电弧熔炼Ti6Al4V/B4C复合材料微观组织与力学性能

采用真空电弧熔炼技术制备了不同含量B₄C的Ti6Al4V/B₄C钛基复合材料,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、静态压缩及拉伸测试等对其微观组织及力学性能进行了表征分析. 结果表明,电弧熔炼过程B₄C与钛基体原位反应生成TiB,TiC及TiB₂相,TiB呈现一维生长晶须状,TiC呈现颗粒状,在B₄C质量分数为10%时生成块状TiB₂,并可能会形成特殊的中空棱柱状结构Ti(B_xC_y)聚合物. 原位反应生成的TiB₂可显著提高钛基复合材料的显微硬度. 当B₄C质量分数为0.5%时,钛基复合材料原位反应生成的连续网状、均匀分布的TiB和TiC试样具有最优力学性能,试样最大抗压强度值达到1 990 MPa,最大压缩应变为35.5%,压缩性能超过熔炼钛合金,抗拉强度达到1 034 MPa,与熔炼钛合金材料相比提高近24%,但塑性有所降低,并随着B₄C含量增加,抗拉强度逐渐下降,其断裂方式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂.     

基于Ti中间层的B4C复合陶瓷扩散连接接头界面微观组织与力学性能

碳化硼(B₄C)复合陶瓷以其高硬度、高熔点、良好的耐磨性以及吸收中子能力的特性,广泛应用于制造防弹装甲材料,原子反应堆控制以及耐磨耐高温结构材料等领域.文中采用中间层Ti箔对碳化硼复合陶瓷(B₄C-SiC-TiB₂)进行扩散连接,研究了连接温度对连接界面组织及接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,在连接温度1300 ~ 1450 ℃下成功扩散连接了B₄C-SiC-TiB₂复合陶瓷,Ti与B₄C反应生成TiB₂和TiC.随着连接温度的升高,反应层变厚,而过厚的反应层会对接头的性能造成不利影响.在连接温度1300 ℃时,反应层的平均厚度约为5 μm,此时获得较高的接头抗剪强度100 MPa;在连接温度1450 ℃时连接层基本为TiB₂和TiC陶瓷相,此时扩散连接接头可以获得较高硬度(25.4 GPa).     

B4C的研究现状及发展前景

B₄C具有高硬度、耐磨损、高导热系数、中子吸收性能良好、化学性能稳定等优良特性，在军工、核工业、工程及其他领域广泛应用。其常用的制备方法有碳热还原法、自蔓延高温合成法、化学气相沉积法、前驱体裂解法、溶剂热法。B₄C独特的晶体结构使其粉体致密化烧结十分困难，加入添加剂可有效促进其致密化烧结进程，从而改善陶瓷性能。本文综述B₄C的制备与烧结，并展望B₄C的应用前景。      

Solid-state properties of hot-pressed TiB2 ceramics

Due to the increasing industrial interest in TiB₂ the present work was accomplished to establish various solid-state properties of TiB₂ and to study the influence of sintering aids and different powder conditioning methods on the densification behaviour of TiB₂.

The powders were hot-pressed in graphite dies with various loads up to 45 MPa and the vertex temperature of 1800 °C was held for 1 h. For the pure, non-activated powders theoretical densities between 97.4% and 99.5% were obtained at a pressure of 45 MPa. Hot-pressed activated powders at this pressure led to densities of up to 99.9%. The addition of 0.5 wt.% of various sintering aids also increased the densities. It is shown that pre-alloying TiB₂ with CrB₂ is to favour over mixing the powders. If TiB₂ and the sintering aid were mixed the best result was obtained with Cr₂N. Ceramics with high Young’s moduli and hardnesses were obtained. The Poisson’s ratios of two samples were 0.08 and 0.09, respectively, which are the lowest known values for a ceramic hard material. The heat conductivity of pure TiB₂ is approximately 1/4 of that of copper and the electrical resistivity is only 6 times higher than that of copper.     

Effects of Forming Conditions and TiC–TiB_2 Contents on the Microstructures of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesized NiAl–TiC–TiB_2 Composites

The NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites were processed by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS) method using raw powders of Ni, Al, Ti, B4 C, TiC, and TiB2, and their microstructure and micro-hardness were investigated. The TiC–TiB2 in NiAl matrix, with contents from 10 to 30 wt%, emerged with the use of two methods: in situ formed and externally added. The results show that all final products are composed of three phases of NiAl, TiC, and TiB2. The microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with in situ-formed TiC and TiB2 are fine, and all the three phases are distributed uniformly. The grains of NiAl matrix in the composites have been greatly refined, and the micro-hardness of NiAl increases from 381 HV100 to 779 HV100. However, the microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with externally added TiC and TiB2 are coarse and inhomogeneous, with severe agglomeration of TiC and TiB2 particles. The samples containing externally added 30 wt% TiC–TiB2attain the micro-hardness of 485 HV100. The microstructure evolution and fracture mode of the two kinds of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites are different.     

