超高韧性水泥基复合材料的波传播试验研究

为了研究超高韧性水泥基复合材料（UHTCC）中应力波的传播特性,采用Hopkinson杆加载UHTCC试件,测得UHTCC在0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 MPa冲击气压下的应力波信号. 通过对比入射杆波形,验证相同加载条件下加载波形的一致性. 分别采用两点法和峰值法计算每种冲击气压下UHTCC中应力波的波速,结果显示,两点法适用性较广,计算结果较稳定,利用峰值法测波速则需要入射杆和试件波阻抗相近. 计算结果显示,UHTCC中应力波波速、衰减系数随冲击气压均无明显变化,平均波速为3.060 km/s,平均衰减系数为2.777 m^?1. 可以利用朱-王-唐本构模型参数表达材料中应力波的波速和衰减,也可以利用实测的波速和衰减系数将UHTCC的朱-王-唐冲击本构模型表示为只含单个准静态参数的方程,从而提供通过试验直接确定UHTCC动态本构的方法.     

混凝土材料的SHPB实验技术研究

为提高混凝土材料的SHPB实验结果的精度和可比性,结合混凝土的实验过程,对波导杆的弥散效应、试件内应力应变均匀性和试件的径向惯性效应进行了研究。研究结果表明：一维应力波假定和均匀性假定基本满足,混凝土试件是否有足够时间使应力应变达到均匀,取决于混凝土试件的最大应变值和应变率;实验中采用脉冲整形技术和恒应变率实验技术,并选用三波公式处理实验数据,可以增大混凝土的有效承载时间,减小试件惯性效应对实验结果的影响;当应变率接近或大于104时,需要考虑试件的径向惯性效应。     

改善Hopkinson压杆的波形分离技术

在阐述一维应力波的理论知识和Hopkinson压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)系统的工作原理基础之上,采用波形整形器改善加载波形振荡,且在入射杆2个不同位置粘贴应变片来测量应变波形,利用大距离应变片粘贴方法的分离波形技术改善SHPB系统杆长的限制.结果表明,该方法能有效地分离叠加波形,得到完整的入射波和反射波,并且简化了试验的处理过程.同时,采用入射波、反射波和透射波三者之间的关系以及测试的原始波形和分离波形之间的比较来验证,说明了该波形分离技术的合理性及可行性.     

Stress Wave Dispersion in Large-Diameter SHPB and Its Manifold Manifestations

The wave dispersion due to the lateral inertia in the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with largediameter bar is numerically analyzed by means of the LS-DYNA3D code. The results show that, ① the stress distribution across the bar section is non-uniform along the radius direction and such non-uniformity depends on the material Poisson ratio and propagation distance; ② with increasing the bar diameter, the high frequency oecillations are notably enhanced and the rise time of wave front becomes longer, meanwhile the amplitude of the stress wave attenuates; ③ with decreasing the rise time of wave front, the wave dispersion markedly enhanced, particularly in the large diameter bar. All of those effects should not be neglected in order to obtain accurate results by the SHPB test.     

Investigation on experimental method of low-impedance materials using modified Hopkinson pressure bar

To increase the detectability of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) of low-impedance materials, modifications were conducted on traditional SHPB apparatus with a PMMA tube to output transmitted signal, and weak signals were further amplified by semiconductor strain gauges. Experiments on soft rubbers and cushioning foam materials were carried out. In order to analyze the accuracy of the experimental results, the stress equilibrium issues involved in the assumptions of SHPB were investigated. First, by way of re-constructing loading process of incident wave, the stress-strain curve was obtained, along with the stress equilibrium ratio of specimen. Secondly, the influences on the accuracy of stress-strain curves were investigated through the elastic modulus comparisons. And the results illustrate that the bilinear incident wave from experiments can ensure the stress equilibrium deformation of specimen after 2 normalized times, much sooner than ramp incident waves. Moreover, it even facilitates specimen deformation with a constant strain rate. The results confirm that the detectability of the modified SHPB can be down to tens kPa with enough accuracy level.     

