ZnO基复合材料在染料敏化太阳能电池中的研究

ZnO作为染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)光阳极的研究已成为近年来的热点。简要介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的发展及其结构,ZnO在染料敏化太阳能电池方面应用的优点(如无污染、良好的形貌可控性、电子迁移率大等)和缺点,以及近年来关于ZnO与其他材料复合的制备及应用于染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的研究进展,论述了ZnO基复合材料的优点,并分析了该材料研究的发展方向。     

染料N719和Q-PbS复合敏化Zn_2TiO_4纳米晶薄膜电极的研究

为了有效的利用太阳能,提高纳米晶薄膜太阳能电池的效率,针对太阳的发射光谱和纳米薄膜的吸收光谱,设计出复合敏化的薄膜太阳能电池。采用溶胶-凝胶法在FTO玻璃上制备了Zn_2TiO_4纳米晶薄膜,用XRD和SEM分别对其物相及形貌进行了表征;以染料N719和Q-PbS为敏化剂,制备了多种Zn_2TiO_4纳米晶薄膜电极,分别测试了他们的UV-Vis吸收光谱;优选出敏化效果好的电极为光阳极组装了太阳能电池,并进行了光电性能测试。研究结果表明,纳米晶薄膜为尖晶石结构的Zn_2TiO_4,呈球形多孔,平均晶粒约80nm;染料N719和Q-PbS敏化的电极,光响应范围均扩展到可见光区,出现了明显的红移,而且复合敏化的电极在可见光区具有较强的吸收;制备了多种染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC),在模拟太阳光下,Zn_2TiO_4+Q-PbS(2min)+N719薄膜电极组成的DSSC的性能最优,其开路电压0.65V,电流密度3.3mA/cm~2,填充因子77%和转化效率达1.61%。     

水热法制备TiO_2/ZnO纳米花光阳极及其光电性能

采用水热法在TiO_2薄膜上制备ZnO纳米花,通过研究氢氧化钠溶度对ZnO纳米花生长形貌的影响,并调整工艺以优化ZnO纳米花形貌;同时把TiO_2/ZnO复合薄膜光阳极组装成染料敏化太阳能电池,通过测试得出J-V、EIS曲线。结果表明,基于TiO_2/ZnO复合薄膜染料敏化太阳能电池开路电压0.80 V,短路电流4.65mA/cm~2,转化效率2.32%;其性能优于单一的TiO_2染料敏化太阳能电池。     

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池关键电极材料研究进展

柔性太阳能电池具有轻便、可弯曲的优点,可用于可穿戴设备等器件的即时充电,具有广阔的应用前景,受到持续广泛的关注。柔性太阳能电池制备中的关键在于基材以及与之相关的电极材料的制备。本文综述了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池近几年的发展情况,着重介绍了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极、对电极以及柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的底电极和电子传输层。结果发现高温烧结目前仍是制备高效染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极不可避免的方法,而对电极则不受这一限制并且已经有多种材料的效率超过了高温烧结的铂。柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究重点是用其他材料代替底电极中柔性较差的ITO以及高温烧结的电子传输材料TiO₂,并且都取得显著成效。在此基础上,展望了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的发展方向。     

染敏太阳能电池中过渡金属硫化物对电极研究进展

近年来,第三代太阳能电池——染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSC)因制造成本低、环境污染少、生产工序简单等优点而备受关注。对电极作为DSSC的重要组成部分是影响其光电转换性能及稳定性的重要因素。综述了对电极材料在DSSC中的作用以及研究现状,重点介绍了过渡金属硫化物(transition-metal sulfides,TMSs)在DSSC中的研究进展,阐述了TMSs与其他对电极材料相比具有的优异性能及其制备方法和性能参数,最后提出了今后DSSC研究的主要方向是继续开发各种原料易得、成本低廉和稳定高效的新型对电极材料。TMSs染料敏化太阳能电池作为化合物薄膜太阳能电池中非常重要的组成部分,具有很大的应用前景。     

染料敏化太阳能电池及TiO2薄膜材料研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池是一种新型的太阳能电池,与传统的硅太阳能电池相比,由于具有原材料来源广泛、成本低、理论转换效率高等诸多优点,因此成为下一代新型太阳能电池的瞩目产品.就染料敏化太阳能电池的结构与工作原理,对其纳米多孔TiO2薄膜电极材料的研究现状进行了详细阐述,并对太阳能电池及其关键材料的发展方向进行了展望.     

