The distribution and macrofauna of ponds in stretches of an alpine floodplain differently impacted by hydrological engineering

The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of hydrological engineering on distribution, morphology and macrofaunal community composition of ponds in an alpine floodplain. The study was conducted in 1995 with the study sites being located on the Isar floodplain (Bavaria, Germany). The density of ponds was highest in a bypassed section of the floodplain with a residual flow regime and unrestricted peak floods (up to 40 ponds per river kilometre). In a channelized section and downstream of a reservoir, density was much lower. In 1995, about one third of the ponds were removed by floods or dried out in summer. About the same fraction was generated as a result of flood events. The composition of the macroinvertebrate and vertebrate faunas of 59 ponds was investigated. Cluster analysis classified the ponds into four groups. One of the faunal types was limited to ponds generated by the 1995 floods, where only a few predominantly rheophilic species occurred. The other types represented older successional stages and were inhabited by more species‐rich faunas composed mainly of Odonata, Heteroptera and Coleoptera. In the channelized stretch of the Isar floodplain, and downstream of the reservoir only a single pond was generated by the 1995 floods; this caused a lower abundance and diversity of pond types. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of mesohabitat‐specific relationships between flow velocity and river discharge to assess invertebrate minimum flow requirements

The benthic macroinvertebrate community in the sixth order lowland River Spree (Germany) was investigated in order to assess ecological effects of a flow reduction. The benthic habitat was composed of visually distinguishable mesohabitats. Eight mesohabitats were delineated, Dreissena‐bank, unionid mussel bed, rip‐rap, coarse woody debris (CWD), alder roots, stable sand, shifting sand and mud. The mesohabitats differed in their physical structure and hydraulic nature. These functional habitats were partly inhabited by distinct invertebrate assemblages. The use of mesohabitat‐specific relationships between flow velocity and discharge seemed the most appropriate approach in order to assess the impact of flow reduction on lotic fauna. In combination with the species‐specific optima and tolerances for flow velocity, this approach can be used to develop a minimum flow level that mitigates the effects of flow reduction and enables the persistence of rheophilic invertebrates in their specific mesohabitat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

森林植被改善对鄱阳湖流域径流和输沙过程的影响

以河流基流为切入点,研究流域植被调节径流、水土保持等微观作用影响大中型河流湖泊径流过程和水沙过程宏观效应的机理。鄱阳湖流域60年来天然降水没有发生趋势性变化。流域森林覆盖率由34.73%上升到63.00%,植被质量改善,赣江等入湖河流基流增加83 m~3/s,河流输沙量减少。2000年以后和2000年以前相比较,枯水期降水径流系数增大,年流量过程平坦化,一定程度上减小洪灾风险,有利于水资源利用和生态环境保护。2001年以后进入鄱阳湖泥沙平均每年减少1 007×10~4t;出湖泥沙增加314×10~4t。因此,鄱阳湖入江水道由淤积转变为冲刷,但出湖流量过程没有趋势性变化。     

渭河流域主要控制断面旱限流量确定

旱限流量是评估河流干旱等级的水文特征指标,是启动抗旱应急响应等级的重要依据,是做好抗旱水量应急调度的重要基础。依据水文断面下游主要取用水需求,分析计算各取水口取用水量,以取用水量与河道生态流量之和作为初值,综合确定旱限流量。通过对渭河流域主要控制断面旱限流量的分析研究,确定拓石、魏家堡、咸阳、临潼、华县的旱限流量分别为:16.0、11.0、10.0、50.0、12.0 m3/s,为科学合理判断水文干旱等级及进行抗旱指挥决策提供可靠依据。     

水利工程对汉江中下游水文生态的影响

主要采用1980年以前的数据资料,分析丹江口水库建成后对汉江中下游径流量、泥沙、水温、水质、鱼类等的影响。结果表明:水库运行使汉江中下游水量减少,流量过程均化;防洪能力提高;泥沙大量减少;汛期水温降低;鱼类资源减少;水质没有明显的变化。汉江中下游水质恶化和发生水华的主要原因是污染增加。南水北调中线工程建成运行后,汉江中下游江段流量将比现状大幅度减少,流速变缓,对水污染的稀释自净能力降低,生态环境可供水量不足,使水文生态朝着不利的方向发展。     

Invertebrate drift patterns in a regulated river: dams,periphyton biomass or longitudinal patterns?

