机载激光测深后向散射光雷达方程

根据《海水中光束传播唯象模型》和水下辐射度反射率定律，将海水中任一深度的激光束，分为准直光部分和非准直光（散射）部分，并分别计算机载光学接收系统接收到的准直部分和非准直部分的后向散射功率，建立了机载激光测深系统后向散射光雷达方程。通过对该雷达方程的分析，得到了当海水深度以衰减长度的个数表示时，机载激光测深系统接收到的海水后向散射光功率最大值点对应的水深与海水的单粒子反照率有关，而与海水的衰减系数无关的结论，以此可测定海水散射系数、吸收系数。文中也分析了系统视场角对后向散射包络的影响，阐述了后向散射包络以有效衰减系数指数衰减，而不是以光束衰减系数指数衰减。     

机载GPS／激光测深系统的设计与测深精度理论分析

介绍了机载GPS／激光测深系统的组成,包括机载激光测深、机载GPS定位测姿、机载测量数据集成处理和机载数据通信控制四个子系统。通过对影响机载GPS／激光测深系统测深精度的理论分析,得出了平均海平面的确定、海水深度的测量误差等影响测漾精度因素的定量分析结果,并依据该分析结果,得出了机载激光测深系统应该尽可能采用较窄的激光脉冲、较小的光学接收视场角和滤光通带宽度,以此减小海面背景噪声光的有害干扰,提高激光探测的信噪比,确保精确测定海水深度。     

激光雷达探测水体光学特征参数的方法分析

多次散射是影响激光雷达探测水体光学特征参数（包括吸收系数a,衰减系数c,漫射衰减系数K_d）的重要因素,而视场（field of view, FOV）是造成接收回波中多次散射比重差异的关键参数。研究基于Mclean-Walker海洋激光雷达模型,引入接收视场参数q_rcvr,分别针对船载、机载和星载平台激光雷达进行探测回波计算,假设其探测高度依次为10 m、300 m和7´10⁵ m,在接收视场变化情况下分析多次散射因子对反演水体光学特征参数的影响。结果表明,利用水体中激光散射回波反演水体光学特征参数的方法中,假定激光准直入射,q_rcvr与探测高度H是影响反演结果的直接因素,激光雷达衰减系数K_lidar的物理意义随之变化,当q_rcvr近似为0时K_lidar反演值为衰减系数c,随q_rcvr´H增大,K_lidar反演值逐渐接近于漫射衰减系数K_d。     

浑浊水体激光后向散射特性仿真与实验研究

由于水体的吸收和散射作用,光束能量在传播的过程中会产生衰减,激光脉冲会被展宽,制约着水下激光雷达的探测范围和探测精度。文中以浑浊水体环境下水下弱小目标探测为应用背景,建立了水下光子传播的蒙特卡洛仿真模型,模拟了不同衰减系数和散射率的水体后向散射回波信号,并对相应的水体后向散射回波信号变化趋势进行了分析。仿真结果表明：随水体衰减系数的增加,近场水体激光回波信号接收光子数逐渐增多;随水体散射率的增加,回波信号光子消亡速度逐渐降低。开展了不同浊度下的激光雷达回波信号的测试实验,实验结果表明：随水体衰减系数的增加,水体激光后向散射回波幅度逐渐增高,脉冲宽度逐渐展宽。在进行浑浊水体水下弱小目标探测时,随水体衰减系数的增加,应通过逐渐减小激光器能量或接收系统增益来增强水体回波与目标回波之间的差异,以此提高浑浊水体水下弱小目标探测的信噪比。实验验证了理论与仿真结果,为浑浊水体环境下水下弱小目标激光探测系统在不同水质下的激光能量选取、接收系统增益设计等提供理论支撑。     

机载激光测深光电倍增管变增益探测方法

对机载激光探测海水深度的大动态范围信号,提出了使用光电倍增管变增益探测方法来压缩其动态范围。给出了GDB333,GDB49,R1333光电倍增管增益控制特性,压缩信号动态范围达2.5×104倍,满足了机载激光测深系统的要求。使用光电倍增管变增益探测方法探测到的海底回波,也在文中进行了报道。     