Effect of B4C on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast TiB＋TiC/TC4 Composites

Different additions of B4C were introduced into TC4 to alter the microstructure and mechanical properties.The morphologies of reinforcements are related to the solidification paths.The refinement of lamellar spacing k is based on the precipitation pattern of b-phases.Microhardness,compression elastic modulus(Ec),and elastic modulus of the matrix(Em)appear non-linear relationships with B4C additions.Due to the refinement of lamellar spacing with Hall–Petch-type relationships,and the solution strengthening of C on the a + b matrix,the effect of reinforcements on the mechanical properties will be more efficient when the additions of B4C are no more than 0.19 wt%.When the additions of B4C are more than 0.19 wt%,the efficiency will decrease.     

氩弧熔覆原位合成TiC-TiB2复合抗氧化涂层

为了提高石墨电极的高温抗氧化性能,以钛粉和B₄C粉为原料,采用氩弧熔覆技术在石墨电极表面原位反应合成TiC-TiB₂复合涂层. 利用X射线衍射分析、蔡司电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对涂层的组织形貌和物相组成进行了分析,利用间歇法测试了TiC-TiB₂复合涂层的高温抗氧化性能. 结果表明,熔覆层由花瓣状的TiC颗粒和棒状的TiB₂颗粒组成,熔覆层与石墨基体热匹配性好,表面无裂纹和气孔等缺陷,且熔覆层具有良好的抗高温氧化性能,1 300℃高温氧化6 h,氧化增重率为0.546 mg/mm2·h-1.     

Microstructure and Dynamic Compression Properties of PM Al6061/B_4C Composite

Aluminum 6061 matrix composite reinforced by 35 wt% B4 C particle was fabricated by power metallurgy method. Then, the as-deformed composite was tested by quasi-static(0.001 s-1) and dynamic(760–1150 s-1) compression experiments. The Johnson–Cook plasticity model was employed to model the flow behavior. The damage mechanism of composite was analyzed through the microstructure observations. The results showed that the B4 C particles exhibited uniform distribution and no deleterious reaction product Al4C3 was found in the composite. Al6061/B4 C composite showed high yield strength, moderate strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening under the dynamic loading, and a constitutive model under dynamic compression was established based on Johnson–Cook model, and accorded well with experimental results. The microstructure damage was dominated by particle fracture and interface debonding, and the dislocation was observed in the composite at a higher strain rate.     

Microstructure of hot-pressed B4C–TiB2 thermoelectric composites

B₄C–TiB₂ thermoelectric composites were prepared via hot-pressing. The phase composition, microstructure of the samples were characterized by means of XRD, SEM and TEM. The composition of different phases, including grain boundary phase, was analyzed by means of EDS. The effects of the microstructure on the thermoelectric properties of the composites are discussed.     

Modeling of the Prediction of Densification Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Al–Cu–Mg/B_4C Composites Using Artificial Neural Networks

Al–Cu–Mg/B4 Cp metal matrix composites with reinforcement of up to 20 wt% were produced using the powder metallurgy technique. The effects of reinforcement ratio, reinforcement size, milling time, and compact pressure on the density and porosity of the composites reinforced with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% B4 C particles were studied. Moreover, an artificial neural network model has been developed for the prediction of the effects of the manufacturing parameters on the density and porosity of powder metallurgy Al–Cu–Mg/B4 Cp composites. This model can be used for predicting the densification behavior of Al–Cu–Mg/B4 Cp composites produced under reinforcement of different sizes and amounts with various milling times and compact pressures. The mean absolute percentage error for the predicted values did not exceed1.6%.     

