Navstar GPS and GLONASS: global satellite navigation systems

Both the Navstar GPS and GLONASS satellite navigation systems, developed respectively by the United States and the Soviet Union (now the Commonwealth of Independent States), are now planned to become operational by the year 1994/95. Both systems are capable of providing the civil community with high-precision position-fixes and/or timing references on a continuous, world-wide basis. For many years both systems have had satellites in orbit in order for pre-operational testing to be conducted. The paper discusses (a) the widely-differing launch histories of both systems, (b) developments in the planned use of orbits, (c) the deliberate degradation of accuracy by the use of selective availability and (d) progress in plans to provide a joint Navstar GPS/GLONASS civil satellite navigation system, possibly integrated with other satellite ranging systems     

面向高轨航天器的北斗导航特性分析

利用卫星导航信号实现高轨航天器的自主定轨与导航已成为当前国内外的研究热点,高轨星载导航接收机面临可见卫星数少、接收导航信号微弱、动态性较大等问题。针对以上问题,分析了高轨环境下星载导航接收机获取到的信号功率、可见星数、DOP值及多普勒频移状态。首先建立了北斗星座模型与高轨航天器动力学模型,构建星间测距链路,对高轨卫星的可见性进行了仿真分析,结果表明当星载接收机功率为-177 dBw时,可见星数能达到4颗以上,能满足定轨需求;然后对高轨卫星的定轨精度进行了仿真,DOP值的均值为15.657 8;最后对导航卫星和高轨卫星之间的多普勒频移进行了分析,仿真的多普勒范围为±14kHz。相关研究结果可支撑高轨航天器星载接收机的开发。     

多系统卫星导航接收设备设计与研究

随着 GPS、Galileo、GLONASS 和我国卫星导航系统的持续发展和广泛应用，空间可接收和利用的导航卫星越来越多、导航信号越来越越丰富，本文针对多系统多频点信号接收的特点提出了卫星导航接收设备设计方案，分析了设计方案的特点以及相关技术的发展趋势，对接收设备的研制具有一定的参考价值。     

卫星导航信号模拟器体系结构分析

卫星导航信号模拟器是一种高精度的标准信号源,可以产生卫星导航信号(GPS、GLONASS、Galileo等),为导航接收机的研制开发、测试提供仿真环境。分类介绍了当前世界上主要的卫星导航信号模拟器产品,并对其体系结构进行了分析。     

Performance of the GLONASS P-code at L1 and L2 frequencies

The transmission of satellite signals at two widely spaced frequencies allows correction of the ionospheric delay. Both GPS and GLONASS transmit such signals, and to date there have been no published dual frequency GLONASS studies. This paper shows the fundamental accuracy of the Leeds University multichannel GPS/GLONASS receiver. Details are then given of the processing methods that have been used to obtain the ionospheric group delay using GLONASS L1 and L2 P-code measurements. Examples of the measured delay are provided and compared with the GPS model. Navigation results are shown using the P-code phase at L1 only and with a combination of the L1 and L2 measurements. An analysis of the accuracy of the P-code pseudorange and navigation capability is presented.     

Study on the algorithms to correct and compensate for GLONASS signal deviation based on GNSS receiver

At present, because of the construction of the navigation and positioning systems such as the China BeiDou, the research on complex receivers has become very urgent and active. This paper reports on the compatibility of the combined GPS and GLONASS data processing system. Because of the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) access technique applied in GLONASS satellites, while different signals of GLONASS satellites pass through different parts of the Radio Frequency (RF), the group delay effect can appear. Especially, if the hardware design of the base station and rover station are different, the problem is more severe. Aimed at these issues, the reasons and conditions are studied and then the comprehensive correction methods of deviation are proposed such as: effective real‐time pseudorange and carrier phase deviation correction compensation; tracking GLONASS L2 signal; establishing a eceiver name database; base station providing the receiver name; rover station correcting deviation according to different base stations, and so on. Through the use of schemes and algorithms, the objective existence GLONASS deviation can be reduced, and the capacity of the GPS+GLONASS complex system can be improved. It is also demonstrated that if the base station receiver and rover are from different manufactures, the deviation from GLONASS pseudorange and carrier phase can lead to the failure of achieving centimeter level. With the algorithms, in all the applications and in any base station or networked system, the GPS+GLONASS complex system can exhibit the advantages over just GPS applied system both in positioning accuracy and positioning speed and other real‐time kinematic (RTK) positioning performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FY-2气象卫星信号的开发利用