机载双波长米散射激光雷达大气回波信号与信噪比的模拟计算

为了研究机载双波长米散射激光雷达的技术参数对其探测性能的影响,为该激光雷达的设计与研制提供理论分析依据,使用合适的大气消光模式和机载米散射激光雷达方程,对其接收的大气后向散射回波信号以及信噪比进行了模拟计算,讨论了几何重叠因子和不同消光模式对回波信号的作用,分析了激光脉冲能量、累积激光脉冲数、接收视场、滤光片半宽度等技术参数对信噪比的影响.结果表明设计的机载激光雷达完全可以进行10 km高度以下大气气溶胶和云的探测.     

海水衰减系数的多角度后向散射测量技术研究

提出了一种基于后向散射式激光雷达方程的海水衰减系数现场快速测量方法.该方法通过接收角度的调整,得到不同距离、不同散射角度下的水体散射光信号,并根据由后向散射式激光雷达方程推导出的衰减系数公式计算测量水域的衰减系数.实验结果表明,采用多角度后向散射测量的方法得到的水体衰减系数的测量误差可控制在8%以内,且由实验结果的误差分析可知,随着系统与计算方法的改进,系统的测量误差可得到进一步减小.     

机载激光测深系统中回波信号大动态范围的偏振压缩

采用偏振检测方法 ,对机载激光测深实验系统接收到的大动态范围的水下目标反射的激光回波信号的压缩进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,偏振检测方法能压缩激光回波信号的动态范围至少达一个数量级 ,对水下的激光后向散射有较强的抑制作用 ;对探测水下目标反射的激光回波信号的影响不大。     

蓝绿激光水下成像系统的探测灵敏度分析

为了分析水下激光成像探测系统的探测能力,根据水下蓝绿激光主动成像系统的成像过程,分析了目标与背景的辐射特性、海水后向散射特性、距离选通特性以及激光发射器和接收器的性能,提出了一种基于光束扩展函数(BSF)的探测灵敏度模型。该模型在海水散射系数与衰减系数之比介于0~1的范围内都适用。通过对给定参数的系统进行分析计算,进一步讨论了激光发散角、系统接收口径和图像传感器选通门宽等因素对系统探测能力的影响。结果表明:当选通门宽等于激光脉冲宽度时,系统的探测深度达到最大。模型的建立将为系统设计和系统参量的优化选择提供理论依据。     

机载激光测深系统的环境噪声分析

针对影响机载激光测深性能的外界环境背景噪声多重性,对环境背景噪声进行系统的分析,得到主要的背景噪声是日光噪声,而月光、星光噪声功率要小得多;接收到的噪声功率的变化主要由其在海面的辐照度决定,而与飞机高度无关;并给出了在各种背景噪声条件下机载激光测深系统的最大可探测深度.     

Three-phase GaAs Schottky-barrier CCD operated up to 100-MHz clock frequency

GaAs CCD's with 5-µm electrodes were fabricated using a process fully compatible to MESFET integrated circuits. The devices were operated at clock frequencies from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The transfer inefficiency was found to be ≈ 1 × 10^-2in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 30 MHz. This is due to an incomplete charge transfer caused by interelectrode gaps larger than the layer thickness.     

Laboratory measurements of the 36 GHz backscattering cross sectionfrom water waves

The backscattering cross section per unit area σ₀ of a roughened water surface at 36 GHz is needed in the development of new remote sensing instrumentation that will operate at this frequency. One instrument, the multimode airborne radar altimeter (MARA), will illuminate the surface at incidence angles ranging from nadir to 12° off-nadir. Laboratory tests were performed at the Wallops Wind-Wave Tank Facility to determine the variability of σ₀ at these angles and as a function of windspeed. The measurement procedures used in a 6-in.-diam aluminum sphere as the calibration source. The results are compared with earlier measurements at this frequency. Little variability with windspeed was found in the cross-section values for 12° off-nadir, while the cross section decreased with windspeed at nadir. The nadir cross section exceeded the off-nadir result by about 7 dB at a windspeed of 10 m/s (at a 10-m effective height above sea level)     

