高炉喷吹COREX脱CO2顶煤气的数值分析

 COREX脱CO₂顶煤气作为一种优质富氢气体,直接喷吹进入高炉可有效降低高炉燃料消耗。建立了高炉喷吹COREX脱CO₂顶煤气静态工艺模型,研究高炉喷气对风口理论燃烧温度、炉腹煤气量、炉腹煤气成分、风口回旋区形状、直接还原度、节焦效果等因素的影响,并进一步探究了提高风温作为热补偿措施后的适宜喷气量。研究结果表明,不采取热补偿措施条件下,随着COREX脱CO₂顶煤气喷吹量的增加,理论燃烧温度逐渐降低,炉腹煤气量逐渐升高,高炉直接还原度降低。以维持理论燃烧温度和炉腹煤气量稳定为标准,风温相对基准提高30、60、90 ℃后,可接受喷吹的煤气量为45.4、85.5、123.3 m3/t。热补偿后,随着喷气量增加,鼓风量逐渐降低,富氧率逐渐升高。炉腹煤气中的CO及H₂含量随喷气量增加而增加,每增加10 m3/t的COREX煤气喷吹量,炉腹煤气中总的还原气体体积分数增加0.46 %,直接还原度降低0.006,节约焦炭1.48 kg/t。     

Bosh Slag Chemistry Control for High PCR and Low Slag Volume Blast Furnace Operation

For the high pulverized‐coal ratio (PCR) operation in the blast furnace, the slag volume should be minimized to secure good gas/liquid permeability in the low part of the blast furnace. As a measure of slag volume reduction, the MgO content in the sinter has been reduced to the level of 5%. As the slag volume is reduced, the chemistry of slags formed is expected to be changed. Using the tuyere probing technique in the field trials, the effects of slag volume reduction on the slag chemistry was studied. Based upon the analysis of the field trial data as well as laboratory experiment results, it is elucidated that the enhanced gas/liquid permeability is attributed not only to the slag volume reduction but also to the decrease of bosh slag viscosity. By lowering MgO content in the sinter, the bosh slag viscosity can be effectively decreased leading to a stable high PCR/low slag volume operation of the blast furnace.     

Theoretical analysis of the interfacial phenomena during the injection of carbon particles into EAF slags

A theoretical analysis of FeO reduction through the injection of carbon fines in electric arc furnace slags, involving the interfacial phenomena at the liquid‐gas‐solid interface, has been performed using basic principles of transport phenomena and physical chemistry of steelmaking. It was found that small angle contacts between slag and carbon favour FeO reduction. Moreover, FeO in basic slags are more prone to be reduced because the interfacial liquid‐gas interface has more free reaction places. In acid slags FeO reduction is difficult because the gas‐liquid interface is partially filled by polymeric silicates. When the particle size is smaller than 100 μm the influence of slag basicity is considerably decreased. Practical applications of these results can be found in electric arc furnace shops aiming at the mastering of slag foaming practices and energy saving.     

Research on main technical parameters of blast furnace with natural gas injection

With the application and popularization of blowing natural gas in blast furnace, it is necessary to study the thermodynamic behavior of natural gas and the variation of operating parameters in blast furnace. By the second law of thermodynamics, the reduction behavior of blowing natural gas in blast furnaces was analyzed. Based on the material balance and heat balance model, the influence of oxygen enrichment, blast temperature and humidity on the blast furnace bosh gas volume and the theoretical combustion temperature in the front of tuyere raceway after natural gas injection were discussed. The quantitative analysis of dynamic coupling effect was realized by linear regression on the effect of key parameters. The results show that natural gas first absorbs heat at high temperature and cracks into CO and H2, which helps to improve the volume fraction and reduction potential of CO and H2 in the gas and promote the indirect reduction reaction. Natural gas injection into blast furnace leads to the rapid increase in the bosh gas volume and the rapid decrease in the theoretical combustion temperature. The change of humidity has a great influence on the bosh gas volume and the theoretical combustion temperature, followed by the oxygen enrichment. However, the blast temperature has a mild influence due to the limited potential to change relatively.     

