乙烯装置急冷系统设计及优化方法

急冷系统是乙烯装置中操作条件复杂、制约因素很多的单元。本文对急冷技术的特点进行了说明,强调裂解气组成的轻重对急冷流程设置非常关键。根据原料对急冷流程的影响不同,急冷流程可分为重质液体原料、轻质液体原料、气体原料（乙烷、丙烷）三种。本文针对液体原料急冷技术,提供了典型工艺流程图,并对轻重液体的急冷系统撤热循环进行了对比分析,提出了急冷系统的关键技术参数优化原则,特别说明了轻质液体急冷技术在热量分配、釜温控制的特点和确定方法。气体原料急冷技术特点突出,本文提出逐级除焦、分步净化的三种除焦技术,并对“气浮+聚结”组合净化技术进行了详细说明。本文在提供急冷系统设计和优化方法的同时,也阐述了轻质裂解原料急冷技术和乙烷裂解急冷技术的应用情况和效果。     

乙烯急冷系统急冷油黏度控制新技术及实践

分析了急冷油黏度和急冷油组成的关系,从急冷油组成的影响因素上研究了急冷油黏度的控制方法,介绍了减黏塔减黏技术。详细阐述了采用1台减黏塔控制2套急冷油系统急冷油黏度技术,以及大庆乙烯急冷油系统改造的实际效果。     

裂解炉蒸汽发生系统

介绍了在裂解炉中急冷锅炉的作用、发展和应用情况。介绍了各种急冷技术,对各种类型的急冷锅炉的特点、优点、不足分别进行比较,并对急冷锅炉国产化情况以及广泛应用的急冷锅炉形式加以介绍。     

压前增能与暂堵转向压裂技术

针对薄差储层发育差、注采不完善、同时受缝间干扰机难压层影响，导致部分薄差层未得到有效动用。采取压前补能与暂堵转向压裂技术，通过压前补能，完善注采关系，暂堵转向，压开新的裂缝，提高裂缝复杂程度，改善储层的渗透率，增强原油的导流能力，达到增产增效的目的。有效解决改造油层挖潜老裂缝控制区以外剩余油的目的，实现低产区块效益治理。     

乙烯装置急冷油系统减粘技术的研究进展

简述了乙烯装置急冷油系统的工艺流程；介绍了传统的和现行的急冷油减粘方法，重点介绍了减粘塔技术和添加减粘剂技术；分析了急冷油粘度增长的影响因素；总结了当前在急冷油粘度变化和减粘剂减粘原理方面的研究进展；最后提出了急冷油减粘技术的发展方向。     

乙烯装置急冷油系统减粘技术的研究

基于乙烯装置急冷油和急冷系统结垢物的组成分析，探讨了急冷油增粘和系统结垢的机理．研究了适用于急冷油系统的新型减粘剂RIPP-1420和减粘剂的注入技术。结果表明，RIPP-1420减粘剂和该注入技术能有效降低急冷油系统物料的粘度，减少结垢物的生成。     

急冷油减粘技术在燕化乙烯装置中的应用

通过对中国石化北京燕山分公司化工一厂乙烯装置急冷油粘度高的原因、急冷油粘度对工艺产生的影响、传统的减粘技术和减粘塔减粘技术等的分析,得到了急冷油粘度控制的最佳方法。     

急冷油系统减黏塔的运行及效果分析

独山子石化百万吨乙烯装置前期运行期间急冷油黏度偏高,运行期间设计的急冷油减粘流程在略降低急冷油黏度的同时却带来了汽油分馏塔气相负荷增大,使操作受限。在2019年扩建改造中应用急冷油减黏塔技术解决了急冷油黏度长期偏高的问题,确保了乙烯装置长周期平稳运行。介绍了急冷油黏度控制方法、减黏塔工作原理及操作优化调整思路,针对减黏塔运行出现的问题,分析确定了减黏塔投用后急冷油系统的运行调整模式。     

裂解急冷油流量测量系统改造

介绍了通过突破改变传统压管的取压方式，安装结构，采用简单方式成功地解决了急冷油测量中存在的实际问题。     

干气密封在急冷油泵上的应用

乙烯装置急冷油泵机械密封频繁泄漏既影响设备安稳运行,又污染现场环境。采用双端面干气密封技术对急冷油泵的轴封进行改造,经实践检验,干气密封技术在急冷油泵上的成功应用,既解决了维修频繁的问题,又从根本上改善了现场环境。     

磷石膏中杂质及除杂方法研究综述

磷石膏是湿法生产磷酸过程中的一种固体废弃物,是我国排放量很大的化学石膏。作者首先介绍了磷石膏的特性及应用现状,就磷石膏中杂质进行了分类和讨论,对磷石膏除杂工艺研究方法进行了分类介绍,对各种除杂方法的特点进行了归纳总结。     

转子挤压组合凹模的应力分析

组合凹模的应力分析是一个非常复杂的问题，对其进行精确分析是解决模具寿命的关键。本文采用有限元分析软件Ansys对转子的组合凹模进行了分析，为转子组合凹模的优化设计提供了依据。     

