Membranes of triphenylsilyl substituted polyphenylene oxide in the permeation of propylene and propane gases

Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) was chemically modified by the attachment of a bulky triphenylsilyl (TPS) group substituent (～30 mol %) to study its impact on hydrocarbon gas permeation. A membrane of the modified PPO (TPS–PPO) was tested for the permeation of pure propylene and propane gas and that of their 55:45 binary mixture at 30 ± 2°C. Gravimetric single‐gas equilibrium sorption studies were carried out to determine the gas solubility coefficients and diffusion coefficients to assess their role in the gas permeation mechanism of the membranes. Characterization studies were done to determine the interrelationship between the transport properties and the polymer structure. The studies included density, fractional free volume, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, tensile testing, and scanning electron microscopy. The TPS–PPO membrane was found to be 3 times more permeable to propylene and 3.8 times more permeable to propane with a small decrease in the propylene/propane ideal permselectivity (3.37) when compared to that of unmodified PPO (4.25). TPS–PPO could be a potential membrane material for the efficient recovery of propylene and propane from mixtures with permanent gases such as those found in refinery off‐gas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Sintering of chromic oxide

Refractories and Industrial Ceramics - An investigation of the composition and crystallization of pigmental and metallurgical chromic oxide showed that the crystal size of the pigmental chromic...     

On the reaction mechanism of ammoxidation of propane over vanadium containing oxide catalysts

Vacuum transient pulse and continuous flow investigations on the ammoxidation of propane over VSb_xO_y (x = 1, 2 and 5) and (VO)₂P₂O₇ catalysts reveal that propene and acrolein are reaction intermediates over both types of oxides. However, the N-insertion step and the formation of total oxidation products proceed significantly different. Short-lived NH₃ or NH₄ ⁺ species are involved in the N-insertion step over V-Sb-O, whereas strongly bound, long-lived NH_x species are participating in the reaction on V-P-O. Only lattice oxygen is involved in the hydrocarbon reaction pathway over V-Sb-O, whereas additionally adsorbed oxygen species lead to total oxidation over V-P-O. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rheological and technological properties of chromic oxide slips and castings

Conclusions An investigation of the rheological properties of chromic oxide slips showed that their optimum casting interval lies in an acid medium at pH not above 3. In this case the zeta potential is at maximum, the viscosity at minimum, and the building-up rate and density of the casting high.Firing in a mild reducing medium gave chromic oxide specimens of porosity 14–16% and a cold-crushing strength of 1300–1700 kg/cm².Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 42–46, February, 1976.     

纳米氧化铬制备方法研究进展

纳米氧化铬具有熔点高、硬度大、高耐磨、耐腐蚀等特点,是目前正在开发并具有广阔应用前景的纳米材料.综述了纳米氧化铬的各种制备方法,包括固相法(固相反应法、机械化学法)、液相法(微乳液法、溶胶-凝胶法、超临界流体脱溶法、辐射化学合成法、水热法、沉淀法)、气相法(气相冷凝法、化学气相沉积法、物理气相沉积法、激光诱导热解法),以及热喷涂法和相转移法,并对各种制备方法的优缺点进行了简单比较.概述了纳米氧化铬的发展趋势及应用前景.     

Kinetic parameter estimation for supported vanadium oxide catalysts for propane ODH reaction: Effect of loading and support

Kinetic parameters are estimated for a sequential Mars van Krevelan (MVK) reaction model occurring over several supported vanadium oxide (vanadia) catalysts involved in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. The estimated kinetic parameters, pre-exponential factors and activation energies, are used to understand the effect of vanadia loading and oxide support. The pre-exponential factors and vanadia normalized pre-exponential factors vary with vanadia loading and oxide support. The monotonic increase in normalized pre-exponential factors with vanadia loading and the variation of pre-exponential factors with oxide support appears to be related to the change in acidity/basicity of the catalyst and the redox nature of the catalyst, respectively. The activation energy for propene degradation does not significantly change with catalyst; however, the activation energy for propane oxidation is different for the V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalyst. It appears that two important considerations are required for the development of an efficient propane ODH catalyst: a high rate constant associated with the propane oxidation reaction, and a high ratio of the rate constant for propene formation to degradation reaction. Based on the observations in the present study it is proposed that a higher TiO₂ support surface area will assist in increasing the propane oxidation activity and propene yield.     