喷吹天然气条件下高炉主要工艺参数的研究

摘要：随着高炉喷吹天然气技术的应用推广,需要对天然气在高炉内的热力学行为及其操作参数的变化进行研究。利用热力学第二定律,分析了喷吹天然气在高炉内的热力学还原行为。并以物料平衡和热量平衡模型为基础,探讨了鼓风富氧、鼓风温度、鼓风湿度等工艺参量对喷吹天然气后高炉炉腹煤气量和风口回旋区理论燃烧温度的影响及其变化。利用高炉操作参数对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响结果进行线性回归,实现定量分析各因素之间的动态耦合效果。研究结果表明：天然气首先在高温下吸热裂解成CO和H2,有助于提高煤气中CO和H2的体积分数和还原势,促进间接还原反应的进行。高炉喷吹天然气导致炉腹煤气量快速升高,理论燃烧温度快速降低。鼓风湿度的变化对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响很大,富氧率其次。而风温变化潜力有限,对炉腹煤气量和理论燃烧温度影响相对较小。     

Reactions in the Tuyere Zone of Ironmaking Blast Furnace

A series of slags can be formed in the lower part of the ironmaking blast furnace that play important roles in smooth furnace operation, and in determining iron quality and productivity. The final slag tapped from the BF has been investigated extensively as it can be collected directly. Unfortunately, difficulties in accessing the interiors of the blast furnace limit the full understanding of other slags such as primary and bosh slags. In this study, different types of samples directly obtained from the tuyere zone of the blast furnace have been systematically analyzed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), with focus on the characteristics of slags formed in the tuyere level. The samples were identified into three groups according to their morphological, mineralogical, and chemical properties: (1) tuyere slags originating from the reactions between ash and dripping slags; (2) bosh slags in the CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO-FeO system, with a CaO/SiO₂ weight ratio of around 1.50, and Al₂O₃ and MgO concentrations close to those of final slags; and (3) coke ash that did not react with bosh slags. These findings will provide useful information on the evaluation of slags inside the blast furnace and the reactions in the tuyere zone.     

炉腹煤气中氢气含量对炉料软熔性能的影响

 在实验室条件下研究了提高炉腹煤气中氢气含量对含铁炉料软熔性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着氢气含量的提高,含铁炉料的软化开始温度先增加后降低,软化终了温度升高,软化区间先变宽后变窄,熔融开始温度、滴落温度升高,熔融区间变窄,炉料透气性明显改善。增加炉腹煤气中氢气含量有利于高炉冶炼。     

Update on the Equilibrium between Liquid Fe‐Ti‐O Slags and Metallic Iron

The current work is an update on the equilibrium between a synthetic high titania slag and metallic iron at temperatures above the slag melting point. The experimental setup is essentially the same as previously shown in the literature, thus employing a cold crucible in a high frequency induction furnace. A new addition to the experimental setup is the temperature measurement by a spectropyrometer. The temperature measurements will give the liquidus temperature for the slags. This temperature shows a decreasing trend as the FeO content in the slag increases. 24 slags have been successfully produced with iron saturation with a FeO content ranging from 6 to 33 wt%. The slags show a clear trend and provide a solid foundation to the location of the slag‐metal equilibrium line in the investigated area. The experiments are in agreement with previously published experimental data but not with previously calculated results using thermodynamical software.     

Smelting reduction reactions by solid carbon using induction furnace: foaming behaviour and kinetics of FeO reduction in CaO–SiO2–FeO slag

Abstract

Smelting reduction process technology is progressing rapidly, and research to understand the reduction of FeO in molten slag and the associated foaming behaviour has gained importance. The present paper reports experimental data on the reduction of FeO in molten slag generated in a 30 kW capacity induction furnace. The influence of FeO content in the slag and temperature on the foaming and kinetics is discussed. The foaming index, a parameter describing the travel time of gas in the reactor, is shown to decrease with an increase in the superficial gas velocity. The quantitative dependence of the foaming index on slag properties viscosity, surface tension and density has been studied. The data have also been analysed to give an estimation of the activation energy for the reduction reaction. The reduction reaction, initiated by direct slag–graphite contact, produces CO gas, which spreads into the molten slag bath causing foaming of the slag; further reduction of FeO proceeds mostly via indirect reduction. The rate of reduction is found to depend directly on the initial FeO content. An increase in temperature increases the rate of reduction, which has an activation energy of 118 kJ mol^?1 of FeO. The results indicate that transport of FeO in the liquid phase is the rate controlling step. The major findings are in agreement with those reported by earlier investigators.     

