基于动态差分法的压水堆一回路放射性核素浓度分析

本文通过分析一回路冷却剂在堆芯辐照区、非辐照区、稳压器及化容控制系统中的流动特性,建立核素浓度的动态差分数学模型,模型特征参数可根据实际操作情况进行调整,将每次取水测量值对数学模型计算初始值进行修正,以准确地反映核素浓度变化情况。应用所建立的动态差分数学模型针对某一典型压水堆的实际运行工况进行计算,并将计算结果与Profip5程序计算值进行对比,验证了所建立的数学模型的准确性。然后,对压水堆一回路放射性核素浓度进行计算分析,得到一回路冷却剂核素浓度和辅助系统中核素平衡浓度,以及各系统核素浓度随时间的变化规律和停堆时一回路核素的浓度变化规律。结果表明,所建立的动态差分数学模型冷却剂核素计算值与Profip5计算值相差不大,化容控制系统对一回路放射性核素的净化率与国家标准中提供的净化率相吻合,方程组可用于压水堆不同工况下冷却剂核素浓度计算,在燃料破损监测时,对分析破损发生的时间、预估破损后冷却剂核素浓度峰值、计算破口所在燃耗区域及大小均有重要意义。     

纵摇和横摇对自然循环的影响

针对分散布置的核船压水堆一回路的特点，分析了船舶纵摇和横摇对自然循环能力的不同影响。以某核船参数为例，编程计数比较了两种摇摆情况下自然循环能力的变化情况。     

压水堆核电站主回路安装设计改进

分析了现有压水堆核电站主回路安装设计的特征,并提出相应改进方案,通过对现有技术和改进技术的对比,阐述了反应堆冷却剂系统主回路安装设计改进技术的优点,希望能对提高压水堆核电站主回路的安装及质量控制水平起到促进作用。     

一回路相关死管段与热分层危害分析

为避免死管段与热分层危害，结合有关经验与核岛工艺系统设计特点，对某新型压水堆一回路各连接管逐一进行死管段与热分层危害分析。筛选出危害可能发生的管段后，对其中典型的热段连接余热导出管段应用计算流体力学软件CFX模拟分析，计算达收敛状态后可得出该管段热分层温度分布情况。另外，该管段下游两个隔离阀间封闭管段初始条件设定为充满工质，因受一回路影响而被加热升温，通过该封闭管段工质最终温度结果可判断是否出现死管段现象。最终计算数据显示热段连接余热导出管段总体上满足热分层验收准则，不过下游隔离阀间封闭管段有形成死管段的风险，但通过调整布置等措施可避免死管段危害。结果还显示出浮力循环流与一回路紊流冲击影响的流线特点。     

200MW 核供热堆的非线性动态模型

本文为２００ＭＷ核供热堆建立了一个用于大功率运行范围控制系统仿真的非线性动态模型。模型除了采用点中子动态方程、集中参数的慢化剂温度和燃料温度负反馈等压水堆控制系统常用的建模方法之外，为了使模型适用于大功率运行范围，还重点考虑了主回路自然循环对堆芯内冷却剂和燃料棒之间的传热系数、主换热器换热系数、主回路时间常数的影响，以及二回路流量变化引入的非线性。仿真结果表明，模型具有较高的精度，可用于控制系统仿真。     

压水堆核电厂压力容器开盖时刻主冷却剂放射性浓度控制要求研究

压水堆核电厂停堆开盖时刻主冷却剂放射性浓度限值是核电厂的重要设计参数。本文基于停堆开盖后厂内辐射风险来源分析,建立了适用于压水堆核电厂停堆压力容器开盖时刻主冷却剂中的放射性浓度控制值评估方法,并采用欧洲第三代压水堆技术方案(EPR)堆型核电厂的设计参数对建立的方法进行了验证。验证结果表明:基于此方法得出的停堆开盖限值与EPR堆型核电厂原设计较接近。     

船用核动力装置稳态运行方式探讨

根据船用核动力装置运行的特点，在分析研究冷却剂平均温度和蒸汽压力恒定的所谓“双恒定”运行方式的基础上，提出了在装置运行的低负荷区域保持冷却剂平均温度和蒸汽压力恒定的“准恒定”运行方式，分析了其稳态运行特性。     