染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的基本结构、工作原理和影响其光电转换效率的关键材料,如阳极材料、染料、电解质、阴极材料;综述了各组成部分的研究现状和发展趋势.对于DSSC的研究,有序半导体氧化物薄膜的进一步优化,全吸收染料的合成以及高效准固态或固态电解质的应用,对提高电池的整体性能具有重要的意义.此外,还评述了近年来DSSC所面对的问题,展望了其工业化进程.     

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO_2光阳极的制备

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池(Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell,FDSSC)是以聚合物或金属等柔性材料为基底的染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell,DSSC)。相比于刚性DSSC,其具有可弯曲、低成本、易大面积加工和应用范围广等优点,越来越受到人们的关注。柔性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2光阳极的制备方法,根据热处理温度的不同可以分为低温和高温制备方法,其中包括化学法、压力法、电泳沉积法、转移法、金属基底上的制备以及一些新的制备方法等。本文结合DSSC光阳极中电子的传输和复合的基本原理,针对电极的各制备方法进行了综述,并对电池的相关性能作了一定的介绍;最后,对FDSSC未来的发展前景和有潜力的研究方向进行了展望。     

染料敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池的界面电荷复合

染料敏化的纳米晶TiO2太阳能电池(DSSC)作为传统硅太阳能电池的一种可行的替代品近年来引起了广泛关注,但是受制于TiO2/染料/电解液界面的电荷复合,开路电压V∞未能得到有效改善,进而影响了DSSC的性能.介绍了DSSC的工作原理.详细阐述了DSSC中TiO2/染料/电解液界面电荷的复合机理,并介绍了目前国内外在抑制DSSC界面电荷复合,提高V∞及光电转换效率η方面的研究动向.     

染料敏化太阳能电池中电解质的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池是一种新型的太阳能电池（DSSC）。简要介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的结构和基本原理，根据太阳能电池中电解质的类型分为液体电解质、准固态电解质和固体电解质，分别讨论了其研究进展及优缺点，同时对未来染料敏化太阳能电池的发展进行了展望。     

Surface modified TiO2 nanostructure with 3D urchin-like morphology for dye-sensitized solar cell application

Three-dimensional (3D) urchin-like rutile TiO2 powders were synthesized by a mild hydrothermal method without any templates. An individual urchin-like TiO2 powder consists of self-assembled nanorods with a length of about 150 nm and width of about 10 nm. Additionally, the urchin-like TiO2 nanopowders were coated with an ultra-thin ZnO layer in order to modify the surface properties of the nanopowders, and the ZnO layer was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The ZnO-modified TiO2 was used as a photoelectrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and the solar cell performances were investigated. In comparison with bare TiO2, ZnO-modified TiO2 improved the photovoltaic performances, i.e., energy conversion efficiency, open circuit voltage, and short circuit current were increased. The higher DSSC performance of ZnO-modified TiO2 was attributed to its higher dye loading and lower charge recombination rate.     

Application of TiO2 nanoparticles coated multi-wall carbon nanotube to dye-sensitized solar cells

This study uses the sol-gel method to prepare TiO2 nanoparticle, and further applies TiO2 nanoparticle coating on the surface of the multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT). As a result, TiO2-CNT composite nanoparticles are prepared to serve as photoelectrode material in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). First, after acid treatment of MWCNT is used to remove impurities. Then, the sol-gel method is employed to prepare TiO2-CNT composite nanopowder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that after the TiO2 in TiO2-CNT composite nanopowder has been thermally treated at 450 degrees C, it can be completely changed to anatase phase. Furthermore, as shown from the SEM image, TiO2 has been successfully coated on CNT. The photoelectrode of DSSC is prepared using the electrophoretic deposition method (EPD) to mix the Degassa P25 TiO2 nanoparticles with TiO2-CNT powder for deposition on the indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass. After secondary EPD, a thin film of TiO2/CNTs with thickness 17 microm can be acquired. For the prepared TiO2-CNT composite nanoparticles, since MWCNT can increase the short-circuit current density of DSSC, the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of DSSC can be effectively increased. Experimental results show that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSC using CNT/TiO2 photoelectrode and N719 dye is increased by 41% from the original 3.45% to 4.87%.     