塑造企业文化推动企业发展

企业文化是一种从事经济活动的组织之中形成的组织文化。在企业的成长过程中，企业文化不一定是主要因素，但却是影响企业发展的决定因素。企业文化是由内而外的表现，它的核心是一种理念，一种精神，一种目标，需要企业各级员工共同实现。企业文化建设与创新不可分离，在世界市场这个大的竞争环境中，创新的企业文化建设会推动企业的发展。     

Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement

In cement industry, a great energy consumption has been observed during grinding of clinker. To reduce this consumption, some waste products have been used as grinding aids.In this investigation, the effects of sunflower oil (SO), oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), myristic acid (MA) and lauric acid (LA) on the fineness and strength of the cement have been examined. These aids were added into clinker in certain ratios based on the cement clinker weight and the grinding has been done for a definite time at the same condition.All of the fatty acids used increased the fineness as compared with the cement without the grinding additives. SO and OA decreased the strength significantly, LA decreased it to a lesser extent and SA increased it definitely according to the common cement. But MA did not alter the strength of the cement as much as SA. In addition, the covering of the balls influences the grinding of cement clinker unfavourably.     

Estimation of the micromixing time in the torus reactor by the application of the incorporation model

On the basis of previous experimental results in a torus reactor, micromixing time is determined using the incorporation model. Obtained results allowed the characterisation of the performances of this new configuration of reactor in comparison to other reactors, such as the stirred tank reactor. In addition, a correlation is proposed for each incorporation law, in order to determine the micromixing time from the experimental micromixedness ratio (α). Finally, in terms of Kolmogorov's turbulence theory, a relationship between micromixing time and the local energy dissipation rate is obtained and compared to those previously published.     

An inverse method to determine the elastic properties of the interphase between the aggregate and the cement paste

Concrete is a three-phase material consisting of cement paste matrix, discrete inclusions of rock (aggregate), and an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the matrix and the inclusions. We model the material as a composite formed by a matrix with embedded spherical particles; each surrounded by a concentric spherical shell. Effective elastic moduli of this composite are evaluated on the basis of the generalized self-consistent scheme (GSCS). This formulation is used to solve the inverse problem of determining the elastic moduli of the ITZ from experimentally known elastic properties of the composite.     

Impact of the soak and the malt on the physicochemical properties of the sorghum starches

Starches were isolated from soaked and malted sorghum and studied to understand their physicochemical and functional properties. The swelling power (SP) and the water solubility index (WSI) of both starches were nearly similar at temperatures below 50 °C, but at more than 50 °C, the starch isolated from malted sorghum showed lower SP and high WSI than those isolated from raw and soaked sorghum. The pasting properties of starches determined by rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) showed that malted sorghum starch had a lower viscosity peak value (86 BU/RVU) than raw sorghum starch (454 BU/RVU). For both sorghum, X-ray diffractograms exhibited an A-type diffraction pattern, typical of cereal starches and the relative degrees of crystallinity ranged from 9.62 to 15.50%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that raw sorghum starch showed an endotherm with a peak temperature (Tp) at 78.06 °C and gelatinization enthalpies of 2.83 J/g whereas five-day malted sorghum starch had a Tp at 47.22 °C and gelatinization enthalpies of 2.06 J/g. Storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) of all starch suspensions increased steeply to a maximum at 70 °C and then decreased with continuous heating. The structural analysis of malted sorghum starch showed porosity on the granule's surface susceptible to the amylolysis. The results showed that physicochemical and functional properties of sorghum starches are influenced by soaking and malting methods.     

纤维素稀酸水解产物中发酵抑制物的去除方法

在纤维素稀酸水解发酵制乙醇的过程中,由于弱酸、呋喃衍生物和苯系化合物对微生物的影响,乙醇的产量和产率都不高。针对国内对这些抑制物质的去除研究较少的现状,重点介绍了国外去除纤维素稀酸水解产物中发酵抑制物的各种方法,这些方法能有效地降低各种抑制物质的影响,从而能够获得更高的乙醇产量和产率。     

抗再沉积剂对二次去污力的作用评价

通过循环洗涤方法评价洗涤剂的二次去污能力,在洗涤剂中加入抗再沉积剂能够明显地提高产品的洗涤效果,有效地阻止积垢的产生,防止破坏织物色泽,聚羧酸盐Acuso1445N是性能非常优秀的抗再沉积剂,在含磷洗涤剂中使用Acusol1445N经过二十次循环洗涤后,可使白度保持率提高10％,在无磷洗涤剂中使织物白度值保持在93％以上,灰分沉积量减少1倍。     

Some aspects of the effect of the porosity of the condensed phase on the combustion of nitrocellulose propellants

This paper considers the mechanisms involved in the effect of the unconnected porosity of the condensed phase of nitrocellulose propellants on the linear burning rate with a pressure rise. A model based on experimental data is proposed for the variation in the linear burning rate taking into account the compaction of the fuel cells resulting in a nonlinear dependence of the burning rate on pressure. The temperature coefficient of the linear burning rate is found to exhibit a nontrivial behavior under pressure rise conditions in various ranges of initial temperatures. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 58–63, September–October, 2008.