动态载荷作用下岩石颗粒破裂过程的数值模拟

目的 为了研究岩石颗粒在动态载荷下的损伤破坏机理与动力破碎过程．方法 用RFPA（岩石破裂过程分析）探讨不同动态应力波作用对于岩石颗粒试样破坏模式的影响．结果 数值模拟结果表明，在不同的应力波峰值和不同的应力波作用时间作用下，试样表现出不同的破裂模式．结论 在应力波峰值较低时，裂纹的萌生从试样的中部或底部开始；当应力波赋值较大时，裂纹的萌生从加载点开始以裂纹带的形式向下延伸．在相同的应力波峰值作用时。波长较长时试样主要表现为径向破裂为主；而波长较短时试样则表现为两翼破坏．在动态应力波作用下，试样中萌生出更多的分叉裂纹，随着应力波波长的增加。分叉裂纹的数量也随之增加．这与静态载荷作用下形成只一条主裂纹的情形是不同的。     

Effect of impact deformation on shape recovery behavior in Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy under shape memory training process with cyclic thermo-mechanical loading

In the past studies, it has been discovered that the shape memory effect(SME) in the Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy(Fe-SMA)can gradually be enhanced by a pre-process called as shape memory training process under cyclic thermo-mechanical loading.On the other hand, it has been shown that the SME of Fe-SMA can also be affected by changing the strain rate. Therefore, it is possible to improve the SME by combining the strain rate sensitivity and shape memory training process. However, the improvement of SME caused by the training process under impact condition is still unclear. For the training process under impact condition, it is difficult to interrupt the test at the desired strain level due to many reflections of stress waves, which reload the specimen from the free ends. In this paper, to obtain reliable experimental results of SME after the training process under impact condition, the stress waves after first loading are eliminated by the double momentum-trap structure introduced into the impact tensile testing apparatus based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar method. In order to achieve an optimum design of the structure used in experiments, the finite element simulation of the structure is performed. Then, tensile tests in the training process of Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr alloy at different strain rates including the impact level are conducted and temperature change of the specimen is measured during training and heating process. As a result, the improvement of SME in the alloy after the training process under quasi-static and impact loading is compared with that under quasi-static loading through verification processes.     

Caustic study on blast-induced wing crack behaviors in dynamic–static superimposed stress field

This paper studies blast-induced wing crack behavior in a dynamic–static superimposed stress field using high-speed photography in combination with the optical method of caustics. With a static–dynamic loading setup, four PMMA plate specimens with pre-existing cracks under different static loading and the same dynamic loading were tested to observe the mechanical characteristics and the kinematic characteristics of blast-induced wing cracks during the propagation process, including crack length, crack velocity and dynamic stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip. The results show that the behavior of the blast-induced wing crack is affected by the explosion stress wave and initial static stress, and the initial static stress with the direction being perpendicular to the wing crack propagation direction hinders crack propagation. Furthermore, the boundary constraint condition of the specimen plays an important role on the behavior of the crack propagation in the experiment.     

节理形态及吻合度对应力波传播影响试验

为探讨节理形态及其吻合程度对应力波传播的影响,分析不同节理吻合系数JMC及其几何分布对节理的动态力学特性和应力波衰减规律的影响,试验采用水泥砂浆材料制备圆柱体试样模拟岩石试样,通过将圆柱体一端面分割为不同数量的扇形凹面来量化描述节理分布形态,同时对两个节理分布形态相同的试样旋转不同角度获得不同节理接触面积的组合试样.分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)冲击试验结果表明:当组合试样的节理分布形态相同时,试样应力-应变曲线在加载段的非线性随节理接触面积减小逐渐增大,这反映了节理接触面积越小节理对试样加载初期的力学响应越明显;同样在组合试样的节理分布形态相同时,应力波透射系数和节理等效刚度均随节理接触面积增大呈线性增大;当组合试样的节理接触面积相同时,节理接触面几何分布越分散(扇形凹面数量越多)应力波透射系数和等效刚度越大,而且接触面积越大几何分布形态作用影响愈明显.     

Failure of rock under dynamic compressive loading

Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar（SHPB） test was simulated to investigate the distribution of the first principal stress and damage zone of specimen subjected to dynamic compressive load. Numerical models of plate-type specimen containing cracks with inclined angles of 0°,45° and 90° were also established to investigate the crack propagation and damage evolution under dynamic loading. The results show that the simulation results are in accordance with the failure patterns of specimens in experimental test. The interactions between stress wave and crack with different inclined angles are different; damage usually appears around the crack tips firstly; and then more damage zones develop away from the foregoing damage zone after a period of energy accumulation; eventually,the damage zones run through the specimen in the direction of applied loading and split the specimen into pieces.     

