贵金属焊料及焊膏

1.引言贵金属钎料在电子产品的焊接、电真空器件焊接、高温焊接和某些特殊材料的焊接中占有重要地位.各国钎料系列中贵金属钎料已有数百种.按合金组元来分,主要有银基钎料、金基钎料和含钯钎料.银钎料用途最广泛,主要用于中、低温钎焊.在高温下具有一定特殊性能的钎料多是金基和钯基钎料.     

金/钯基贵金属钎料研究进展

贵金属钎料在电子工业、微电子封装、真空多级钎焊、高温技术、饰品制造业及航空航天等诸多领域占据重要地位,金/钯基贵金属钎料的研发及应用一直是国内外研究的热点。详细介绍工业生产、军工及民用等领域中常用的低/中/高温金基钎料,电子工业分级钎焊用、高温耐热型和具备特殊性能的钯基钎料,总结各个系列钎料特点、钎焊性能及用途,并简单概述银基钎料特性。综合评述贵金属钎料发展和应用中出现的加工性能差、经济成本高、含致毒污染元素、焊点可靠性不理想及模拟基础数据库匮乏等问题,从制备工艺、微合金化、添加强化相、匹配助焊剂和钎料计算机模拟等方面展望贵金属钎料未来发展趋势,并从中寻求对现存问题的解决措施,为贵金属钎料的开发、应用及推广提供基础支撑。     

高温钎料焊膏研究进展

针对高温钎料使用便利性的需求,综述了高温钎料焊膏的相关研究现状。介绍了焊膏各组分在焊膏制备和钎焊中的作用,阐述了镍基、铜基、银基、钛基和金基五种常用高温钎料及其焊膏的应用与发展趋势,为高性能高温钎料焊膏的开发提供了参考。     

钎焊温度对镍基合金真空钎焊接头组织及硬度的影响

用镍基钎料真空钎焊镍基合金时钎焊温度对钎料中Si、B等元素的扩散有重要作用,因此采用3种钎焊温度对其进行真空钎焊,研究了1080、1110和1140℃钎焊温度下钎缝的微观组织、元素分布及显微硬度等.结果表明,随着钎焊温度的升高,钎料中元素向母材扩散越充分,钎焊温度为1140℃时,钎缝组织基本为固溶体.     

IGBT封装用钎料的研究现状

当前,IGBT作为功率器件已经广泛地应用于许多工业领域。IGBT芯片和敷铜陶瓷基板(DBC)的封装普遍采用钎焊技术,因此,钎料的钎焊工艺性能、力学性能、导热性能在很大程度上决定了IGBT功率器件在服役时的性能稳定性和可靠性。文中根据国内外文献资料,分别介绍了铅基、锡基、金基、铋基钎料以及纳米银膏在IGBT功率器件封装上的应用状况,并对钎料今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

钯合金钎料的研究进展

钯合金钎料在电子工业、真空多级钎焊、高温技术、燃气轮机及航空航天等诸多领域占据重要地位,对其研发及应用一直是国内外研究的热点。介绍工业生产、军工及民用等领域中常用的电子工业分级钎焊用、高温耐热型和具备特殊性能的钯基钎料,总结各个系列钎料的特点、性能及用途,评述目前国内外钯钎料研究发展中存在的问题,并对钯钎料的发展趋势进行展望。     

真空钎焊纯铝用铝基钎料及其钎焊接头性能研究

采用铝基钎料对工业纯铝进行真空钎焊,分析研究了铝基钎料的Si含量、钎焊工艺参数对钎焊接头的强度、硬度和耐蚀性等性能的影响,探索其钎料的最佳硅含量及钎焊工艺参数组合.结果表明,钎料中的最佳Si含量为12wt％,最佳钎焊加热温度为620℃,保温时间为20min.     

镁合金钎焊材料研究进展

镁合金是金属结构材料中最轻的一种,由于具有密度低、比强度高、减震性好、易回收等特征与诸多良好的性能,近年来在汽车、电子、电器、交通、航天、航空和国防军事工业等领域的应用日益增多,随着镁合金的广泛应用,其连接问题越来越受到重视,钎焊作为连接方法中的一种有其独特的优点.主要介绍了镁合金的基本性质及其钎焊性,综述了用于常见可钎焊镁合金的钎料和钎剂的研究发展现状,并对镁基复合材料的优异性能和其在高技术领域中的应用进行了介绍,对可用于钎焊镁基复合材料的钎料进行了综述,讨论了镁合金钎焊材料存在的问题及发展趋势,说明了发展低熔点镁合金钎料以及低腐蚀钎剂的必要性.     

低毒银钎料的探讨

在无线电、仪表、电机、电器工业中,广泛应用着银钎焊工艺,由于银钎焊的接头强度高,导电性能好,抗腐蚀能力强等优点,在各种钎焊方法中,银钎焊占有很重要的地位。但是,目前国内外大量应用含镉银钎料,虽然有优良的综合性能,但是这种钎料在钎焊过程中,产生挥发性毒素气体,严重污染工作环境,在缺乏实际的通风除尘措施的条件下,会危害工人身体健康。为此,研究和应用性能与含镉钎料相当的无镉银钎料乃是当前焊接生产中的一个重要课题。     

氮化硅陶瓷钎焊材料的研究进展

总结了近年来国内外有关氮化硅陶瓷钎焊材料的最新研究进展。介绍了Cu基、Ti基钎料,Ag-Cu基、Al基低温钎料以及Au基、Pd基等高温钎料的最新研究成果与机理。添加高温颗粒相的Ag-Cu基钎料和非晶钎料的研究取得了一系列新的结果,通过原位生成金属化合物提高Si3N4陶瓷接头的高温性能一直是钎焊材料研究的焦点。比较各种钎料,Cu基合金被认为是Si3N4陶瓷连接较为合适的钎料。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。