He-Ne拍波激光干涉仪的研究

介绍了一种可对大尺寸工件进行无导轨精密测量的方法和装置。装置以双纵模热稳频HeNe激光器为光源。理论及实验均证明该光源的频差有较高的稳定度(室外不低于1×10-7)和强的抗干扰性,拍波频率约为750MHz,拍波长约为400mm。该装置以拍波合成的场强信号的节点为对准标志,以光路组合形成的双频激光干涉仪测量尾数部分。实验表明,该装置的节点定位精度小于0.05mm,尾数测量部分分辨率为0.08μm,整个测量系统可在20m范围内进行精度为±50μm+1.5×10-6·L(L为被测长度,单位为m)的测量。     

10.5GHz 1:2静态分频器设计与实现

采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计并实现了1∶2静态分频器。设计中为达到高速率和高灵敏度,对传统的SCFL结构D触发器进行了拓扑及版图优化。测试结果表明,电源电压为1.8V时,该分频器最高工作频率高于10.5GHz,最低工作频率低于2.5MHz(受测试条件限制),输入信号0dBm时的工作频率范围为2.5MHz～9.4GHz,芯片核心功耗9mW,核心面积50μm×53μm。     

Surface breakdown in silicon planar junctions—A computer-aided experimental determination of the critical field

Surface breakdown in silicon planar junctions is analysed with emphasis on the evaluation of the critical field (i.e., the maximum electric field within the depletion region at breakdown). This parameter is determined by a computer-aided experimental procedure consisting in relaxation field calculations with boundary conditions governed by junction breakdown voltage (at given gate voltage) as measured on specially processed gate-controlled diodes. The idealization (infinite doping) of the highly doped side of the junction, encountered in previous works, has been eliminated. Values of the critical field determined are in the range of 1 × 10⁶ V/cm (1·0 × 10⁶ V/cm for 1·0 μm gate-oxide and 1·4 × 10⁶ V/cm for 0·3 μm gate-oxide). These values are substantially higher than those estimated by other authors (5–6 × 10⁵ V/cm) and are consistent with independent experimental findings on avalanche (hot-carrier) injection in silicon diodes.     

S波段温度补偿型FBAR窄带滤波器的研制

研制了一种以SiO2材料作为温度补偿层的S波段温度补偿型薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR)窄带滤波器.研究了SiO:层厚度对FBAR温度漂移特性的影响,对不同厚度SiO:层时的温度补偿特性进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,当Mo/AlN/Mo的厚度为0.15,1.35和0.15 μm,SiO2层的厚度为10 nm时,FBAR的频率温度系数(TCF)约为3×10-6/℃.采用MEMS工艺制备了温度补偿型FBAR滤波器芯片并进行了测试.测试结果表明,滤波器的中心频率为2 492 MHz,中心插损为3.74 dB,3 dB带宽为17 MHz,相对带宽为0.68％,在2 477和2 507 MHz处阻带抑制分别为27.44和33.81 dBc.在三温(常温25℃、高温85℃、低温-55℃)对该滤波器的S参数进行了测试,计算得出频率温度系数为5×10-6/℃.与未加入温度补偿层的传统滤波器相比,频率温度系数改善明显.     

A novel dual-band tunable notch filter with controllable center frequencies and bandwidths

This article proposes a new dual-band tunable bandstop filter. This tunable filter is composed of two separate parts, the transmission line, and coupled stubs that each connect to three varactors. The center frequency and bandwidth in each band can be controlled individually. Moreover, the LC equivalent circuit of the proposed filter is calculated, and the results are simulated. In the proposed filter, the simulations show that the first stopband can be tuned in a frequency range from 1.2 to 1.9 GHz with 10-dB absolute bandwidth 310 ± 30 MHz, whereas the second stopband varies from 2.5 to 3.3 GHz with the 10-dB absolute bandwidth 720 ± 20 MHz. These two stopbands can also be tuned independently. Furthermore, the bandwidth of each fixed center frequency can be changed easily. The fabricated proposed filter validates the simulation results. The compact filter has an effective size of 9 × 27.5 mm².     

