Influence of starting voltage waveform on time sequence to restart DC transmission lines

Based on experiments and calculations, this paper describes the influence of the time constant of the dc starting voltage on the no‐voltage time required for successful restarting and the time required to complete the restarting. (1) The 300‐kV‐class dc tension insulator assembly tested in this study was composed of disk‐type insulator units used for ac transmission lines. The insulation recovery characteristics of the dc tension insulator assembly after dc arc extinctions of 400 and 4000 A were obtained for the switching impulse voltage and simulated dc starting voltage. The results show that both methods obtained the same minimum values for the required no‐voltage time. Thus, we verified this method's validity in calculating the minimum value of the no‐voltage time required for successful restarting based on the insulation recovery characteristics obtained by the switching impulse voltage. (2) Based on the insulation recovery characteristics obtained by the switching impulse voltage after arc extinction, we calculated the relationships between the required no‐voltage time and restarting completion time versus the time constant of the dc starting voltage. As the rising time constant of the dc starting voltage increased, the required no‐voltage time decreased and the restarting completion time increased. It was shown that reducing the rising time constant of the dc starting voltage was an effective measure to shorten the restarting completion time after the arc extinction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(4): 63–70, 2000     

Insulation recovery time after fault arc interruption for rapidauto-reclosing on UHV (1000 kV class) transmission lines

The insulation recovery time after arc interruption must be known in order to select an adequate reclosing dead time of rapid auto-reclosing on transmission lines. The flashover probability of the insulation recovery voltage obtained from the insulation recovery tests using full size insulator assemblies was calculated. The insulation recovery time at the fault point for rapid auto-reclosing on UHV (1000 kV class) transmission lines was estimated     

1000 kV特高压电力变压器绝缘水平及试验技术

中国1 000 kV交流特高压系统绝缘配合不是对 500 kV系统的简单放大,也并未完全依照GB311.1-1997或IEC60071-1-1993标准,是在优化原则下研究确定的。变压器绝缘水平为：雷电冲击耐压2 250 kV、操作冲击耐压 1 800 kV、工频耐压1 100 kV(5 min)。由于特高压变压器各绕组绝缘水平及绝缘试验电压要求不同,而变压器各绕组是通过电磁耦合紧密联系的,工频和操作冲击试验电压在各绕组间按变比传递,因此势必造成有些线端绝缘设计不能按其技术规范所规定的试验电压来考核。此外,特高压电力变压器电压高、容量大、尺寸超大,试验回路尺寸也相应扩大,杂散电感、电容影响也更加突出。这将造成雷电冲击试验电压波形的波头时间拉长,而设计计算一般按照标准波头进行。因此,在特高压变压器绝缘设计中,应关注长波头试验电压的影响。文中详细介绍了中国1 000 kV交流特高压工程用电力变压器的结构特点、绝缘水平及绝缘试验中的特殊问题。     

500kV同塔双回输电线路反击耐雷性能分析

与单回500 kV输电线路相比,同塔双回500 kV输电线路杆塔高度增加,引雷面积增大,将直接影响到线路的耐雷水平。文章依据先导发展闪络判据,模拟电弧的非线性特性,建立了绝缘闪络模型。利用电磁暂态仿真软件（ATP-EMTP）,搭建了500 kV同塔双回输电线路反击耐雷性能仿真电路,分析了杆塔高度、冲击接地电阻和工频电压等因素对线路反击耐雷性能的影响。结果表明：杆塔高度增加后,线路反击耐雷水平显著降低;杆塔冲击接地电阻的增大,将导致线路跳闸率上升,在电阻较高的情况下尤为明显;同时工频电压对500 kV同塔双回输电线路耐雷性能影响尤为明显,因此,在500 kV同塔双回输电线路的设计中应充分考虑工频电压对线路耐雷性能的影响。     

低气压下复合绝缘子长串直流污闪特性

由于复合绝缘子具有的耐污性能好的优越性,我国正在建设的云广±800kV直流特高压线路也将采用复合绝缘子。为研究绝缘子面临的污秽和高海拔的综合影响,利用大型多功能人工气候室试验研究了低气压下复合绝缘子直流污秽闪络特性,结果表明:用升压法获得的复合绝缘子闪络电压比用升降法获得的50%耐受电压约高7%;复合绝缘子闪络电压与长度基本呈线性关系;气压对复合绝缘子直流污秽闪络电压的影响程度指数为0.6～0.8且受污秽度的影响;在盐密为0.05mg/cm2时,±800kV直流特高压线路所需复合绝缘子长度的基本配置应≥8.2m。     