Polyyne formation by graphite laser ablation in argon and propane mixed gases

Laser ablation of graphite in argon/propane mixed gases was performed to elucidate the process of carbon cluster growth and hydrogen termination to form polyynes. The carbon-rich materials ejected by ablation were carried by the gas flow and captured by a cooled organic solvent, and then, the soluble products were analyzed by UV absorption. The yield of polyyne increased drastically with the increase of the propane ratios. The propane-ratio-dependent yields for polyynes of various lengths are consistent with a polyyne formation model based on H-abstraction reactions of carbon clusters.     

Properties of granules produced by spraying of chromic oxide and zircon suspensions

Conclusions The effect of the disperseness, the concentration of the dispersed phase, and various additives on the stability of the suspensions made from zircon and chromic oxide in preparation for spray drying has been studied.A method of obtaining dense, spherical granules from suspensions of chromic oxide and zircon has been developed; this had made it possible to manufacture large, high-quality articles using hydrostatic pressing.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 7, pp. 45–51, July, 1979.     

Selective ammoxidation of propane over multicomponent oxide catalysts

The ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile was investigated over various multicomponent mixed oxidecatalysts. Bi₃GaMo₂ oxide, Bi_0.85V_0.55Mo_0.45 oxide and Bi₂TiMo oxide showed a good selectivity to acrylonitrile. The catalytic performance was strongly dependent on the components constituting the oxides due to the concentration of defects, the nature of the component and the mixed oxide phases. The effect of support type on the catalytic performance of Bi_0.85V_0.55Mo_0.45 oxide showed that selectivity to acrylonitrile decreased in the order silica > alumina > magnesia. The catalytic performance of Bio_0.85V_0.55Mo_0.45 oxide was improved by the addition of a small amount of a component such as magnesium, calcium and tellurium. The catalytic performance of Bi₃GaMo₂, oxide catalyst, however, decreased significantly with the addition of a smallamount of alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Cs).     

Cr_2O_3掺杂对混合稀土贮氢电极性能影响的研究

研究了金属氧化物Cr2O3掺杂对MmNi3.5Mn0.4Co0.7A l0.4(Mm:混合稀土)贮氢电极的活化、放电容量、快速放电能力等性能的影响。实验表明,掺杂15%Cr2O3使电极的放电容量增大3.0%,充电效率提高2.7%,快速放电能力提高8.1%;同时,掺杂Cr2O3使电极循环充放性能有所提高,并对电极的活化次数、放电电位和过电位有不同程度的影响。     

Fuel processing in direct propane solid oxide fuel cell and carbon dioxide reforming of propane over Ni-YSZ

This work is aimed at understanding the reaction mechanism of propane internal reforming in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This mechanism is important for the design and operation of SOFC internal processing of hydrocarbons. An anode-supported SOFC unit with Ni-YSZ anode operating at 800 °C was tested with direct feeding of 5% propane. CO₂ reforming of propane was carried out in a reactor with Ni-YSZ catalyst to simulate internal propane processing in SOFC. The performance of this direct propane SOFC is stable. The C specie formed over the anode functional layer of SOFC can be completely removed. The major gas products of SOFC are H₂, CO, CH₄, C₂H₄ and CO₂. Pseudo-steady-state internal processing of propane in the anode catalytic layer of SOFC is associated with a CO₂/C₃H₈ molar ratio of about 1.26 and basically CO₂ reforming of propane. CO₂ dissociation to produce the O species to oxidize the C species from dehydrogenation and dissociation of propane and its fragments should be the major reaction during CO₂ reforming of propane.     