In situ technique for synthesizing multiple ceramic particulates reinforced titanium matrix composites (TiB + TiC + Y2O3)/Ti

In situ synthesized titanium matrix composites reinforced with multiple ceramic particulates including TiB, TiC and Y₂O₃ were fabricated by non-consumable arc-melting technique utilizing the chemical reaction among Ti, B₂O₃, B₄C and Y. The thermodynamic feasibility of the in situ reactions has been considered. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases in the composites. Microstructures of the composites were observed by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe. It is concluded that multiple reinforcements are synthesized and they show different shapes: TiB grows in needle shape; TiC grows in near-equiaxed and rod-like shapes; Y₂O₃ grows in near-equiaxed shapes when the content of Y is 0.6 wt.% and grows in dendritic shapes when the content of Y increases to 1.8 wt.%. Reinforcements TiB, TiC and Y₂O₃ are distributed uniformly in the titanium matrix.     

碳化硼对高熵合金结构及性能的影响

采用微波烧结工艺制备B₄C/FeCoNiCrAl与B₄C/FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金基复合材料,研究了不同含量的B₄C对FeCoNiCrAl、FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明:B₄C的添加一定程度上增加了基体合金的晶格畸变,合金微观组织由高熵合金基底区、碳化硼分解生成的硼化物区和碳化物区3部分构成。体心立方结构的FeCoNiCrAl高熵合金中硼化物为针状,面心立方结构FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金中硼化物组织为块状,这与合金体系中的原子尺寸差相关。B₄C可显著提高合金的强度和硬度,塑性略有下降。4%B₄C/FeCoNiCrAl合金复合材料具有最高的硬度和压缩强度值,分别为627.1 HV0.5和1836 MPa,但是塑性较差,压缩比仅为11%;而4%B₄C/FeCoNiCrCu合金复合材料硬度与强度仅为249.3 HV0.5与1413 MPa,低于4%B₄C/FeCoNiCrAl复合材料,但塑性较好,压缩比可达35%。     

立方氮化硼用量及粒度对其同钛铝碳结合剂的反应程度的影响

为研究CBN用量对Ti₃AlC₂结合剂CBN复合材料的影响,使用不同质量配比的Ti3AlC2粉体和CBN粉体通过放电等离子体烧结的方式制备试样,并对比其物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:当CBN质量分数为10%时,试样的主相为Ti₃AlC₂、CBN和TiC;当CBN质量分数为20%~40%时,生成了TiC、TiN、AlN、TiB₂等物相。另一方面,当CBN质量分数为10%和20%时,CBN表面会形成厚约10 μm的过渡层;当CBN质量分数为30%和40%时,CBN与基体间没有过渡层。若选用粒度尺寸为10 μm的CBN（质量分数为10%）进行烧结,则复合材料中出现许多气孔,基体主相为TiC等轴晶粒且在CBN表面形成厚度1~2 μm的过渡层。CBN质量分数越大或粒度尺寸越小,其同Ti₃AlC₂的反应越充分、过渡层越薄。      

Superb Strengthening Effect of Net-Like Distributed Amorphous Al2O3 on Creep Resistance of (B4C + Al2O3)/Al Neutron-Absorbing Materials

B₄C reinforced Al composites are widely used as neutron absorbing materials (NAMs) due to excellent neutron absorbing efficiency, however, such NAMs exhibit poor high-temperature properties. To meet the requirement for structure-function integration, NAMs with enhanced high-temperature mechanical properties are desired. In this work, a novel (B₄C + Al₂O₃)/Al NAM with netlike distribution of Al₂O₃ was fabricated by powder metallurgy method and subjected to high-temperature tensile creep test. It was shown that the creep resistance was enhanced by several orders of magnitude via the addition of only 2.1 vol.% netlike-distributed Al₂O₃. (B₄C + Al₂O₃)/Al exhibited high apparent stress exponents ranging from 16 to 25 and high apparent activation energy of 364 kJ/mol. The creep behaviour could be rationalized using the substructure-invariant model and its rupture behaviour could be described by the Dobes-Milicka equation.     

不同材质磨盘对蓝宝石晶片研磨性能的影响

从实际生产加工的角度,研究磨盘材质和研磨磨料对蓝宝石晶片加工效果的影响。以实际生产工艺进行实验,比较铸铁磨盘、陶瓷复合盘、树脂铜盘和聚氨酯研磨布在使用B₄C或金刚石研磨液时的加工效果、成品率和研磨效率。结果显示:经聚氨酯研磨布研磨的蓝宝石晶片,其表面质量最好,为R_a0.058μm;陶瓷复合盘的研磨效率最高,达到0.305μm/min,且成品率可保持在96.08%。如粗糙度要求较高（R_a ≤ 0.06μm）,则建议使用聚氨酯研磨布搭配金刚石研磨液;如果更强调成本和效率（粗糙度要求R_a ≤ 0.08μm）,建议使用陶瓷复合盘搭配B₄C研磨液。      