800kV GIS设备现场冲击试验技术探讨

GIS设备的绝缘特性决定了不同的试验电压波形对不同绝缘缺陷的灵敏度。交流耐压试验对绝缘介质污染这一类型的故障发现比较有效,作为投运前的交接试验手段老炼效果良好;而冲击电压试验对绝缘子表面的脏污和导电毛刺等电场结构异常的发现非常有效。GIS设备整体装配完成后,在现场仅进行交流耐压试验,无法提供设备投运前全面的最终检查,因此现场交流耐压试验通过后还应进行现场冲击电压试验。     

1000kV交流输变电工程设备的外绝缘特性

针对晋东南—荆门百万伏级交流输变电示范工程,研究了交流输变电设备空气间隙的工频、操作和雷电冲击电压放电特性,典型分裂耐热扩径软导(母)线及分裂导线、管型母线基于不同空气间隙的工频、操作及雷电冲击电压特性及高海拔对绝缘子污耐压的影响。通过这些真型试验研究,获得了我国特高压技术研究的基础试验数据,其研究成果可为特高压工程建设提供设计参考依据。     

1 000 kV交流输电线路长串绝缘子污秽特性的研究

对1000kV交流输电线路长串绝缘子,按照真型布置进行人工污秽工频耐受特性研究。其研究内容包括绝缘子串长与50%人工污秽工频耐受电压关系;普通型、双伞型绝缘子及异型串的污耐压特性;附盐密度SDD、附灰密度NSDD、上下表面不均匀积污比、串型、型式对污耐压特性的影响等。其研究结果对1000kV交流输电线路污秽外绝缘的合理设计及可靠运行具有重要的指导意义。     

振荡冲击及交流电压下绝缘子表面金属微粒放电特性研究

近年来由于绝缘子沿面放电引起的绝缘故障较为多见,冲击耐压及冲击下局部放电检测是绝缘考核和诊断的有效手段。文中采用IEC 60060-3推荐的振荡型雷电及操作冲击和工频交流电压,针对110 k V气体绝缘组合开关设备(GIS)真型绝缘子金属微粒缺陷模型进行了局部放电特性研究。在工频交流(AC)电压下,局部放电起始电压和闪络电压的差值小于2种振荡型冲击电压,其随气压增大而增加;在冲击电压下,局部放电大多发生在振荡周期的上升沿处,在电压波谷处会出现相反极性的局部放电脉冲;金属颗粒位置对放电量、放电重复率等影响较大。结论表明,相比于工频交流电压,GIS绝缘子表面金属颗粒缺陷在外施电压为振荡型冲击电压时易产生局部放电,说明了振荡型冲击电压局部放电检测具有较高缺陷检出能力。     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms -

To lower the lightning impulse withstand voltage of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is important to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding researches, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Then, the dielectric breakdown voltage ? time characteristics were measured under several different conditions on the quasi-uniform SF6 gas gaps and partly the coneshaped insulating spacers that represent insulation elements of GIS for six kinds of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. In this paper, the resultant breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration, which led to their formulation in a unified way. On the basis of these insulation characteristics and their unified formulation, the paper investigated a method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. When the constructed algorithm was applied to five examples of representative two type waveforms in the lightning surge time region, they were converted into standard lightning impulse waveforms with crest values reduced by 20% to 34%, suggesting potentiality for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of GIS.     

500 kV交流线路复合绝缘子并联间隙应用研究

为了设计和开发性能优良的的超高压输电线路并联间隙防雷保护装置,开展了绝缘子串并联间隙的相关研究,包括其雷电冲击放电特性试验、操作冲击放电特性试验、工频短路电流试验和工频电压分布研究。提出了一种兼具绝缘子防雷保护和工频电场均压功能的环形并联间隙,并评估了加装并联间隙后的500 kV交流线路的耐雷性能。研究结果表明,所设计的并联间隙具有绝缘子雷击闪络保护、转移疏导工频电弧和均匀电场分布的功能,使得平原地区架空线路加装并联间隙后雷击跳闸率低于0.14次/(100 km.a)。     

7 200 kV/480 kJ冲击电压发生器的输出电压特性

介绍了国家电网公司特高压直流试验基地户外冲击试验场的7 200 kV/480 kJ冲击电压发生器的结构特点,并对该冲击电压发生器的雷电冲击电压、标准操作冲击电压、500 ms 和1 000 ms长波头操作冲击电压的输出特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：雷电冲击输出电压幅值达到了6 271 kV,标准操作冲击电压的棒板间隙耐受电压和击穿电压分别达到了3 844和4 845 kV。表明该冲击电压发生器可以满足±800 kV特高压直流输电技术和更高电压等级输电技术的试验要求。     

一起363kVGIS充电闪络故障的原因分析

分析了一起363kVGIS充电时闪络故障的原因,提出了GIS交接试验中做交流耐压试验的同时应进行局部放电的测量,并在条件许可的情况下进行操作冲击电压试验,以避免如绝缘子伤痕和裂痕、自由微粒、悬浮电位和异物遗留在GIS内部等原因而造成GIS故障。     

