Practical Application of ±250‐kV DC‐XLPE Cable for Hokkaido–Honshu HVDC Link

The long‐term dc properties of DC‐XLPE insulation materials, which have been developed for dc use, were investigated. It was found that the lifetime of DC‐XLPE under dc voltage application is extended by the addition of nano‐sized filler. The time dependence of the space charge distribution at 50 kV/mm was observed for 7 days. Almost no accumulation of space charge in DC‐XLPE was found. The 250‐kV DC‐XLPE cables and accessories were manufactured and subjected to a type test and PQ test for use in the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link facility owned by the Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. These tests were performed under conditions that included a polarity reversal test for line commutated converter (LCC) systems as recommended in CIGRE TB 219. The test temperature was 90 °C. The type test and PQ test were successfully completed. The DC‐XLPE cable and accessories were installed in summer 2012 for the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link. After the installation of the dc extruded cable system, a dc high‐voltage test at 362.5 kV (=1.45 PU) for 15 min was successfully completed in accordance with CIGRE TB 219. This dc extruded cable system was put into operation in December 2012 as the world's highest‐voltage extruded dc cable in service and the world's first dc extruded cable for a LCC system including polarity reversal operation.     

Insulation recovery characteristics of 500 kV class dc insulator assemblies after arc extinction

The insulation recovery characteristics of 500‐kV‐class dc insulator assemblies were measured. Switching impulse voltage was applied to a tension insulator assembly and three kinds of suspension insulator assemblies (V‐, Y‐, and I‐arranged) following arc extinction. Arc current ranged from 400 A to 4000 A and arc duration from 0.1 s to 0.4 s.

• (1) All insulator assemblies show slow insulation recovery after arc extinction up to an impulse withstand voltage of 100 to 200 kV. The insulation recovery rates increase near the impulse withstand voltage of 500 kV.
• (2) At arc current of 400 to 4000 A, for a duration of 0.1 s, the recovery rate for all insulator assemblies decreases with increases in arc current. This is believed to be due to the increases in the postarc gas temperature caused by the increased arc current.
• (3) When the arc duration is increased from 0.1 s to 0.2 s at a current of 4000 A, the insulation recovery of the V‐ and Y‐arranged assemblies is delayed by 0.05 s. This is believed to be due to the increases in the temperature of postarc gas caused by the longer arc duration.
• (4) By measuring the insulation recovery characteristics of the tension insulator assembly and three kinds of suspension insulator assemblies with an arc current of 4000 A and an arc duration of 0.1 s, the minimum value of nonvoltage time for a 500‐kV dc transmission line is calculated to be 0.17 s. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(3): 29–39, 1999

     

Development of 500 kV dc PPLP-insulated oil-filled submarine cable

This paper outlines the development of a 500 kV dc oil-filled submarine cable capable of transmitting 2800 MW with a ±500 kV 2800 A bipole system. Although polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP) has been employed as ac cable insulation material, this is the world's largest first application to dc cables. The conductor size is 3000 mm², which would be the largest size for submarine cables. Various fundamental and prototype tests have proved that the cable has excellent characteristics electrically as well as mechanically. The cable and accessories are currently undergoing a long-term accelerated aging test as a final confirmation of their reliability and stability. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 120 (3): 29–41, 1997     

Historical review of high voltage switchgear developments in the 20th century for power transmission and distribution system in Japan

In Japan during the 20th century, developments of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus advanced tremendously and circuit breakers were the center of these developments. And as a result, 1100 kV SF/sub 6/ gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for ac transmission systems and also 500 kV dc GIS for dc transmission systems have become available. Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) have also been actively developed and a 168 kV two break VCB and 100 kA VCB are already available. This paper describes these developments and future trends in technology.     