原位自生TiB2/7050复合材料的高周疲劳断裂机制

TiB₂/7050铝基复合材料在航空发动机等领域具有重要的应用前景。本文研究了TiB₂颗粒质量分数为4%的原位自生7050铝基复合材料在T6热处理状态下的室温高周疲劳性能,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的疲劳断裂机制进行分析。结果表明:在应力比R=?1、指定寿命为3×107周次时,TiB₂/7050铝基复合材料的疲劳强度为211.9 MPa,高于7050铝合金的疲劳强度;疲劳裂纹萌生源主要分布在近样品表面的夹杂、大尺寸的TiB₂颗粒及显微孔洞等区域;疲劳裂纹的扩展在遇到TiB₂颗粒带时,疲劳条带的宽度会明显减小,即TiB₂颗粒提高了复合材料的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力,使得复合材料具有高的疲劳寿命。     

Al2O3/TiB2/Al复合材料的微观结构和高温力学性能

以细雾化铝粉和TiB₂颗粒为原料,通过粉末冶金和热轧制制备微米TiB₂和纳米Al₂O₃颗粒增强铝基复合材料。室温时,由于TiB₂和Al₂O₃的综合强化作用,Al₂O₃/TiB₂/Al复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为258.7 MPa和279.3 MPa,测试温度升至350℃时,TiB₂颗粒的增强效果显著减弱,原位纳米Al₂O₃颗粒与位错的交互作用使得复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度达到98.2MPa和122.5 MPa。经350℃退火1000 h后,由于纳米Al₂O₃对晶界的钉扎作用抑制晶粒长大,强度和硬度未发生显著的降低。     

RNi2B2C Magnetic superconductors: An update from the front

A review of recent RNi₂B₂C research focusing on the variety of effects associated with the interaction between the conduction electrons giving rise to the superconductivity and the 4f-moments is presented. The effects of the 4f local moment on superconductivity are systematically examined via the study of thirty (R_1−xR′_x)Ni₂B₂C pseudo-quaternary compounds. While de Gennes scaling may quantify the suppression of T_C for T_C>T_N, when T_C<T_N, there is a catastrophic break down of de Gennes scaling and an accounting of the role of Cooper pair–magnon interactions becomes important. The recent discovery of YbNi₂B₂C allows for the study of the effects that a more strongly hybridizing 4f moment has on T_c, and the likelihood of weak ferromagnetism coexisting with superconductivity in ErNi₂B₂C presents the possibility of examining the effect that a ferromagnetic sublattice has on superconductivity.     

钕的添加对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2平板式脱硝催化剂性能的影响

本研究制备了一系列不同Nd含量的V₂O₅-MoO₃-Nd₂O₃/TiO₂平板式脱硝催化剂。采用XRD、N2-吸附脱附、XPS、H2-TPR、拉曼光谱、NH3-TPD和红外光谱等表征手段对催化剂进行分析。结果表明:适量的Nd2O3(0.25%、0.5%,质量分数)可以增强V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂的还原性能,增加了催化剂的Oα/(Oα+Oβ)比率,从而提升了催化剂的脱硝活性。然而,过量Nd₂O₃(0.75%、1%)的添加,会导致催化剂酸性性能的显著降低,造成催化剂脱硝性能的下降。此外,过量Nd的添加还会对催化剂的耐磨性能有负面影响。各催化剂中,VMoN d(0.5%)/Ti催化剂显示了最佳的脱硝活性。并且,该催化剂还显示了优良的抗SO₂、H₂O性能。     

Thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the binary systems B2O3–Ga2O3, B2O3–Al2O3 and B2O3–In2O3

We calculated the binary phase diagrams B₂O₃–Ga₂O₃, B₂O₃–In₂O₃ and B₂O₃–Al₂O₃, and the Gibbs energy of formation of the binary compounds, using experimental liquidus data. The B₂O₃–Ga₂O₃ system is of industrial importance, because liquid B₂O₃, in which Ga₂O₃ is not very soluble, is used to protect GaAs during growth of single crystals of GaAs. During recovery of noble metals B₂O₃ is added to slags containing Al₂O₃ to lower the melting point and the viscosity. The B₂O₃–In₂O₃ system is of much less importance to industry. In all three systems we have a liquid miscibility gap, and also solid binary compounds, none of which melt congruently. The miscibility gaps are not surprising, because even in the B₂O₃–Bi₂O₃ system where four congruently melting compounds are present, a liquid miscibility gap exists close to B₂O₃.