Novel semi-blind ICI equalization algorithm for wireless OFDM systems

Intercarrier interference is deemed as one of the crucial problems in the wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The conventional ICI mitigation schemes involve the frequency-domain channel estimation or the additional coding, both of which require the spectral overhead and hence lead to the significant throughput reduction. Besides, the OFDM receivers using the ICI estimation rely on a large-dimensional matrix inverter with high computational complexity especially for many subcarriers such as digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems and wireless metropolitan-area networks (WMAN). To the best of our knowledge, no semi-blind ICI equalization has been addressed in the existing literature. Thus, in this paper, we propose a novel semi-blind ICI equalization scheme using the joint multiple matrix diagonalization (JMMD) algorithm to greatly reduce the intercarrier interference in OFDM. However, the well-known phase and permutation indeterminacies emerge in all blind equalization schemes. Hence we also design a few OFDM pilot blocks and propose an iterative identification method to determine the corresponding phase and permutation variants in our semi-blind scheme. Our semi-blind ICI equalization algorithm integrating the JMMD with the additional pilot-based iterative identification is very promising for the future high-throughput OFDM systems. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the QPSK-OFDM system with our proposed semi-blind ICI equalizer can achieve significantly better performance with symbol error rate reduction in several orders-of-magnitude. For the 16QAM-OFDM system, our scheme can also improve the performance over the plain OFDM system to some extent.     

基于并行干扰抵消的OFDM/OQAM系统中的信号检测方法

在多径衰落信道中,基于交错正交幅度调制的正交频分复用(OFDM with Offset QAM,OFDM/OQAM)系统使用迫零均衡器进行信号检测时,不能完全消除信道复数特性和滤波器实数正交特性引入的时域符号间干扰和频域子载波间干扰,及信道估计误差导致的误码率性能损失。该文利用对数据初始判决并重构相邻载波及符号间干扰的思想,通过分析采用迫零均衡信号检测时的残余干扰与信道估计误差干扰,提出了一种基于并行干扰抵消和迫零均衡器结合的OFDM/OQAM信号检测方法,并在IEEE 802.22技术标准的两种典型多径衰落信道中进行了计算机仿真与比较研究。仿真结果表明,与基于迫零均衡的检测方法相比,基于并行干扰抵消的迭代信号检测方法在误码率为1%时,可获得1 dB至2 dB的性能提升。     

Theoretical studies and efficient algorithm of semi-blind ICI equalization for OFDM

The intercarrier interference (ICI) due to the Doppler frequency shift, sampling clock offset, time-varying multipath fading and local oscillator frequency offset becomes the major difficulty for the data transmission via the wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The existing ICI mitigation schemes involve the frequency-domain channel estimation/equalization or the additional coding and therefore require the pilot symbols which reduce the throughput. The frequency-domain channel estimation/equalization relies on the huge matrix inversion with high computational complexity especially for the OFDM technologies possessing many subcarriers such as digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems and wireless metropolitan-area networks (WMAN). In our previous work, we proposed a semi-blind ICI equalization scheme using the joint multiple matrix diagonalization (JMMD) algorithm and empirically showed that the proposed method significantly improved the symbol error rates for QPSK- and 16QAM-OFDM systems. In this paper, we discuss the sufficient condition for the theoretical ICI equalizability and also propose an alternative semi-blind ICI equalization method based on the joint approximate diagonalization of eigen-matrices (JADE) algorithm, which is much more computationally efficient than our previous method.     