空心圆柱试样真三轴仪应力路径的控制

介绍了新研制的空心圆柱试样真三轴仪内外腔加载压力独立控制的机电液光一体化电液伺服加载装置,以及由步进电机独立控制沿试样轴向方向的载荷和为实现主应力旋转在试样端面上施加设定的控制扭矩的加载装置。采用卡尔曼滤波及预报递推控制算法,克服步进电机加载系统与电液伺服加载装置响应速度不一致的问题,从而在连续加载试验中,使尽可能多的离散点遵循设定的加载应力路径。     

低应变检测中振源及桩土相互作用的影响分析

敲击-回波法是基桩完整性检测的有效方法,基于一维应力波理论,可以根据桩顶反射波质点振动速度响应曲线（包括走时、幅值及相位）来确定桩体波阻抗变化范围及程度。然而,在实际中,桩是柱体而非杆件,截面变形不均匀。通过点源激发的波分量及在桩顶侧面的反射波,分析了桩顶近场三维波动现象,并基于圆柱中纵向波对远场波进行分析。结果表明,在测点位置及激振频率满足一定的要求时,三维波动特性及纵向波频散特性可以削弱,桩的动测信号可近似用一维应力波理论来分析。在桩土相互作用下,桩体中应力波随传播衰减,分析了桩土剪切波速差异对应力波衰减影响规律,结果表明,应力波衰减不仅与桩土剪切波速比值有关,而且还与桩土剪切波速绝对值有关,桩体剪切波速越低、土体剪切波速越高,应力波衰减越快。     

疲劳荷载作用下植筋锚固粘结的滑移性能

为研究疲劳荷载对植筋拉拔承载力、粘结应力的影响,设计植筋直径为16~25 mm、锚固深度为10d~25d（d为植筋直径）的10组拉拔试件进行疲劳试验,试件经200万次荷载上限为0.45P_u的疲劳加载后均未破坏,施加静载至破坏。加载过程中测量植筋的应变、滑移和荷载。结果表明：疲劳荷载削弱了承载能力,试件经疲劳荷载作用后极限承载力下降,粘结应力的减小随循环加载次数增加呈对数发展趋势。分析了粘结应力与试件破坏形态的关系。对于拔出破坏的试件,达到一定植筋深度后,胶筋界面的粘结应力是控制试件破坏与否的主要因素。增加植筋直径和锚固深度,粘结应力峰值逐渐降低,沿锚固长度的应力分布曲线趋于平缓,提高了植筋整体受力性能。     

Dynamic Properties of Fiber Reinforced Cement Mortar

Based on the shear wave tracing(SWT) technique proposed by Tang Z P, particle velocity gauge and the dual internal measurement for pressure and shear waves (IMPS) system are applied to investigate the responses of fiber reinforced cement subjected to impact loading. Series of experiments are conducted. The results show that there exist four critical points, A, B, C, D, in p - V Hugoniot curves. They correspond to the Hugoniot elastic limit (I/EL) of the material, the critical point for shear strength limit and transition from damage state to failure state, void collapse, and solid compression, respectively. The critical point B is difficult to be aware of and never reported. However, it can be clearly disclosed with SWT method. Based on the analyses of shear strength, it can be concluded that the transversal wave, especially the unloading transversal wave, is especially important for the dynamic damage investigation of brittle materials.     

航空透明件应力集中的声弹检测

在应力与超声传播方向垂直情况下，建立了单向应力状态时双探头测量声速的表面波实用公式，研制了用于航空透明件表面检测的表面波超声换能器，运用表面波传播速度与表面应力之间的依赖关系，对有中心圆孔的ＹＢ－３航空透明件典型试件进行了局部应力集中状态的声弹检测实验，同时借助应变计测量方法做了对比实验。实验结果表明，构件表面局部应力声弹检测方法可靠、有效。     

SHPB杆加载动态裂纹扩展速度测试方法研究

利用改进的ＳＨＰＢ（Spite Hopkinson Pressure Bar)压杆实验装置,建立了应力波加载条件下动态裂纹扩展速度的测定方法,并对１８Cr2Ni4ＷＡ钢进行了实验测定,结果表明本文建立的方法简便易行,可用于高加载速率下裂纹扩展速度的测定。     