Microstructure evolution during softening and melting process in different reduction degrees

This paper concerns the degree of indirect reduction in a burden rising substantially in an oxygen blast furnace. It studies the pellet, sinter and a mixture of both in different cases. The paper concerns experiments on single particle load softening to investigate the microstructural evolution of different burdens during the softening and melting process. The results of the experiments show that the degree of reduction impacted the softening and melting behaviour. In the case of a low degree of reduction, a slag phase substrate and a myrmekitic iron structure were formed on the periphery area of the molten burden, whereas slag phase substrate and disperse island wüstite structure were formed in the centre area. Both peripheral and central areas had a slag phase substrate and myrmekitic iron texture. The slag–iron distribution had a structure in which the slag phase was cut in the metal iron phase. The content of 2FeO.SiO₂ as a low melting point phase in the slag decreased sharply, and this resulted in the increase in slag–iron separation temperature. The variation of the Ca/Si ratio in the interface between the pellet and the sinter indicated that enhancement of the reduction degree caused the initial temperature of the interaction in the mixed burden to rise and the interaction distance to decrease.     

Experimental simulations of primary slag formation in blast furnace

Abstract

Primary slag formation of the blast furnace ferrous burden was experimentally simulated using synthetic MgO-Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂ slags with FeO, Na₂O, or FeS additions. The combined effect of FeO and Na₂O or FeS was also examined. The melting behaviour and viscosity of five different base slags (sinter, pellet, or lump ore) were investigated using optical dilatometry, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and viscometric analysis. The results indicate the importance of FeO (wüstite) in the formation and nature of liquid primary slags. Solidus temperature, fusion temperature, solidus-fusion interval, and viscosity were all significantly affected by FeO. A clear, but not simple or linear, tendency showed a lowering of the solidus and fusion temperatures and a concomitant decrease of the viscosity with increased FeO addition. The presence of Na₂O or FeS in the slag system, alone or combined with the FeO addition, created an initial melting at lower temperatures, but the liquid volume produced was limited. The effect of the added components was distinctly different on different base slag systems. It is proposed that the effect is fundamentally dependent on the chemical or, more exactly, on the mineralogical composition of the base slag systems at the initial stage of the melting. The results of the experiments are considered to represent reasonable simulations of the melting behaviour of the corresponding primary slags of the blast furnace ferrous burden in the cohesive zone.     

高炉富氧喷吹焦炉煤气理论研究

 用计算模拟富氧喷吹焦炉煤气以后高炉直接还原度、焦比、入炉风量、炉腹煤气量、理论燃烧温度和炉顶煤气的变化,同时分析了富氧喷吹焦炉煤气对高炉冶炼可能带来的影响。计算结果表明：在保证高炉热量和理论燃烧温度满足高炉正常生产前提下,选择合适的富氧率和焦炉煤气喷吹量,可以使焦比降低至291kg/t,CO2的排放量减少6.1%,并且提高了煤气利用价值,增加企业的经济和环境效益。     

Temperature distribution of the gas flux in blast furnaces

The distribution of the temperature variation of the gas flux in the peripheral zone over the height (from the bosh to the upper levels of the shaft) and the temperature above the charge surface over the furnace radius was investigated in 2006 at a blast furnace at Metinvest Holding LLC, in various conditions: with gas-free charge and a wet blast; and with natural gas and/or pulverized-coal injection.     

降低燃料比和提高富氧率增加高炉产量

根据宝钢3号高炉的生产数据,分析了降低燃料比、提高富氧率对高炉强化的影响。认为在高炉允许的炉腹煤气量时,降低燃料比和提高富氧率,从而减少单位生铁的炉腹煤气量是高炉强化的决定性因素。对生产操作数据进行诺模化,制作成衡量高炉操作的诺模图,用来估计高炉运行的情况。     

太钢4350m~3高炉稳定炉体热负荷的实践

针对太钢4350m~3高炉软水密闭循环冷却的特点,通过分析炉内煤气流分布Z值、W值对炉体各段热负荷的影响,炉腹煤气量、焦炭质量等对全炉热负荷的影响,总结了实现炉体热负荷的稳定性和可控化的操作经验。     