先进压水堆一回路地震反应谱分析及参数敏感性研究

压水堆一回路系统包含压力容器、蒸汽发生器、主泵、稳压器、主管道和波动管等重要部件,各部件在地震激励下的动态响应与整个系统的结构形式密切相关。本文从系统的角度,以非能动先进压水堆一回路为研究对象,运用ANSYS建立了其三维有限元模型,在模态分析的基础上,进行了三正交方向输入下的反应谱分析,得到了系统在地震载荷下的响应。并对反应谱输入角度和支撑刚度进行了敏感性研究,给出了这些特性参数对结构设计和分析的指导性意见。此外,通过直接积分法得到系统的地震时程响应,并与谱分析的模拟结果进行了对比,同时也为主泵等单个部件的详细地震分析提供位移、加速度输入。最后通过三维实体模型与集中质量模型抗震计算结果的比较,说明建立三维实体模型的必要性。本文为核电站一回路重要设备的结构分析提供了技术支持。     

二次中子源破损诊断方法研究与验证

压水堆核电机组使用的二次中子源存在破损风险,反应堆功率运行工况下无法对二次中子源的状态进行物理检查。根据二次中子源的活化特性将¹²²Sb和¹²⁴Sb作为诊断二次中子源破损的特征核素,对使用一回路冷却剂的γ放射性在线监测数据、一回路冷却剂中¹²²Sb和¹²⁴Sb的比活度诊断二次中子源破损的方法可行性进行了分析,设计了二次中子源破损诊断流程,并使用上述诊断方法对二代改进型1000 MW级压水堆核电机组二次中子源破损问题进行了诊断。验证结果表明,二次中子源破损后一回路冷却剂取样分析得出的¹²²Sb和¹²⁴Sb比活度变化趋势与核辐射监测设备监测到的一回路冷却剂γ放射性变化趋势在总体上吻合。因此,本研究提出的二次中子源破损诊断方法是有效的。     

RETRAN Code Analysis of Tsuruga-2 Plant Chemical Volume Control System (CVCS) Reactor Coolant Leakage Incident

In the Chemical Volume Control System (CVCS) reactor primary coolant leakage incident, which occurred in Tsuruga-2 (4-loop PWR, 3,423 MWt, 1,160 MWe) on July 12, 1999, it took about 14 hours before the leakage isolation. The delayed leakage isolation and a large amount of leakage have become a social concern. Effective procedure modification was studied. Three betterments were proposed based on a qualitative analysis to reduce the pressure and temperature of the primary loop as fast as possible by the current plant facilities while maintaining enough subcooling of the primary loop. I analyzed the incident with RETRAN code in order to quantitatively evaluate the leakage reduction when these betterments are adopted. This paper is very new because it created a typical analysis method for PWR plant behavior during plant shutdown procedure which conventional RETRAN transient analyses rarely dealt with. Also the event time is very long. To carry out this analysis successfully, I devised new models such as an Residual Heat Removal System (RHR) model etc. and simplified parts of the conventional model.

Based on the analysis results, I confirmed that leakage can be reduced by about 30% by adopting these betterments. Then the Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC) modified the operational procedure for reactor primary coolant leakage events adopting these betterments.     

一回路动态排气剩余空气体积标准值提升后冷却剂流动特性研究

针对动态排气后提升一回路剩余空气体积标准值的改进方案,提出含高溶解度空气的冷却剂在主泵启动瞬态下的压力预测方法和是否释放为两相分离流动的判断方法,对一回路及其辅助系统进行热工水力建模,空气体积标准值提升为24标准立方米（1标准立方米=1.293 kg）后,对主泵启动的瞬态过程进行了仿真,得到了一回路主要节点压力变化规律;结合冷却剂中气体溶解-释放模型,得到饱和氮气溶解度、氧气溶解度变化规律。结果表明,主泵启动瞬态过程中,一回路主要节点压力均在机组运行正常范围内,一回路中溶解的氮气、氧气不会释放成为两相流动。因此,就流动特性而言,空气体积标准值提升到24标准立方米可行。      

Thermal-hydraulics analysis during fuel element failure in an operating PWR

The fuel element failure in an operating pressurized water reactor (PWR), including fuel element breaks, has an effect on the operation safety of PWR. In this paper, the RELAP5 model of the fuel element failure is established for the safety analysis. The RELAP5 time step sensitivity analyses for the element pre-break steady and post-break transient simulation are carried out. And the variations of main thermal-hydraulics parameters related to the fuel element break are quantitatively studied, which include the internal gap pressure and the maximum fuel pellet temperature as well as the releasement of noncondensables in the gap. It is found that (1) the results by the RELAP5 code is very sensitive to the time step in a volume system with the noncondensables, and the time step sensitivity analysis is necessary if the effective time step range is unknown, (2) the larger the break area is, the more quickly the gap pressure increases and the maximum pellet temperature reaches to the stable value, (3) when the gap pressure increases and reaches to the coolant pressure, at the break the liquid inflow from coolant to gap will be turned to the vapor outflow from gap to coolant, (4) during the failure transient, the gap thermal conductivity experiences a sharp decrease in the break instant, which results in the decrease of heat transferred to cladding and the sharp decrease of cladding temperature as well as the sharp increase of minimum departure from nucleate boiling ratio (MDNBR). These conclusions can provide the basic for the operation safety analysis of PWR during the fuel element failure.     