时频双选信道OFDM系统的ICI消除与均衡

在正交频分复用（OFDM）系统中,因高速移动造成的多普勒效应导致子载波间正交性的破坏并产生载波间干扰（ICI）。为了消除ICI,本文通过分析ICI分布特性及带状矩阵特性,提出了低复杂度的迭代干扰抵消算法和基于最小均方误差准则的排序串行干扰抵消(MMSE-OSIC)算法。仿真结果表明,与传统子载波间干扰频域均衡算法相比,新算法在计算复杂度和性能之间取得了良好的平衡,且MMSE-OSIC算法可以利用时变信道的时间分集特性在高信噪比情况下有效地消除“地板效应”。      

An equalization technique for orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiplexing systems in time-variant multipath channels

A loss of subchannel orthogonality due to time-variant multipath channels in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems leads to interchannel interference (ICI) which increases the error floor in proportion to the Doppler frequency. A simple frequency-domain equalization technique which can compensate for the effect of ICI in a multipath fading channel is proposed. In this technique, the equalization of the received OFDM signal is achieved by using the assumption that the channel impulse response (CIR) varies in a linear fashion during a block period and by compensating for the ICI terms that significantly affect the bit-error rate (BER) performance     

双选择性信道下发射分集MISO OFDM系统基于BEM的低复杂度信道均衡

在高速移动环境下,无线信道会同时经历时间选择性和频率选择性衰落,即所谓的快速时变信道,也称之为双选择性信道。最初的发射分集Alamouti编码方案是针对时不变平坦信道提出的,不能直接应用于快速时变信道。此外,OFDM 系统在双选信道下遭受的载波间干扰(ICI)不可忽视。因此,发射分集MISO OFDM系统在双选择性信道下既节能又有效的信号恢复是有挑战的。本文基于双选择性信道的基扩展模型(BEM)表示,研究了一种有效的可动态分组的混合干扰消除(HIC)信道均衡方案。仿真结果表明,提出的方案,与传统的MMSE均衡相比,计算复杂度大大降低的同时性能显著提高,计算量的降低减少了能量消耗,达到节能的目的;与现有的关于发射分集的信道均衡方案相比,表现出性能和复杂度的较好折中;此外,在信道信息完美已知的假设下,随着移动速度的提高,误码性能没有损失。      

一种基于预处理的OFDM低复杂度频域线性均衡算法

针对高频段OFDM无线传输系统中严重的载波间干扰（Inter-Carrier Interference,ICI）,提出了一种基于预处理的低复杂度频域线性均衡算法.在接收端先对各时刻的信道响应提取时变因子,进行一维时域滤波预处理;再用带状结构去近似提取时变因子后信道的频域矩阵,进行频域线性均衡.仿真结果表明,相对于MMS...     

一种针对双衰落信道OFDM的新均衡算法

在OFDM系统中，子载波间的正交性是保证OFDM性能的重要保障。针对双选择性衰落信道下的OFDM系统，该文在分析载波间干扰（ICI）的基础上，提出了一种采用频域迭代消除ICI的均衡算法。分析和仿真结果表明此方法能有效地保证载波间的正交性和改善了OFDM系统的误码率（BER）性能。     

双选择性信道条件下OFDM系统的频域Turbo均衡

未来OFDM系统将工作在高载频、高容量、高移动速率的条件下,传统的单抽头频域均衡器将不再适用。该文基于双选择性信道的ICI分析,提出了一种用于OFDM系统的频域Turbo均衡(Frequency-domain Turbo Equalization, FTE)算法。仿真表明该算法具有BER性能好,计算复杂度低的优点,能够很好地抑制ICI。     

Channel Estimation for Cyclic Postfixed OFDM

A novel channel estimation algorithm is presented in this paper for the recently proposed cyclic postfix based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. Phase equalization with the erasure decision is used to reduce both the channel estimation error and the computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed channel estimation algorithm can effectively estimate the channel impulse response （CIR） and the performance of the proposed phase equalization with erasure decision is comparable with the minimal mean square error （MMSE） equalization, but it offers less computational complexity.     