Macroinvertebrate drift was sampled at 15 sites along the Tongariro River, New Zealand above and below two hydroelectric dams. Sixty‐seven invertebrate taxa were collected in the drift. Trichoptera (31) were the most diverse, followed by Diptera (13), Ephemeroptera (8) and Plecoptera (8). However, chironomidae were the numerically dominant taxa in the drift throughout the river and represented over 80% of all animals collected. Of these, Orthocladiinae and Diamesinae were the most abundant. Taxonomic richness declined with distance downstream and peaked at sites with intermediate levels of periphyton biomass. The per cent of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) was 3–4 times higher in the unregulated section of the river and declined exponentially with both distance downstream and increase in periphyton biomass, but densities were similar along the river. Of the measured environmental variables periphyton biomass was most closely linked with drift community structure. Periphyton biomass was six times higher in the lower section of the river than the upper unregulated section. The autocorrelation between periphyton biomass and distance downstream complicates the interpretation of results. However, because of the distinct differences between above and below dam sections of river in periphyton biomass and the strong link between it and invertebrate drift we suggest that the alteration of flow patterns by the hydroelectric dams and the associated shift in periphyton biomass is the most likely explanation for invertebrate drift patterns in the river. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于基流和降水的水文气象综合干旱指数构建及在渭河的应用

为响应黄河流域生态保护的国家战略,对流域干旱做出更全面的评估。根据渭河1960—2010年20个气象站的气象数据和华县水文站的水文数据,采用数字滤波法获得基流数据,基于Copula函数构建了新的关于基流和降水的综合干旱指数(CPBI,Comprehensive Precipitation and Base Flow Index),探讨了CPBI的适用性,并运用该指数分析了渭河流域的干旱特征。结果表明,CPBI能够同时捕捉到气象和水文的干旱事件,并综合表征其干旱特征;CPBI在各个尺度上都有下降趋势,干旱情况日趋严重;经过游程理论识别后,CPBI更准确地反映了渭河华县站的严重干旱情况,能够更好地提供干旱预警;CPBI存在变异,在四季及年尺度上变异点分别为1994、1993、1985、1999和1975年。CPBI在渭河是一种有效的干旱监测指数,可为渭河的干旱预警和应对工作提供参考。     

Quantifying and characterizing contemporary riparian sedimentation

Fluvial processes of erosion, sediment transport and deposition determine the changing form and sedimentary structure of naturally adjusting riparian zones. Riparian sediment storage has both scientific and management importance in relation to: (i) the quantities of sediment that are involved; (ii) the quality of the sediment; and (iii) the dispersal of biological materials, notably the vegetation propagules that are transported and deposited in association with the sediment. After discussing the significance of riparian sedimentation processes, this paper reviews methods for quantifying contemporary sediment deposition within water bodies and their margins. Methods for investigating contemporary riparian sedimentation are given particular emphasis, and the extent to which different methods provide comparable estimates and have been used to support the analysis of different physical and chemical properties of the sediment are outlined. The importance of the following are stressed: (i) selecting a sampling method that is suited to the sedimentation environment; (ii) incorporating careful cross‐calibration if measurements from different methods are to be combined; and (iii) replicating measurements to give more robust estimates if small traps are employed. It is concluded that artificial turf mats provide a useful design of sediment trap across a range of environmental conditions because: (i) their surface roughness reduces problems of sediment removal by flood waters or rainfall; (ii) their pliability permits installation on irregular surfaces; (iii) they can be securely attached to the ground with metal pins to resist high shear stresses from river flows; (iv) they are robust and light and so easily manipulated in the field and laboratory; (v) it is possible to fully recover the deposited sediment to accurately determine the amount of sediment deposited and to support a range of other analyses. Results are presented to illustrate how artificial turf mats can be used to estimate the quantity and quality of deposited sediment and to explore the associated deposition of viable seeds. This provides one example of the important hydroecological role of riparian sedimentation processes and of the potential for the development of innovative, interdisciplinary research on riparian sediment dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.