The pyrolysis of propane. I. Production of gases,liquids and carbon

Studies have been carried out on the formation of gases, tars and carbon from the pyrolysis of propane under conditions pertinent to steam cracking. Careful analysis has been carried out to relate the production of gases, liquids and solids in the presence and absence of hydrogen and helium diluents. The experimental observations agree with predictions of gas production from a mathematical model. The reactor surface is shown to influence the production of carbon and possibly the production of gases and tars. Minimisation of coke formation in steam cracking is shown to depend, at least in part, on the correct choice of material for reactor construction.     

Activation of propane and butanes over niobium- and tantalum-based oxide catalysts

Niobium and tantalum are important elements for the activation of alkanes in the viewpoints of acidic property and the formation of unique mixed metal oxides. And the difference of the ability of alkane activation between niobium- and tantalum-based oxide catalysts is studied. Although hydrated niobium and tantalum oxides show strong acid property, only hydrated tantalum oxide is activated to a solid superacid by the treatment with sulfuric acid, and isomerizes n-butane to isobutane at room temperature. The sulfuric acid treated tantalum oxide activates P–Mo–V heteropolyacid compounds for the selective oxidation of isobutane to methacrolein (MAL) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The difference of ability of alkanes activation between niobium and tantalum is studied by using surface science technique. Mo–V–Nb–Te mixed metal oxide catalysts are active for the ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile (AN). However, Mo–V–Ta–Te mixed metal oxide is less active. The effect of catalyst preparation condition is studied. Mo–V–Nb–Te mixed metal oxide catalysts are also active for the oxidation of propane to acrylic acid (AA).     

Epoxidation of ethylenic linkages by chromic acid. III. The course of oxidation of mono-aryl aliphatic olefins by chromic oxide

The results of oxidation of some mono-aryl aliphatic olefins by chromic acid in aqueous sulphuric acid and by chromic oxide in acetic anhydride are compared and discussed.     

Gallium oxide promoted zeolite catalysts for oxidehydrogenation of propane

Novel gallium-containing catalysts for oxidehydrogenation of propane, based on zeolite Beta, ZSM-5 and ferrierite, have been prepared and characterised by scanning electron microscopy, IR, MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopies. The catalytic properties of zeolitic matrixes with B, Al, and both ions at tetrahedral sites have been studied. Transformation of propane on pure zeolites and promoted with gallium (III) oxide depended on the structure of the matrix, its morphology and the type of cations occupying zeolite framework sites. Formation of new hydroxyl groups has been evidenced for some MFI zeolites promoted with Ga₂O₃.     

环氧丙烷皂化逆反应的研究

论述了环氧丙烷与氯化钙发生皂化逆反应的现象,在实验室内对反应原理进行了研究和验证,提出了防止环氧丙烷生产出现异常的办法。     

Dehydrogenation of propane over a silica-supported vanadium oxide catalyst

The dehydrogenation of propane over a silica-supported vanadium oxide catalyst was investigated at 823 K under atmospheric pressure in the presence/absence of CO₂. The yield of propene and the selectivity to propene were higher in the dehydrogenation in the presence of CO₂ than those in the dehydrogenation in the absence of CO₂. On the other hand, the yield of aromatics and the selectivity to aromatics were much higher in the dehydrogenation in the absence of CO₂ than those in the dehydrogenation in the presence of CO₂. TPR measurements, NH₃ desorption studies and in-situ UV–vis studies on the catalyst were also performed to elucidate the effects of CO₂ on the behavior of the vanadium oxide in the catalyst during the dehydrogenation of propane.     

Total oxidation of ethanol and propane over Mn-Cu mixed oxide catalysts

Mn-Cu mixed oxides were prepared by co-precipitation varying the aging time for 4, 18 and 24 h. The catalytic performance in propane and ethanol total oxidation on these samples was better than on Mn₂O₃ and CuO pure oxides. The increase of the aging time enhanced the activity and the selectivity to CO₂. The nature and disposition of the phases forming the catalytic system as well as the effect of the precipitated aging time was determined by means of specific surface area measurements, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature programmed desorption of oxygen (O₂-TPD). The catalytic behaviour seems related to the existence of a Cu_1.5Mn_1.5O₄ mixed phase and the easier reducibility of the catalysts.