Solution Combustion Synthesis of TiO2 and Its Use for Fabrication of Photoelectrode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

Three different types of TiO2 nano powders were synthesized by a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method using three different fuels and for comparison, another type of TiO2 nano powder was synthesized by calcination of titanyl hydroxide. These TiO2 nano powders were used to fabricate photoelectrodes for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and their performance was compared to that of the DSSC fabricated with Degussa P25 TiO2. The results showed that the SCS TiO2 could work well as photoelectrode for DSSC. The SCS TiO2 contained impurities of C and/or S, thus exhibiting visible light absorption and reduced band gap. The open circuit voltage and the fill factor both varied little among the various TiO2 and thus both had little effect on the photoelectrical conversion efficiency (η). However, the variation of η was seen to be in quite a good agreement with that of the short circuit current (Isc), suggesting that η was dominated by Isc. Isc was found to be enhanced by light scattering effect due to the presence of large particles but reduced by high impurity content due to an increase in electron transfer resistance. In addition, the specific surface area of the powders was found to be an important factor affecting the Isc and thus the η.     

介孔TiO2微球水热法合成及在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

以Ti(SO4)2为钛源,采用尿素辅助水热法合成了介孔TiO2微球,利用XRD、FESEM和比表面积分析仪对样品的晶型、形貌和比表面积进行分析,探讨了尿素加入量对TiO2微球的颗粒尺寸、比表面积、孔径和孔容的影响。采用刮涂法,用所合成的介孔TiO2微球制备了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的光阳极,结果表明,尿素用量为1.2g合成的介孔TiO2微球所组装的电池在模拟太阳光的照射下(100mW/cm2,AM1.5),光电转换效率为6.2%,明显高于商用P25纳晶所组装的电池光电转换效率(4.24%)。     

ZnO调制改性染料敏化太阳能电池TiO2光阳极研究

采用丝网印刷的方式制备了染料敏化太阳能电池的TiO2薄膜光阳极、TiO2-ZnO复合薄膜光阳极以及TiO2/ZnO双层薄膜光阳极,研究了ZnO对TiO2薄膜光阳极的调制改性作用。研究结果表明分别以醋酸锌和ZnO直接掺杂制备的TiO2-ZnO复合薄膜光阳极同未掺杂的TiO2薄膜光阳极相比,以醋酸锌为原料制备的复合薄膜光阳极使电池转换效率提高了1倍,而由于微米量级的ZnO的粒径大,用其作原料制得的复合薄膜光阳极反而使电池的转换效率有所降低。以醋酸锌为原料制备的TiO2/ZnO双层薄膜光阳极同TiO2薄膜光阳极相比,电池转换效率提高了13倍,通过性能优化后电池的转换效率达到4.7%。     

ZnO/TiO2纳米管晶膜电极的制备及光电性能

采用水热法制备了ZnO纳米棒,以ZnO纳米棒为原料制备出ZnO/TiO2纳米管晶膜电极并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池.用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱仪(EDX)和N2吸脱附分析等研究了样品的结构、表面形貌和化学组成,并通过紫外可见光度计和电化学工作站探讨了煅烧温度在80~600℃范围内ZnO/TiO2纳米管电极的光电化学性能.此外,研究经TiCl4化学处理的ZnO/TiO2纳米管电极光电性能的改善情况.结果表明,600℃煅烧的ZnO/TiO2纳米管电极制备的染料敏化太阳能电池表现出较优的光电性能,其短路电流密度(Jsc)为2.28 mA/cm2,开路电压(Voc)为0.631 V,光电转换效率η为0.66%.600℃煅烧的ZnO/TiO2纳米管经TiCl4处理后的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能得到显著改善,其光电转换效率η提高到1.06%.     