±800 kV特高压直流工程直流滤波器设计关键问题研究

依据±500kV高压直流输电工程直流滤波器设计经验,研究分析了±800kV特高压直流输电工程直流滤波器设计需要考虑的关键问题,包括：直流侧谐振,直流滤波器可能发生的典型故障;介绍了用于计算直流滤波器典型故障的模型和方法。以云广±800kV特高压直流输电工程为例,对直流侧谐振进行了校核,对直流滤波器设备暂态定值进行了计算。研究结果表明,云广±800kV特高压直流输电工程直流滤波器设计是合理的,可满足直流系统安全可靠运行要求。     

Operating tests with a 6.6‐kV reduced model of rectifying‐type fault current limiter system

Fault current limiters (FCL) are extensively needed to suppress fault currents, particularly for trunk power systems heavily connected to high‐voltage transmission lines, such as the 500‐kV‐class power system which constitutes the nucleus of the electric power system. In this paper, we propose a new FCL system, consisting of solid‐state diodes, a dc coil, and a bypass ac coil, and describe the specifications of the trunk electric power system and the 6.6‐kV reduction model. Also we propose a 6.6‐kV trial model and describe an efficiency test with a short circuit generator, which we have trial produced for the new FCL system. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(3): 29–36, 2001     

不同海拔地区同塔双回±660kV直流线路杆塔空气间隙距离的选择

同塔双回±660kV直流输电工程直线塔布置型式在国内外尚属首次,其冲击放电特性与以往±500kV单回I串水平排列、±800kV单回V串水平排列时的冲击放电特性有很大差别。为解决我国宁东-山东同塔双回±660 kV直流工程杆塔空气间隙的选择和海拔修正问题,首先利用真型模拟塔头,对V型绝缘子串在不同夹角下的操作冲击和雷电冲击放电特性进行了试验研究,然后分别在低海拔地区(北京)和高海拔地区(西宁),对±660kV同塔双回直线塔头进行了冲击放电特性试验,得到了海拔2000m及以下地区的海拔校正系数。最后,结合宁东-山东直流输电工程的实际情况,在1.8pu操作过电压下,对于海拔1000m及以下地区,±660kV同塔双回塔头的上层空气间隙距离建议为4.8m,下层空气间隙距离建议为4.9m;当海拔为2000m时,这2个距离分别建议为5.4m和5.5m。     

±1100kV/5000A特高压直流输电换流阀非周期触发试验仿真研究与试验验证

换流阀是直流输电工程中的核心设备,除电气设计及结构设计均比较复杂外,电器元件的选择也是核心工作,随着大功率电力电子器件的飞速发展,其技术的先进性和运行的可靠性也得到了大幅度提升,6英寸晶闸管现已在特高压直流输电换流阀上得到了普遍使用。换流阀在挂网运行之前需要对其进行绝缘型式试验,绝缘型式试验是对换流阀的绝缘性能进行全面的考核,文中将对±1 100 kV直流输电换流阀绝缘型式试验中的非周期触发试验进行研究,非周期触发试验是对换流阀考核最为严格和全面的一项试验,旨在考核换流阀在操作冲击电压下通过冲击电流的能力,同时也考核了VCM对换流阀晶闸管器件开通和关断的控制及保护能力。笔者利用PSCAD仿真软件对±1 100 kV换流阀的非周期触发试验进行了仿真分析,分析结果可知,给单阀施加规定的操作冲击电压574.4 kV时,单阀通过冲击电流的能力约为6 045 A,并得到试验验证。     

云广±800kV直流输电工程控制系统的特点

云广±800kV直流输电工程由于采用了2个12脉动阀组串联的接线形式而使得使得其控制系统比±500kV常规直流更为复杂。在全面总结和分析了云广±800kV直流输电工程控制系统的功能的基础上,指出其大多数功能与±500kV常规直流的基本相同;主要区别在于增加了单个阀组的自动投退控制,适应直流孤岛方式的特殊控制,以及与SVC之间的协调控制。     