Strength and elastic properties of sandstone under different testing conditions

A laboratory experimental program performed on Wuhan sandstones was presented under monotonic loading, partial cyclic loading during loading path and sine wave cyclic loading with different strain rates to compare uniaxial compression strength and elastic properties （elastic modulus and Poisson ratio） under different conditions and influence of pore fluid on them. When the loading strain rates are 10^-5, 10^-4 and 10^-3/s, uniaxial compression strengths of dry sandstones are 82.3, 126.6 and 141.6 MPa, respectively, and that of water saturated sandstones are 70.5, 108.3 and 124.1 MPa, respectively. The above results show that the uniaxial compression strength increases with the increase of strain rate, however, variation of softening coefficient is insignificant. Under monotonic loading condition, tangent modulus increases with an increment of stress （strain） to a maximum value at a certain stress level, beyond which it starts to decline. Under the partial cyclic loading during loading path condition, unloading or reloading modulus is larger than loading modulus, and unloading and reloading moduli are almost constants with respect to stress level, especially unloading modulus. Under the sine wave cyclic loading condition, tangent modulus and Poisson ratio display asymmetric ‘X＇ shape with various strain, and the average unloading modulus is larger than the average loading modulus.     

Experimental and numerical study of failure behavior and mechanism of coal under dynamic compressive loads

A comprehensive understanding of the failure behavior and mechanism of coal is a prerequisite for dealing with dynamic problems in mining space. In this study, the failure behavior and mechanism of coal under uniaxial dynamic compressive loads were experimentally and numerically investigated. The experiments were conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) system. The results indicated that the typical failure of coal is lateral and axial at lower loading rates and totally smashed at higher loading rates. The further fractography analysis of lateral and axial fracture fragments indicated that the coal failure under dynamic compressive load is caused by tensile brittle fracture. In addition, the typical failure modes of coal under dynamic load were numerically reproduced. The numerical results indicated that the axial fracture is caused directly by the incident compressive stress wave and the lateral fracture is caused by the tensile stress wave reflected from the interface between coal specimen and transmitted bar.Potential application was further conducted to interpret dynamic problems in underground coal mine and it manifested that the lateral and axial fractures of coal constitute the parallel cracks in the coal mass under roof fall and blasting in mining space.     

黏弹性节理岩体中应力波的传播特性分析

为探究黏弹性节理对应力波在岩体中传播规律的影响,引入饱依丁-汤姆逊模型作为位移不连续条件,基于时域递归方法推导出应力波通过一组平行黏弹性节理的传播方程;通过将饱依丁-汤姆逊模型退化为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型所得的时域递归数值解与已有的频域内封闭解对比,验证推导过程的正确性;最后,对相关参数的影响规律进行分析。结果表明：模型无量纲系数、无量纲节理厚度、无量纲节理间距和入射角等都对波的传播产生影响;对于单条节理,应力波的透反射系数以及能量耗散率主要取决于位移不连续模型的无量纲参数、入射角及无量纲节理厚度;而对于一组平行节理,透射系数还和平行节理数与节理间距的大小有关,且节理条数的增加对入射临界角位置处透射波振幅的衰减影响更为明显。     

Mechanism of Pendulum-type wave phenomenon in deep block rock mass

Pendulum-type (μ wave) wave is a new type of elastic wave propagated with low frequency and low velocity in deep block rock masses. The μ wave is sharply different from the traditional longitudinal and transverse waves propagated in continuum media and is also a phenomenon of the sign-variable reaction of deep block rock masses to dynamic actions, besides the Anomalous Low Friction (ALF) phenomenon. In order to confirm the existence of the μ wave and study the rule of variation of this μ wave experimentally and theoretically, we first carried out one-dimensional low-speed impact experiments on granite and cement mortar blocks and continuum block models with different characteristic dimensions, based on the multipurpose testing system developed by us independently, The effects of model material and dimensions of models on the propagation properties of 1D stress wave in blocks medium are discussed. Based on a comparison and analysis of the propagation properties (acceleration amplitudes and Fou-rier spectra) of stress wave in these models, we conclude that the fractures in rock mass have considerable effect on the attenuation of the stress wave and retardarce of high frequency waves. We compared our model test data with the data of in-situ measurements from deep mines in Russia and their conclusions. The low-frequency waves occurring in blocks models were validated as Pendu-lum-type wave. The frequencies corresponding to local maxima of spectral density curves of three-directional acceleration satisfied several canonical sequences with the multiple of (√2),most of those frequencies satisfied the quantitative expression(√2)iVP/2△.