详细介绍了基于风云二号静止气象卫星信号实现电离层闪烁监测、云图接收、太空环境参数接收的设备设计、构成。该设备主要用于实时监测分析风云二号卫星信号因电离层变化而造成的幅度闪烁和相位闪烁。由于静止卫星不存在运动所附带的变化,利用其稳定的L波段遥测信号来监测电离层闪烁,优越性显著。风云卫星展宽云图接收设备目前已遍布全国,该设备在其跟踪遥测及云图接收的基础上进行开发,易于组网监测。电离层闪烁监测的结果,将对空间的探测和通讯技术的发展具有重大的意义。     

GPS-BASED LEO SATELLITE POSITION AND ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AUGMENTED BY PSEUDOLITES ON EARTH

GPS-based navigation and attitude determination of LEO satellites is presently considered as an alternative to the conventional systems which utilize earth sensors and magnetometers. The onboard GPS receiver determines the orbit position of the LEO satellite by the conventional system of linearized navigation equations, requiring the simultaneous reception of ranging signals from four GPS satellites by a single antenna. For attitude determination, pairs of antennae, suitably mounted on the satellite and feeding a common receiver, form several interferometric baselines. The baselines vectors, defined in a given coordinate system, determine the attitude of the satellite. For each baseline and each GPS satellite, the difference in phase of the received signal carriers is measured. The differencing operation eliminates the receiver clock bias. Solutions for the baseline vectors can be obtained with signals received from only three GPS satellites. If the coverage of a receive antenna is restricted to less than the hemisphere it will not have four GPS satellites in view all the time. It is demonstrated that a GPS pseudolite transmitter located on earth supplements the system, which then provides a usable geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) for position determination and an improved position dilution of precision (PDOP) for attitude determination. Pseudolites can be co-located with the gateways which provide access to the public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) for the LEO communication satellites.     

双模导航接收机时间系统一致性研究

卫星导航接收机在某些特殊地域使用时,集成了GPS和GLONASS的双模接收机可以弥补单模接收机的劣势,从而明显提高定位的可靠性及可用性。而GPS和GLONASS时间系统的不一致性对GPS/GLONASS双模接收机有重要制约,对其定位精度产生了一定影响。对GPS和GLONASS的时间系统差异进行了研究,给出对其一致性分析的具体方法。可推广至多导航模块的接收机中,从而使定位精度更加精准可靠。     

基于分布式星群的双层星座设计

当前,陆地通信系统已无法满足日益复杂的信息需求,利用空间信息网络实现全球范围内的无缝覆盖和高效容量传输成为研究热点。现有卫星通信系统以单层星座为主,缺少高低轨卫星之间的协同。提出了一种基于分布式星群的双层星座设计,以基于分布式星群的低轨卫星作为网络架构的基础,采用星间链路实现低轨卫星之间的通信,通过高轨卫星实现中低纬度地区覆盖性能加强。仿真结果表明,所提方法在仅依靠在国内部署卫星地面站的前提下可实现全球多重覆盖。     

北斗三号卫星伪距测量误差特征分析

随着卫星导航系统广播星历和钟差参数的精度提升,下行导航信号伪距测量误差对于用户定位授时精度的提升益发显著。由于独特的卫星星座和系统体制,北斗二号卫星伪距测量与仰角呈现线性相关的变化特征,且幅度显著于 GPS 卫星,是北斗二号服务性能提升的关键瓶颈。 随着北斗三号系统的建设,空间星座逐步以 MEO 卫星为主。本文利用 iGMAS 公开数据全面评估北斗卫星下行伪距测量的多路径误差特征,结果表明,北斗三号卫星伪距多路径误差随仰角变化的趋势已得到明显改善,峰峰值为±1m,分布较为随机,与 GPS 卫星特征类似。     

An adaptive calibration and beamforming technique for a GEO satellite data relay

High throughput data links from low Earth orbit satellites through a geostationary orbit satellite data relay have been proposed to increase the available contact times to ground stations. Accurate antenna beam pointing and tracking of moving targets are key requirements for the relay satellite. In this work, we propose an adaptive calibration and beamforming methodology on the basis of least mean squares, which is suitable for a geostationary orbit data relay. The target system consists of the combination of a high gain reflector fed by a digitally steerable patch antenna array. The proposed method is first presented by numerical cosimulation of the antenna and the calibration algorithm. The results are then validated in an outdoor experimental setup with all digital signal processing implemented in a field‐programmable gate array. We demonstrate the tracking ability and pointing performance of the digitally enhanced reflector antenna with gain fluctuations smaller than 3 dB over a field of view of at least 2,5°. The demonstrated performance shows that the digitally enhanced reflector antenna is a suitable candidate for long‐distance space communications.     