Quantification of the reliability required of non-destructive inspection of PWR pressure vessels

This paper presents a method of quantifying the reliability required of non-destructive inspections of PWR pressure vessels. It gives a strategy for improving the effectiveness of ultrasonic non-destructive testing in assuring the integrity of a PWR vessel and allows targets of inspection reliability to be set in order to achieve the requisite level of vessel integrity. To do this the failure rate of PWR pressure vessels is predicted on the basis of a probabilistic fracture mechanics model. We use various models of the reliability of non-destructive inspection to discover the minimum level of reliability which is consistent with the desired integrity of the structure and to demonstrate how improvements can be made most effective.The reliability of inspection is usually modelled by a function giving the probability of leaving an unacceptable defect in the vessel. This function B(a) is really the “unreliability” of inspection and so 1 - B(a) gives the usual reliability. A reliable inspection is one which detects and correctly classifies defects according to some criterion usually based on size. A reliable inspection must use a technique which is intrinsically capable of detecting and sizing defects in the required size range and it must be reliably applied in practice.We find that, based on certain stated assumptions, that an inspection reliability of 80% of detecting and correctly sizing a defect of 15 mm through-wall extent yields a predicted failure rate of 10⁻⁷ per vessel year. The failure rate includes a frequency of a major accident such as a large loss of coolant (LOCA) of frequency 10⁻⁴ per vessel year. The predicted failure rate can be reduced to 10⁻⁸ per vessel year if the sizing accuracy of the technique is improved so that the chance of undersizing a 15 mm defect falls from 0.19 to about 0.01. However, the failure rate of the vessel is not predicted to decrease further with any subsequent improvement in sizing accuracy unless there is also an improvement in the asymptote of the reliability of inspection. This asymptote is due to factors beyond the capability of the technique such as, for example, human error.     

Applications of a fracture mechanics model of structural reliability to the effects of seismic events on reactor piping

A fracture mechanics model of structural reliability is described. The model assumes that failure occurs due to the subcritical and catastrophic growth of as-fabricated defects. The material properties, stress history, number and dimensions of the initial cracks are treated as random variables. Crack growth is calculated using fracture mechanics principles. The capability of modeling two-dimensional cracks and thickness gradients of the applied stresses represents a significant advance over previous work in this field.The model has been used to estimate the influence of earthquakes on the integrity of circumferential girth butt welds in the large (diameter greater than 30 in.) primary coolant system pipes of a commercial pressurized water reactor. In the absence of earthquakes, the probability of leaks and catastrophic double-ended guillotine breaks is estimated to be 10^?6 and 10^?12 per plant lifetime, respectively. These probabilities were only slightly increased by the occurrence of earthquakes. The cyclic stresses in the heatup-cooldown cycle had the greatest effect on the crack growth. Radial gradient thermal stresses due to temperature fluctuation of the coolant during transients have only a small effect on the amount of crack growth. Sensitivity studies show that significant changes in modeling assumptions are needed before the calculated failure probabilities are raised to the level of current estimates. This suggests that perhaps factors such as design and construction errors or stress corrosion cracking may be significant contributors to the probabilities.     

Boron transient effects on the behavior of IRIS reactor using dynamic modeling

Small Modular Reactors (SMR) are considered as having several advantages over typical nuclear reactors under various specific conditions. They are thought to be installed in countries with small or medium power grid, in which a large power plant is not necessary or in isolated communities far from distribution centers. A plenty of developing countries are in this situation, so that a significant demand on this type of reactor is expected in a near future. The IRIS reactor is the top-front of SMRs, making its complete development very attractive, since it can fulfill the essential requirements for a future nuclear power plant: better economics, safety-by-design, low proliferation risk and environmental sustainability. IRIS reactor is an integral type PWR in which all primary components are arranged inside the pressure vessel. This configuration involves important changes when compared with a conventional PWR. These changes require several studies to comply with the safe operational limits for the reactor. In light water reactors, a solution of boric acid is used in the coolant of the primary loop to absorb neutrons, aiming to adjust the reactivity of the reactor. A significant decrease in the boron concentration in the core might lead to a considerable power excursion. Several studies on PWR have established correlations between power excursions and deficiencies in homogenization of boric acid diluted in the coolant. The IRIS reactor, due to its integral configuration, does not possess a spray system for boron homogenization which may cause power transients. In this paper, a study has been conducted to develop a dynamic model (named MODIRIS) for transient analysis, implemented in the MATLAB'S software SIMULINK, allowing the analysis of IRIS behavior by considering the neutron point kinetics model for power generation. The methodology is based on generating a set of differential equations of neutronic and thermal-hydraulic balances which describes the dynamics of the primary circuit, as well as a set of differential equations describing the dynamics of secondary circuit. The equations and initialization parameters at full power were inserted into the SIMULINK and the code was validated by comparing with RELAP simulations for a transient of feedwater reduction in the steam generators. Furthermore, the current paper looks for studying and developing a dynamic model for calculating the variations in the boric acid concentration. Then, a simplified model for boron dispersion was implemented into the code MODIRIS to simulate power transients which occur due to variations in the boron concentration in the primary loop of the IRIS reactor. The results for boron concentration, inserted reactivity and steam production showed a good precision and represented the expected behavior very well in the range of operational transients.     