±500kV同塔双回直流线路极导线排列方式探讨

±500kV同塔双回直流输电由于输送容量大、占地少等因素在我国得到了推广应用。±500kV同塔双回直流极导线排列方式应综合考虑电磁环境、防雷性能、走廊宽度、电晕等因素并结合工程本体造价综合考虑。本文以溪洛渡送电广东±500kV同塔双回直流输电工程为例,从导地线表面场强、地面合成场强、离子流密度、可听噪声、无线电干扰、导线对地最小距离及走廊宽度、防雷性能等方面,对同塔双回直流线路几种极导线排列方式进行了综合比较分析。     

Development of insulation structure and enhancement of insulationreliability of 500 kV DC GIS

The paper describes the development of insulation structure and enhancement of insulation reliability of 500 kV DC GIS (gas insulated switchgear). Considering problems of metallic particles and charge accumulation on spacers, the developed insulation structure of GIS consisted of three regions, i.e. the spacer, particle scavenging and nonlevitating regions. Particles could be efficiently scavenged, and the developed GIS withstood all insulation specifications with sufficient margins under the clean and particle-contaminated condition. Now, a long-term site test for one year of the 500 kV DC GIS has been continued since October in 1995     

±1100 kV直流纯SF_6气体绝缘穿墙套管关键技术研究

±1100 k V直流纯SF_6气体绝缘穿墙套管(以下简称±1100 k V直流穿墙套管)为目前世界电压等级最高的直流设备,也是直流输电系统中的关键设备。依托昌吉至古泉±1100 k V特高压直流输电工程,以±1100 k V直流穿墙套管为研究对象,建立了套管的三维物理模型,从直流绝缘材料、电场强度、机械强度及温度场等方面进行优化设计,并制造了±1100 k V直流穿墙套管样机。该样机顺利通过了全套型式试验验证,其各项性能指标均满足工程要求。通过该套管的研制,掌握了特高压直流SF_6气体穿墙套管的关键技术,并可以推广应用到其他电压等级产品中。     

适用于柔性直流电网的500 kV级直流电缆与架空线路并联运行控制及保护策略

高压直流电缆是跨海长距离输电和新能源并网的重要装备,高电压等级、高通流能力的直流电缆还处于研发阶段。为推进高压直流电缆研发,考验长期运行性能,依托国内某±500 kV柔性直流电网工程建立了直流电缆综合试验站。该柔性直流工程线路主要采用架空线,试验站位于其中一个换流站单极出线处,采用直流电缆与架空线路并联运行方式,其运行控制和保护配合复杂、可靠性要求极高,尚无工程经验可循。针对500 kV级直流电缆试验段与架空线路并联切换运行的接线方式,提出了试验站直流电缆监视和投入退出控制策略、故障保护策略以及过负荷运行控制保护策略。仿真试验结果证明,所提策略可保证直流电缆接入柔性直流电网后可靠运行。     

Space change behavior in full scale ±250 kV dc XLPE cables

Space charge in full size ±250 kV dc cables was measured using a pulse-electroacoustic method. Two newly developed types of dc XLPE cables with 20 mm thick insulation were subjected to measurements at a dc voltage of 500 kV, keeping the conductor temperature either at room temperature or at 85°C. Qualitative analyses of the space charge distribution and the quantitative analysis of the electric fields in the vicinity of semicon interfaces were made. It was shown that the field in the vicinity of the inner semiconductor tends to increase by 10 to 40% when the polarity of the applied voltage was switched, in the case when the conductor was kept at 85°C. However, the distortion of the electric field was significantly smaller than that expected with conventional XLPE cables. As a result, dc cables are considered to have stable dc characteristics from the viewpoint of space charge behavior. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 124(2): 16–28, 1998     

特高压直流换流阀单阀交流试验方法研究

±800 kV直流输电是目前世界上直流输电领域电压等级最高的输电方式.±800 kV特高压直流换流阀是特高压直流输电(UHVDC)中的关键设备,在投入电网使用之前必须要进行严格的型式试验.单阀交流耐压试验,是特高压直流换流阀绝缘型式试验中一个比较特殊的试验项目.笔者以国内自主试验的首例±800 kV换流阀绝缘型式试验为...     