Small two-dimensional arrays of mid-wavelength infrared HgCdTe diodes fabricated by reactive ion etching-induced p-to-n-type conversion

The reactive ion etching (RIE) technique has been shown to produce high-performance n-on-p junctions by localized-type conversion of p-type mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe material. This paper presents variable area analysis of n-on-p HgCdTe test diodes and data on two-dimensional (2-D) arrays fabricated by RIE. All devices were fabricated on x = 0.30 to 0.31 liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) grown p-type (p = ∼1 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³) HgCdTe wafers obtained from Fermionics Corp. The diameter of the circular test diodes varied from 50 μm to 600 μm. The 8 × 8 arrays comprised of 50 μm × 50 μm devices on a 100-μm pitch, and all devices were passivated with 5000 ? of thermally deposited CdTe. At temperatures >145 K, all devices are diffusion limited; at lower temperatures, generation-recombination (G-R) current dominates. At the lowest measurement temperature (77 K), the onset of tunneling can be observed. At 77 K, the value of 1/R₀A for large devices shows quadratic dependence on the junction perimeter/area ratio (P/A), indicating the effect of surface leakage current at the junction perimeter, and gives an extracted bulk value for R₀A of 2.8 × 10⁷ Ω cm². The 1/R₀A versus P/A at 195 K exhibits the well-known linear dependence that extrapolates to a bulk value for R₀A of 17.5 Ω cm². Measurements at 77 K on the small 8 × 8 test arrays were found to demonstrate very good uniformity with an average R₀A = 1.9 × 10⁶ Ω cm² with 0° field of view and D* = 2.7 × 10¹¹cm Hz^1/2/W with 60° field of view looking at 300 K background.     

A 7-GHz multiloop ring oscillator in 0.18-μm CMOS technology

A novel delay stage for ring oscillator utilizing multiloop technique is presented in this paper. Different conventional delay stages for the multiloop ring oscillators have been reviewed and analyzed in this work. By using push-pull inverter as the secondary input in its delay cell, the proposed oscillator demonstrates a frequency improvement of up to 17% when compared with conventional designs. The fabricated oscillator is measured to cover a frequency range of 6.24–7.04 GHz. Operating in 1.8-V power supply, the oscillator manifests itself a phase noise of ?107.7 dBc/Hz@10 MHz offset from a center frequency of 6.25 GHz. The proposed oscillator consumes a current of 40–51 mA from the 1.8-V supply and occupies an area of 440 μm ×  430 μm.     

Lateral electromagnetic waves along plane boundaries: A summarizing approach

Lateral electromagnetic waves along a plane boundary between homogeneous half-spaces are reviewed. The electromagnetic fields generated by vertical and horizontal electric dipoles near the boundary between air and the earth (salt or fresh water, soil, ice, etc.) are summarized in terms of a new unified theory of lateral-wave propagation. Complete theoretically determined fields are displayed and compared with measured fields at f = 601 MHz relative to the boundary between air and salt water (σ = 3.5 S/m, εr= 80). Near, intermediate, and asymptotic fields are related graphically to the new general theory and to the approximate and restricted formulas of Norton and Baños as well as to the Zenneck wave. Application is made to the specific problem of communication with submerged submarines by means of transmitters consisting of electrically short monopoles in air and horizontal traveling-wave antennas and directional arrays in sea water. The properties of the antennas are evaluated in the frequency range 10 ≤ f ≤ 30 kHz which is optimum for receiver depths near 10 m, and at f = 1 kHz which is optimum for depths up to 50 m. The effects of reflections from the ionosphere and of the earth's curvature are not included.