OFDM系统中低复杂度的时变信道迭代均衡算法

针对正交频分复用系统在时变信道中的均衡问题,提出了一种低复杂度的时变信道均衡算法。该算法首先运用一阶多项式基扩展模型对时变信道进行建模,利用频域信道矩阵能量主要集中在对角线附近的特点,将频域信道矩阵按梳状导频的位置沿对角线分块,然后运用高斯置信传播算法分别进行线性迫零均衡。算法避免了矩阵求逆运算,降低了计算复杂度,同时有效补偿了多普勒频移引起的载波间干扰,提高了系统性能。计算机仿真结果和算法复杂度分析表明,提出的分块迭代均衡算法有效降低了时变信道中系统的误码率,并且具有复杂度低,可分布式计算的特点,因此适用于专用集成电路等硬件实现。      

移动OFDM系统中子信道干扰及其均衡算法

移动衰落信道中正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的子信道干扰(ICI)是引起系统性能下降的主要因素。本文分析了ICI对系统性能的影响,结果表明子信道干扰取决于信号能量E_s,子信道数N,和多普勒频移f_d,与信号星座无关。为了消除ICI,我们提出一种基于Jacobi迭代方法的均衡算法。考虑到子信道干扰主要影响相邻子信道的实际情况,兼顾系统性能和算法复杂性,进一步提出改进算法。文章最后给出16QAM调制的OFDM系统性能的仿真结果。     

OFDM系统在循环前缀不足时的两种高效迭代均衡方法

本文提出两种新的用于循环前缀(CP)不足时正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的迭代均衡方法。首先,我们提出并行迭代均衡(PIE)方法,该方法分别使用时域判决反馈方法和频域并行迭代方法来消除符号间干扰(ISI)和子载频间干扰(ICI)。为了改进PIE的性能,提出基于高斯-塞德尔迭代的串行迭代均衡(SIE)方法。在不增加计算复杂度的情况下,SIE具有比PIE更快的收敛速度。仿真结果表明,新方法可以在几次迭代后得到接近CP足够情况下的系统性能,PIE的性能与传统的迭代干扰消除方法相同,而SIE则提供好得多的收敛性能。     

ICI cancellation for OFDM communication systems in time-varying multipath fading channels

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, time-varying multipath fading leads to the loss of subcarrier orthogonality and the occurrence of intercarrier interference (ICI). In this study, an efficient ICI suppression with less noise enhancement for multicarrier equalization is presented by using a parallel canceling scheme via frequency-domain equalization techniques, with the assumption that the channel impulse response (CIR) varies linearly during a block period. In order to avoid performance deterioration due to unreliable initial estimations in the parallel cancellation scheme, a cost function with proper weighting factor is introduced to improve the performance of the proposed equalizer. The proposed equalizer consists of a set of prefilters and a set of ICI cancellation filters, with two stages to perform different functions to achieve minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization. The prefilters compensate for the multiplicative distortion at the first stage, and the ICI cancellation filters remove the effects of ICI by a parallel cancellation scheme at the second stage. Finally, the performance of the proposed equalizer is analyzed and compared with that of other equalizers, indicating significant performance improvement.     

Performance evaluation of OFDM and single‐carrier systems using frequency domain equalization and phase modulation

In this paper, we study the performance of the continuous phase modulation (CPM)‐based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPM‐OFDM) system. Also, we propose a CPM‐based single‐carrier frequency domain equalization (CPM‐SC‐FDE) structure for broadband wireless communication systems. The proposed structure combines the advantages of the low complexity of SC‐FDE, in addition to exploiting the channel frequency diversity and the power efficiency of CPM. Both the CPM‐OFDM system and the proposed system are implemented with FDE to avoid the complexity of the equalization. Two types of frequency domain equalizers are considered and compared for performance evaluation of both systems; the zero forcing (ZF) equalizer and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer. Simulation experiments are performed for a variety of multipath fading channels. Simulation results show that the performance of the CPM‐based systems with multipath fading is better than their performance with single path fading. The performance over a multipath channel is at least 5 and 12 dB better than the performance over a single path channel, for the CPM‐OFDM system and the proposed CPM‐SC‐FDE system, respectively. The results also show that, when CPM is utilized in SC‐FDE systems, they can outperform CPM‐OFDM systems by about 5 dB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种时频双选信道下OFDM系统的低复杂度迭代干扰抵消算法