±500kV换流站吊车施工安全距离研究

现有规程对±500 kV换流站内大型机具使用的安全距离均未做规定,而实际工作中经常需要在换流站内使用吊车、叉车等特种机具。为保证在换流站内使用吊车进行工作时的安全性,通过对母线,直流滤波器,套管,支柱绝缘子等典型设备电场状态的分析,选定最具代表性的设备表面为典型电极,模拟电极开展大量交、直流混合加压试验。实验应用了最严酷的试验条件,即在进行直流叠加操作冲击的复合电压放电特性试验时,对模拟作业间隙施加正极性直流电压叠加正极性操作冲击。在使用统计分析工具对试验数据进行分析的基础上得出每种情况下的最小安全作业间隙,进而推导出吊车在换流站施工的安全距离标准。     

±800 kV特高压直流输电工程直流滤波器设计研究

介绍了直流输电工程采用的直流滤波器的类型与构成,分析了±800 kV特高压直流输电工程换流器在直流侧产生的谐波的特点,并与±500 kV高压直流输电工程做了比较。以实际的±800 kV特高压直流输电工程为例,对换流器在直流线路上产生的等效谐波干扰电流进行了计算,对不同直流滤波器设置方案下的滤波效果进行了比较,并以计算结果为依据提出了较为合理的±800 kV特高压直流输电工程直流滤波器设置方案,为最终确定实际工程直流滤波器方案具有一定的参考作用。     

10kV交流配电网升级改造不同方案的对比分析

选择20kV配电电压等级和采用中压直流配电在现有线路上进行改造升级都能够解决当前国内10kV交流配电网供电能力不足的问题,但每种方案的特点和适用情况各有不同。文中对配电网升级改造的不同方案进行对比分析。首先根据线路的电气绝缘配合要求选择±10kV和±15kV作为待研究的直流配电电压等级。然后,以辐射状配电网为例比较了分别采用10kV交流、20kV交流、±10kV和±15kV直流配电等4种方案时的供电能力,分析了采用不同方案时运行效率随总负荷、供电半径、中压直流负荷及分布式电源并网功率等的变化情况。对4种方案的经济性进行了初步的分析。     

±500 kV同塔双回线路杆塔空气间隙操作冲击放电特性试验研究

在海拔2 100 m和50 m地区对±500 kV同塔双回线路杆塔空气间隙的操作冲击放电特性进行试验研究,在实验条件下,获得了上、下层间隙的50%放电电压曲线,验证了下横担的存在对上层空气间隙的操作冲击放电特性无明显影响。基于两种海拔高度试验结果对比,提出了海拔2 100 m及以下地区的海拔校正方法和校正系数,进而给出了当操作过电压标幺值取1.6时,不同海拔高度下所要求的杆塔上、下层空气间隙的最小允许距离。成果已用于指导溪洛渡右岸电站送电广东±500 kV同塔双回直流输电工程的外绝缘设计。     

1100 kV substation - basic design/specifications of GIS for UHV AC and its verification test and site

In Japan, to satisfy the steadily increasing demand for electricity in urban areas, 1100 kV substation equipment have been developed, and a part of the 1100 kV transmission lines were constructed. 1100 kV substations would be located in the mountainous areas, so they must be made as compact as possible to meet installation space constraints and to harmonize with the natural environment. Thus, 1100 kV substations adopt Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) as the main circuit from transmission line entrance to transformer bushings. Because the substation is one of the most important items in a 1100 kV system, the equipment in 1100 kV substations requires to be of extremely high reliability. Additionally, various technologies that have not been used in 500 kV and lower systems are applied. To establish carefully the 1100 kV equipment technologies, TEPCO constructed a UHV Equipment Test Station (in the 500 kV Shin-Haruna substation), which has the minimum component of a 1100 kV substation-3 single-phase transformers (3000 MVA bank) and 1 bay of GIS (8000 A). Connecting these facilities to the actual grid in 1996, a field verification test has been carried out. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.