六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备工艺研究开发新进展

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)是一种能量密度很高的新型含能化合物,具有广阔使用前景.本文对其制备工艺路线进行了综述.根据工艺安全、产品纯度和制备成本对合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷三种常用硝化前体:四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADB)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADF)和四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)重点进行了讨论.     

四乙酰基ニ甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷的硝解杂质与硝解机理

研究四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷在浓硝酸和硝硫混酸介质中的硝解反应，两种介质体系中的主要硝解产物均为六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷。采用柱色谱分离从两种硝解产物中得到了两种完全不同的杂质：前者为五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷；后者为五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷。硝解产物中存在不同杂质说明，四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷在两种不同的硝解剂中发生的硝解反应遵循不同的硝解机理。     

硝酸法制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷

本文研究使用浓度为90%～98%硝酸直接硝化四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,CL-20)新方法,结果得到高产率高纯度的γ-HNIW.同时对反应中间产物二硝基,四硝基,五硝基衍生物进行了分离和鉴定,据此提出了分步硝化机理.     

硝-硫混酸硝化四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备CL-20反应机理

为了研究四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)的混酸硝化反应机理,采用分阶段终止反应进程的方法,先后分离并表征了五种反应中间体: 四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、三乙酰基三硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷两种异构体以及一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷.试验结果表明: TAIW笼底的两个游离仲胺基很容易首先发生硝化作用,在升温条件下,四个乙酰基再逐个发生硝解.运用薄层色谱(TLC)技术跟踪了反应进程,检测到了上述全部中间体.     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中杂质的结构表征及热分解研究

分别以四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TADBIW)为硝解基质通过亚硝解／硝解一锅法和四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TADFIW)为硝解基质通过硝硫混酸法制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)．用柱色谱对HNIW的主要杂质进行分离,以FTIR、1H NMR、MS、元素分析确定主要杂质为五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( PNMAIW)和五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(PNMFIW)．PNMFIW与PNMAIW的DSC分析和动力学参数计算表明,前者的初始分解温度和分解峰温均比后者的高,且前者的分解表观活化能约为后者的2倍,这可能是因为,对于一取代基的五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷六元环上的甲酰基比五元环上的乙酰基有助于笼型结构的稳定。     

2,6,8,12-四硝基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷的合成及量子化学研究

以2,6,8,12-四乙酰基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)为原料,经过三氟乙酸酐保护、硝化、脱保护等反应,制得了2,6,8,12-四硝基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(TNH2IW);用SnCl2分步还原六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW,CL-20)也可制得TNH2IW。在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平下求得了TNH2IW的分子几何、电荷分布和热力学性质,计算了TNH2IW的热容、熵等热力学参数,给出了这些参数和温度之间的函数关系。在不破坏笼形结构和硝基的原则下通过构建等键反应求得TNH2IW的生成热为461kJ·mol-1。计算表明TNH2IW的爆速为9.13km.s-1,爆压为38.9GPa,爆轰性能高于TNT和RDX,与HMX相当。     

六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物的合成研究

分别以四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TAIW)和四丙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TPIW)为原料,通过酰化反应合成了四乙酰基二丙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADPIW）、四乙酰基二正丁酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TADBIW)、四乙酰基二异丁酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAD/BIW)、四丙酰基二正丁酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TPDBIW)及四丙酰基二异丁酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TPD/BIW)等5个六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物,并通过元素分析、1H NMR、FTIR等手段鉴定了它们的结构。     

五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷的结构表征

硝解２,６,８,１２－四乙酰基－４,１０－二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（ＴＡＤ－ＦＩＷ）制得了２,４,６,８,１０,１２－六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（ＨＮＩＷ,ＣＬ－２０＃）,但产物中含有少量副产物。采用柱色谱将其分离,经ＦＴＩＲ、＾１ＨＮＭＲ、ＭＳ（ＣＩ）及元素分析鉴定,证明了它为五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（ＰＮＭＦＩＷ）。     

UHPLC-QTOF-MS高效检测CL-20合成过程的杂质（英）

为了快速准确检测和分析六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)合成过程中产生的中间体和杂质，控制CL-20纯度或品质，保证其感度及爆轰性能，采用核磁共振(NMR)和超高高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)技术快速、高效分析检测了CL-20典型合成工艺过程中组分及杂质。结果表明，六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HBIW)中的杂质为1,3-二苄基咪唑，四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADB)中的杂质为低酰基化的三乙酰基三苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TATB)，四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)中的杂质为未完全反应的TADB,CL-20中的杂质为未完全硝化的一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(MPIW)和二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(DATN)。     

含能快递

<正>印度用离子液体一锅法把TADB合成为CL-20C L-20的合成以2,4,6,8,10,12-六苄基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(H BIW)为原料,经中间体四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADB)、四乙酰基二乙基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADE)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADF)或四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T AIW)中的一种硝化得到。在这些中间体中,普遍采用T ADB经两步硝化得到CL-20,只有北理工曾报道用N2O4一锅法硝化     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.