铁酸锌气体还原的热力学分析

根据热力学原理,计算并分析了含锌冶金粉尘中的重要成分ZnFe₂O₄在CO-CO₂气体还原过程中的热力学行为.ZnFe₂O₄的气体还原遵循逐级还原规律,且ZnFe₂O₄很容易被CO还原到ZnO和Fe₃O₄.较高温度条件下,Zn O的气体还原易于Fe O的还原.随着反应温度升高,锌完全反应和挥发所需要的CO含量不断降低,当反应温度从1100 K升高到1400 K时所需的CO体积分数由0.4降低到0.01以下.要达到还原分离金属锌的目的,不必将铁氧化物还原到金属铁,而只需将铁氧化物还原到Fe₃O₄或FeO,同时满足锌的还原条件即可.在高炉炉身中上部,由于发生锌的还原反应和内部循环,给高炉生产带来危害,因此应减少和控制高炉的锌负荷.     

氢气含量对含铁炉料还原及软熔性能的影响

为了研究氢气含量对含铁炉料还原及软熔性能的影响,利用程序还原炉分析了不同氢气含量对含铁炉料还原性能的影响,利用高温熔滴炉模拟高炉喷吹含氢煤气,研究了氢气含量对含铁炉料软熔性能的影响。结果表明,当增大氢气含量后,炉料的软化温度会升高,滴落温度逐渐降低,同时也会改善炉料结构的透气性,使得渣铁更加容易分离;氢气含量会使含铁炉料中的FeO含量降低,弱化了脱碳反应,从而促进生铁中碳含量的增加。低温时氢气含量对还原几乎没有促进作用,高温则会促进氢气的还原性能;同时,氢气会促进含铁炉料中铁的析出。     

CaO-SiO2-FeO-Cr2O3-MgO-MnO渣系物相组成的热力学计算

摘要：在含铬铁水转炉冶炼过程中,Cr很容易被氧化成Cr2O3进入渣中,并与渣中其他成分反应生成高熔点含铬尖晶石。采用FactSage热力学软件计算了CaO-SiO2-FeO-Cr2O3-MgO-MnO转炉渣系在冶炼温度1300～1700℃下的物相组成,研究了Cr2O3、FeO和碱度对炉渣中尖晶石相含量的影响规律。研究结果表明,温度和渣系成分都会影响炉渣的物相组成。渣系中含有Cr2O3时,物相中均含有MgCr2O4、FeCr2O4和MgFe2O4尖晶石相,尖晶石相的总含量随着Cr2O3和碱度的增加而增加,随着炉温的升高而减少。温度为1300～1500℃时,炉渣中尖晶石含量随着FeO的增加而增加;温度为1500～1700℃时,尖晶石含量随着FeO的增加而略有减少。在温度小于1500℃的转炉冶炼前中期,炉渣物相组成中尖晶石相所占比例较大,易造成化渣不良或者炉渣粘稠,影响转炉冶炼工艺的顺行。     

电炉冶炼高镁酸溶钛渣的热力学及试验研究

电炉冶炼钛铁矿制备酸溶渣时,为降低冶炼温度、保障渣的流动性,高钛渣中通常保留一定数量的氧化亚铁,导致后续钛白粉生产中产生硫酸亚铁,造成酸耗高等不利影响.针对上述问题,通过采用FactSage热力学分析结合电炉冶炼试验,研究了氧化镁对高钛渣物化性质影响规律及其降低炉渣冶炼温度的可行性.结果表明,提高氧化镁含量、降低氧化亚...     

Measurement of FeO activity and solubility of MgO in smelting slags

In bath smelting, the FeO activity of the slag must be known to predict the equilibrium of slag-metal reactions and for effective control of the rate of reduction in the system. Also, knowledge of the solubility of MgO in these slags is useful for reducing refractory consumption. A series of measurements of the FeO activity in simulated bath smelting slags (CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO_sat-FeO) were conducted by the electromotive force (EMF) technique. The influence of the slag composition on the relationship between the FeO activity coefficient and FeO content was studied. It has been found that the measured FeO activity coefficient decreases with increasing FeO content in the slag and increases slightly with increasing slag basicity, which is defined as (CaO + MgO)/(SiO₂ + Al₂O₃) on a mole fraction basis. The measured values of the FeO activity coefficient are in reasonable agreement with previously published data. The solubility of MgO was also measured and found to rang from 16 to 30 pct and decrease with increasing basicity.