Achievement of 4.7% conversion efficiency in ZnO dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated by spray deposition using hydrothermally synthesized nanoparticles

ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated using hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles by spray deposition. The effect of self-assembled nanostructures in ZnO photoelectrodes, due to the electric field during spray deposition, has been studied. Thickness of the photoelectrode is found to play a role on the cell performance, the cell with nanocrystalline film thickness of ～4.3?μm yielding an efficiency of ～2.8% for a cell area of ～3.2?cm(2). On the other hand, the cell with ZnO nanostructures is found to yield an efficiency of 4.7% (enhancement of ～60%) which is highest for the cell with area>1?cm(2) having a photoelectrode thickness of ～4.5?μm. Increased surface area due to the presence of ZnO nanostructures in the photoelectrode film helps in the adsorption of more dye molecules to the ZnO surface, which contributes to the better cell performance. The improved dye-sensitized solar cell performance is also explained with the help of light scattering by the ZnO nanostructures through extending the distance traveled by light so as to increase the light-harvesting efficiency of the photoelectrode film.     

Electrodeposition of hierarchical ZnO nanorod-nanosheet structures and their applications in dye-sensitized solar cells

We present a two-step electrochemical deposition process to synthesize hierarchical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod-nanosheet structures on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, which involves electrodeposition of ZnO nanosheet arrays on the conductive glass substrate, followed by electrochemical growth of secondary ZnO nanorods on the backbone of the primary ZnO nanosheets. The formation mechanism of the hierarchical nanostructure is discussed. It is demonstrated that annealing treatment of the primary nanosheets synthesized by the first-step deposition process plays a key role in synthesizing the hierarchical nanostructure. Photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on hierarchical ZnO nanostructures are investigated. The hierarchical ZnO nanorod-nanosheet DSSC exhibits improved device performance compared to the DSSC constructed using photoelectrode of bare ZnO nanosheet arrays. The improvement can be attributed to the enhanced dye loading, which is caused by the enlargement of internal surface area within the nanostructure photoelectrode. Furthermore, we perform a parametric study to determine the optimum geometric dimensions of the hierarchical ZnO nanorod-nanosheet photoelectrode through adjusting the preparation conditions of the first- and second-step deposition process. By utilizing a hierarchical nanostructure photoelectrode with film thickness of about 7 μm, the DSSC with an open-circuit voltage of 0.74 V and an overall power conversion efficiency of 3.12% is successfully obtained.     

染料敏化太阳能电池阳极改性技术研究进展

简要介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池(简称DSSC)的结构和工作原理;综述和讨论了近年来TiO2阳极的改性技术,包括半导体复合、梯度掺杂、过渡金属离子掺杂、贵金属沉积、表面修饰以及紫外光照射改性等方面国内外研究的进展;并对染料敏化太阳能电池的应用前景和今后研究工作的重点进行了论述.     

Dry-spray deposition of TiO2 for a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) using a nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS)

TiO2 powders were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates for application to the photoelectrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In the conventional DSSC manufacturing process, a semiconductor oxide such as TiO2 powder requires a sintering process at higher temperature than the glass transition temperature (T(g)) of polymers, and thus utilization of flexible polymer substrates in DSSC research has been constrained. To overcome this restriction related to sintering, we used a nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS) that could produce a thin coating layer through a dry-spray method under atmospheric pressure at room temperature. The powder was sprayed through a slit-type nozzle having a 0.4 x 10 mm2 rectangular outlet. In order to determine the deposited TiO2 thickness, five kinds of TiO2 layered specimens were prepared, where the specimens have single and double layer structures. Deposited powders on the ITO coated PET substrates were observed using FE-SEM and a scan profiler The thicker TiO2 photoelectrode with a DSSC having a double layer structure showed higher energy efficiency than the single layer case. The highest fabricated flexible DSSC displayed a short circuit current density J(sc) = 1.99 mA cm(-2), open circuit voltage V(oc) = 0.71 V, and energy efficiency eta = 0.94%. These results demonstrate the possibility of utilizing the dry-spray method to fabricate a TiO2 layer on flexible polymer substrates at room temperature under atmospheric pressure.