Satellite visibility in Northern Europe based on digital maps

This paper presents the calculation of satellite visibility and system availability based on digital elevation maps. New models for satellite visibility are derived for both non‐geostationary orbiting satellite constellations and geostationary satellites. Regression models for satellite visibility and average number of visible satellites based on easily available surface roughness variables are developed and tested. Cumulative distributions for the percentage of time that Iridium satellites are visible, taking terrain obstacles into account, are calculated and the relation between satellite visibility and system availability is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多星座卫星导航接收机跟踪通道结构改进

可用卫星数量的大幅增加使得传统的并行通道结构很难满足多星座卫星导航接收机的设计需求。为了减少电路规模和功耗,提出了一种通用的相关器跟踪结构,其可以跟踪GPS(Global Positioning System)/BDS(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System)/GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)3种卫星信号。该电路通过预先存储中频数据、提高相关器工作频率的方法,充分利用了每个通道的效能。这种时分复用的电路改进方法可以实现大量等效并行通道。65 nm工艺下的实验结果表明,该结构在电路资源和功耗方面优于传统结构。FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)的验证结果进一步证明了该电路结构的有效性和正确性。     

Experimental observations of carrier phase acceleration in conditions of polar ionosphere

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the quality of measuring the phase carrier of signals from GLONASS and GPS navigation satellites and spectrum of small-scale irregularities of electron density in conditions of a nonstationary and inhomogeneous polar ionosphere. It is shown that small-scale irregularities of the electron density in the ionosphere can lead to a substantial nonstationary increase in the acceleration of the phase carrier of both GPS and GLONASS by a factor of 1.3–2.5 from the background level.     

一种宽频带导航天线的研究与设计

研究并设计了一款基于阿基米德螺旋天线的宽频带(覆盖GPS,BeiDou 和GLONASS 卫星导航系统的所有工作频点,即1.1 -1.7 GHz)高稳定相位中心导航天线。以带有反射腔的阿基米德螺旋天线为基础,结合三维扼流环抑制多径效应的性能,通过加载扼流环,并经有限元电磁仿真软件的参数优化设计,很大程度上改善了整个频带内天线在特定俯仰角范围内的相位稳定度。所设计的宽频带高稳定相位中心导航天线的指标达到:在GPS,BeiDou 和GLONASS 卫星导航系统的所有工作频点上,输入端口驻波比小于1.5;在俯仰角为-60°-60°的范围内,方向图轴比小于2 dB,相位稳定度在-2.7°-2.7°;同时由于扼流环的加载,天线的抗多径性能也得到了改善。研究表明,加载了三维扼流环的阿基米德螺旋天线综合性能优异,适合作为宽频带高稳定相位中心导航天线。     

Understanding signals from glonass navigation satellites

In late 1986 details of the radio-frequency signal structure currently employed by the pre-operational GLONASS satellite navigation system were revealed by the Satellite Communications Group at Leeds University. Since then further investigation has resulted in a successful interpretation of most of the data message transmitted on the civil code, sufficient to allow the design and construction of a GLONASS receiver capable of the same level of performance as can now be achieved with NAVSTAR GPS. Details of the message content relating to location of GLONASS satellites for the purposes of position-fixing and time-referencing are presented for the first time.     

一种新型宽带圆极化介质谐振器天线设计与实现*

设计了一种宽带圆极化介质谐振器天线,为一种鼠笼形的宽带一分四90毅相移功分微带馈电网络,采用缝隙耦合对介质谐振器顺序旋转耦合馈电。天线结构紧凑、加工简单,仿真和实测结果吻合良好,其阻抗带宽和低于3dB的轴比带宽重叠部分在1.09 GHz-1.83GHz、为50.7%。增益大于3dB 及轴比小于3dB 的波束宽度均达到90°。天线工作频率覆盖四大导航系统,包括中国的北斗系统、美国的GPS 系统、欧洲的伽利略(GALTLEO)系统和俄罗斯的格洛纳斯(GLONASS )系统的频段,天线可应用于全球卫星导航定位系统和无线宽带通信系统中。     

GPS／GLONASS双星定位差分解算失效分析及解决措施

分析了GPS（全球定位系统）／GLONASS（全球卫星导航系统）双星接收机双星定位的原理,目的是解决多站雷达高精度定位中接收数据差分解算的失效,提出在GLONASS变化时把导航数据文件．jps转换成Rinex后再用Pinnacle处理或将双星接收机设置为单一的GPS模式下导航数据用Pinnacle处理的方法,用这两种方法处理的导航数据可进行差分解算,计算的定位精度满足设计要求。     

A technique for the current control of availability of navigation definitions of GPS/GLONASS users based on data of the wide area differential system

Atechnique for the on-line monitoring of the availability of navigation support of objects has been considered using the wide area differential subsystem of GPS/GLONASS satellite radio navigation systems. This technique is based on estimating the total probability of solving the problem of navigation determinations with the specified level of accuracy and continuity. The technique developed can be used for enhancing the efficiency of algorithms of monitoring the integrity of satellite radio navigation systems and their differential supplemen3ts under conditions of exposure to sudden unfavorable geophysical factors.