1000kV交流线路长串绝缘子污秽特性的研究

针对我国准备建设的1000 kV电压等级的交流输电线路用的长串绝缘子,按照真型布置进行人工污秽特性研究。其研究内容包括绝缘子串长与50％人工污秽工频耐受电压U50关系；普通型、双伞型绝缘子及异型串的污耐压特性；附盐密度SDD、附灰密度NSDD、上下表面不均匀积污比对污耐压特性的影响等。指出绝缘子串的U50与串长呈非线性趋势；按线性拟合所求取的U50较试验所求取的U50要高1．6％-10．2％；单片绝缘子污耐压随着海拔的增加而下降等。其研究结果对1000 kV交流输电线路工程造价、线路的可靠运行及污秽外绝缘的合理设计具有重要意义。     

华东电网500 kV线路历年污闪事故分析及外绝缘配置优化研究

对华东电网500 kV线路发生的污闪事故分析表明,爬距不足和绝缘子伞型不合理是造成线路污闪的最主要原因。根据污闪事故分析,以及为确认线路的安全运行状况,对不同串型、不同形式500 kV线路绝缘子串进行了不同污秽度下的污秽试验,得到了不同试品的污耐压曲线,试验结果为500 kV线路的污秽外绝缘配置以及正确选型提供参考依据。在此基础上,通过总结华东电网超高压线路的运行经验,并结合试验研究和实际工程应用的基础,研究了各种绝缘子积污特性和爬距有效利用系数,对华东电网500 kV线路提出了合理的外绝缘配置。     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Gas Insulated Switchgears for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Breakdown Characteristics for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms Associated with Lightning Surges

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding paper, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. In this paper, the dielectric breakdown voltage - time characteristics were measured under several different conditions mainly for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gaps that represent an insulation element of a GIS toward four kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms associated with lightning surges. As a result, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 3% to 32%.     

直流输电系统接地极线路导线脱落事故原因分析及防范措施

500 k V伊穆直流输电系统接地极线路导线发生绝缘子炸裂、导线落地事故,由于接地极线路招弧角放电间隙过小,导致直流系统在操作过电压作用下产生燃弧现象。直流系统无法熄弧是造成事故的主要原因,对此提出了加大招弧角放电间隙、调整接地极线路绝缘配置等防范措施。     

A damage mechanism: lightning-initiated fault-current arcs tocommunication cables buried beneath overhead electric power lines

A lightning strike to an energised overhead conductor of an electric power line is dangerous; the lightning impulse will establish a conductive path across the power-line insulator, down the pole, and through the soil to any buried utility line. In a significant number of cases, this conductive path will allow the establishment of a large, long-duration power fault current from the lightning-struck power conductor to the buried utility line. This power arc will terminate on the grounded pipe or cable shield, causing rupture and failure. The existence of this damage mechanism was confirmed in the laboratory with a full-scale mock-up of a utility right-of-way. The phenomenon of lightning-triggered arc establishment through soil was then examined more closely with a high-resolution apparatus in which most parameters could be tightly controlled. Artificial lightning impulses from 0.3 to 2.8 MV and 60-Hz power-line voltages from 6.24 to 15.71 kV were used. Soil condition, electrode spacing, power-line voltage, lightning impulse voltage, and geometry were found to govern the probability of a lightning-initiated fault current arc through the soil in a predictable manner. For soil of 500 000-Ω·cm resistivity, the distance between a simulated power system lightning ground and a buried cable at which a fault current arc is not initiated was found to be about 40 cm. This safe distance was proportional to the geometric mean of the power-line voltage and the peak lightning impulse voltage     

500kV交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆绝缘结构研究

本文叙述交联聚乙烯 (XL PE)绝缘电缆绝缘统计设计方法。论述我国研制开发 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘结构采用绝缘统计设计方法的合理性。叙述我国 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘水平要求。论述对照日本已经运行的 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘结构参数和绝缘质量控制要求 ,采用绝缘统计设计方法 ,按相同可靠性原则作为我国 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆确定电缆绝缘厚度和绝缘质量控制要求的基础是合理的。本文提出不同导体截面 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的推荐绝缘厚度。     

特高压同塔双回交流线路的外绝缘特性

为确保线路运行安全,针对我国第1条1000kV交流特高压同塔双回线路特点,采用真型杆塔进行了工频电压、不同波前时间操作冲击和雷电冲击电压的放电特性试验;并利用污秽试验大厅开展了长串绝缘子的污耐压特性试验研究,获得了多条重要的放电特性曲线及长串绝缘子污耐压曲线。根据真型杆塔空气间隙试验结果及过电压计算结论,提出了1000kV交流特高压同塔双回线路杆塔最小安全间隙建议值,依据长串绝缘子污耐压试验结果,推荐了线路绝缘子配置参数。