以及高度灵活性的 ，上于结构柔引起的振动使实现高精度控制十分困难。研究柔性冗余度机器人就是为了克服现有机器人的不足。     

双机器人协作管管焊接的运动规划

针对中小管径管管相贯的马鞍形曲线焊缝,以双机器人协作为基础,提出一种应用于双机器人协作的焊接过程中机器人运动规划的方法。该方法基于焊缝、焊枪的数学模型,充分利用双机器人系统的冗余特性,提出了融合机器人操作度、关节位置等的多指标目标函数,以机器人关节极限为规划约束条件,采用遗传算法规划出最优机器人运动路径。在三维仿真环境中进行的仿真结果初步验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Analyses of biped walking posture by dynamical-evaluating index

In this paper, biped walking posture and design are evaluated through dynamic reconfiguration manipulability shape index (DRMSI). DRMSI is the concept derived from dynamic manipulability and reconfiguration manipulability with remaining redundancy. DRMSI represents the ability of dynamical system of manipulators possessing shape changing acceleration in task space by normalized torque inputs, while the hand motion is assigned as the primary task. Besides, we use visual lifting approach to stabilize the walking and stop falling down. In this research, the primary task is to make the position of the head direct to the desired one as much as possible. And realizing the biped walking is the second task. This research indicates that proposed dynamical-evaluating index is effective in evaluating the biped walking motion and biped humanoid robot has the adjustable configuration to walk with higher flexibility. Flexibility represents the dynamical shape changeability of humanoid robot based on redundancy of the humanoid robot with the premise of the primary task given to keeping the head position high.     

冗余度机器人基于任务的方向可操作度研究

分析了机器人传统可操作度概念在实际应用中的不妥之处,定义了基于任务的方向 可操作度,给出了其解析表达式,并利用方向可操作度作为目标函数进行冗余度机器人的运 动学优化．仿真结果表明,同传统的可操作度相比,基于任务的方向可操作度更具有实际应 用意义．     

Optimizing the tasks at hand [robotic manipulators]

This article addresses the kinematic synthesis of robotic manipulators and presents a simple prototyping software tool. The tool, which runs under the mathematica environment, automatically computes possible optimal parameters of robot arms by applying numerical optimization techniques to the manipulability function, combined with distances to the targets and restrictions on the dimensions of the robot. This work also discusses possible extensions of the proposed method of kinematic synthesis.