UPTF experiment: Flow phenomena during full-scale loop seal clearing of a PWR

To investigate the flow phenomena in the primary system of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) occurring with a small or intermediate break, experiments were performed at the full-scale Upper Plenum Test Facility (UPTF). Within the Transient and Accident Management (TRAM) program integral and separate effect tests were carried out to study loop seal clearing and to provide data for the further improvement of computer codes concerning the reactor safety analysis. This paper describes the UPTF tests that focus on the sequence of loop seal clearance in a four-loop operation for two different cold leg break sizes and the residual water levels, the flow patterns in, and the pressure drops across a single loop seal during the clearing. The UPTF results obtained from a single-loop seal operation are compared with experimental data and correlations available in the literature. Two correlations are proposed which allow the quantification of residual water levels in the loop seal under PWR conditions. It is shown that the steam–water test results gained from the full-scale UPTF with realistic PWR loop seal geometry differ from those obtained from the full or small-scale test facilities under air–water conditions. The UPTF experiments indicate the substantial need for steam-water test data from a full-scale facility with realistic PWR geometries in order to validate PWR LOCA thermal-hydraulic system codes to predict loop seal clearing correctly.     

Simulation of the structure-mechanical behaviour of a PWR coolant loop under extreme loads

Finite element models of a loop of the coolant system of a PWR (primary side and parts of secondary side) have been developed. The structural response of the models relating to an accident management (AM) load case involving secondary side bleed and feed as well as the fictitious extreme case of a blocked steam generator movement were analyzed.     

压水堆核电站大破口失水事故分析

压水堆核电站安全分析报告是核安全监管部门对其进行安全审查的重要文件,大破口失水事故是核电站运行的设计基准事故,是安全分析报告中的重要内容。本文使用RELAP5/MOD3.2进行压水堆冷管段大破口失水事故的计算,对比发现一回路冷管段发生双端断裂大破口时燃料元件包壳温度峰值（PCT）最高,且长时间维持在较高温度,此条件下反应堆最危险。计算结果表明,事故发生后,一回路压力迅速下降,堆芯冷却剂的流动性变差,导致堆芯裸露,燃料包壳温度又重新回升。通过安注系统和辅助给水系统等一系列动作,能保证燃料元件包壳温度不超过1204 ℃的限值。     

压水堆3H源项计算分析

对压水堆中氚的产生和消减机理进行了研究。根据一回路冷却剂中氚的代谢机制建立氚计算模型,分析了压水堆各途径对氚的产生量贡献及⁷Li纯度对锂产氚量的影响。结果表明：计算模型详细考虑了产生氚的核素随时间的衰减变化,计算的氚产生量为52.08 TBq/a。压水堆一回路冷却剂中的氚主要来源于可溶硼的中子活化反应、铀核的三元裂变,对氚产生量的贡献达90%以上,⁷Li纯度为99.9%时锂产氚量占总量的7.45%,其他途径对氚的产生量贡献很小,可忽略。锂产氚量的贡献随着⁷Li纯度的升高而线性减小。研究结果可为压水堆氚源项的计算提供参考。     

自然循环反应堆NHR-200Ⅱ失水事故初步研究

破口事故是压水堆最为关注的一类重要事故,其失水量与事故后果严重程度密切相关。NHR-200Ⅱ是由清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院经过多年研究和不断改进,设计的一种全功率自然循环低温供热反应堆,其设计中采用了多种先进的非能动和固有安全设计。本研究针对NHR-200Ⅱ反应堆,选取后果最为严重的控制棒引水管断裂且无法隔离事故,利用系统热工瞬态分析程序对事故过程进行了模拟和分析。结果表明,即使在最严重的破口失水事故下,NHR-200Ⅱ主回路中剩余的冷却剂始终能覆盖反应堆堆芯,并有效通过非能动余热载出系统带走堆芯热量,从而保证反应堆堆芯不会因裸露造成烧毁,这表明NHR-200Ⅱ具有很好的安全特性。