为了消除正交频分复用(OFDM)系统在时频双选信道条件下由于信道快时变带来的载波间干扰,本文提出了一种新的低复杂度迭代干扰抵消方法.为了消除载波间干扰,已经提出了不少方法,但这些方法要么因为矩阵求逆运算带来了高计算复杂度,要么以性能退化为代价换来低计算复杂度.利用并行迭代干扰抵消技术,本文算法可以明显改善系统性能,同时借助带状矩阵近似和最小二乘QR分解(LSQR)迭代计算的特点来降低计算复杂度.仿真结果表明,在高信噪比条件下,随着迭代次数的增加,本文所提出的算法可以有效的减少"地板效应",在系统性能和计算复杂度之间取得更好的折中.     

Fractionally spaced equalizer based on dynamically varying modulus algorithm for spectrally efficient channel compensation in SC-FDMA based systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless communication systems are expected to satisfy the thirst for ever increasing demand on higher spectral efficiency. But, OFDM systems suffer from peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and inter carrier interference (ICI) problems. It is observed that when OFDM is used in the uplink, PAPR problem is more severe and the relative mobility of the user equipments with respect to the base station will cause Doppler spread which leads to ICI. One of the solutions to minimize PAPR and ICI is single carrier frequency division multiple access. But there is a tradeoff in spectral efficiency. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of fractionally spaced equalizer (FSE) for blind channel estimation based on higher order statistics and to identify any better alternative to improve its performance. Dynamically varying modulus algorithm (DVMA) based FSE is proposed in this paper which is a better alternative for supervised equalization. The simulation results prove that FSE blind equalizer based on DVMA outperform the conventional supervised and blind equalizers.     

Kalman filter‐based channel estimation and ICI suppression for high‐mobility OFDM systems

The use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in frequency‐selective fading environments has been well explored. However, OFDM is more prone to time‐selective fading compared with single‐carrier systems. Rapid time variations destroy the subcarrier orthogonality and introduce inter‐carrier interference (ICI). Besides this, obtaining reliable channel estimates for receiver equalization is a non‐trivial task in rapidly fading systems. Our work addresses the problem of channel estimation and ICI suppression by viewing the system as a state‐space model. The Kalman filter is employed to estimate the channel; this is followed by a time‐domain ICI mitigation filter that maximizes the signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver. This method is seen to provide good estimation performance apart from significant SINR gain with low training overhead. Suitable bounds on the performance of the system are described; bit error rate (BER) performance over a time‐invariant Rayleigh fading channel serves as the lower bound, whereas BER performance over a doubly selective system with ICI as the dominant impairment provides the upper bound. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分数阶傅立叶变换OFDM系统自适应均衡算法

由于子载波间干扰(ICI)的影响,传统OFDM系统均衡方法在快速衰落的信道环境下性能有较大下降.本文提出了一种基于分数阶傅立叶变换的OFDM系统自适应均衡方法,它用分数阶傅立叶变换代替傅立叶变换进行子载波调制与解调,同时在分数阶傅立叶域对接收信号进行自适应均衡.文中给出了最优分数阶傅立叶变换阶次的选取方法,和分数阶傅立叶域最小均方算法的步骤.分析和数值仿真结果表明,最优分数阶傅立叶域的自适应均衡算法较传统频域方法有更好的均衡效果,并且复杂度不高.     

高速移动下OFDM均衡器的FPGA实现

在高速移动下,OFDM系统载波间正交性被破坏,出现载波间干扰（ICI）,严重影响系统性能,必须采用适当的均衡技术以补偿ICI。为了保证通信的有效性和实时性要求,使用FPGA实现了一种低复杂度的最小均方误差（MMSE）OFDM均衡器算法。在ISE软件平台上使用Verilog语言编写程序,并在Xilinx公司Virtex-2实验板（XC2V930芯片）上对设计进行了验证。