Permeation Through Plastic Dangerous Goods Packaging During Transport in Freight Containers – Detection of Potentially Explosive Mixtures in Containers Under Normal Conditions of Carriage

The key point within the scope of this research project was to find out whether there was a risk of creating an explosive atmosphere by permeation of flammable liquid compounds during transport of dangerous goods in freight containers under normal conditions of carriage. Therefore, all aspects that had an influence on the formation of such an atmosphere had to be considered. The most important influencing factors were permeation, air change in the freight container and ambient temperature. The first step was to investigate the permeation with different packaging materials, charge and temperatures. Furthermore, the air change rates of different freight containers were measured. A few climate tests with containers on ships, e.g. to Singapore, were performed to assess normal conditions of carriage. Another important point was measuring the solvent (toluene) concentration in the gas phase in a freight container loaded with plastic intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) filled with toluene. To confirm that the measured values were in the right range, the toluene concentration in the gas phase in a container was calculated with different packaging materials, air change rates and temperatures. The results of the measurements and calculations have shown that safety layers in the packaging wall, e.g. the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and polyamide, can reduce the rate of permeation by more than a decimal power, but the lower explosive limit of toluene is easily reached within a few hours at 40°C charge temperature if there is no barrier. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers for Dangerous Goods

Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for liquid dangerous goods require a ‘vibration test’ for type approval introduced in the United Nations Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. The test has to be performed as a repetitive shock test practically identical to the test procedure previously prescribed by the US Department of Transport. It is conceptually simple but has several drawbacks. The kinetics and dynamics of a bouncing IBC have been investigated by means of simple computational models. With increasing complexity, partially plastic impact, elastodynamic response and the excitation of internal vibrations not directly affected by the bounces can be covered. The latter is a model for the sidewall vibrations. The numerical results show that the control over the specimens' response is only partially defined in the test procedure. Chaotic movements at resonance are possible and must be suppressed by changing the test parameters, which is mostly left to the test engineer. Accordingly, it is not possible to interpret the test results with a sound relation to real transport vibration environment. Experimental results, however, suggest that vibration testing of IBCs improves safety because resonance effects in a frequency range excited by typical transportation loads exist. A more detailed numerical model is necessary for the assessment of the fatigue damage imposed on IBCs by the prescribed or alternative, more realistic test procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

出口锂电池危险品运输包装的安全设计与防护

目的研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的设计要素和防护措施。方法针对出口锂电池危险品的特性,系统总结国际技术法规对于锂电池运输包装的安全规范,并比较分析国际海运危险货物运输规则(IMDG CODE)和国际航空运输协会危险品运输规则(IATA DGR)中的特定指引要求。依据跌落试验、堆码试验的物理性能指标的设计,研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的物理安全性能。结果提出了保证出口锂电池危险品运输包装安全的建议,同时基于此类危险品包装的整体安全设计和单元防护,提出了锂电池组合包装、有效防短路保护、塑胶外壳防护等安全要素优化方案。结论研究提出的安全设计要素和防护措施,可以为锂电池危险品运输包装的安全防护提供重要的实践指导。     

危险货物运输包装救助包装的使用探讨

目的为了降低危险货物运输及流转过程中的包装使用风险,对救助包装的安全使用进行探讨。方法总结危险货物救助包装的检验要求,并结合救助包装的应用实例,分析救助包装使用过程中存在的主要问题。结果救助包装的安全使用可以在一定程度上确保出现问题的危险货物包装的流转安全,最大程度降低意外事故造成的危险性和经济损失,减少了次生危害。结论有关救助包装的使用探讨,提出了救助包装使用过程中的注意问题,从而可以有效地加强对危险货物的安全管理。     

The effectiveness of the United Nations' leakproofness tests

The regulations for the packaging of dangerous goods, which are applicable world-wide for the various modes of transport, include performance tests. It is impossible to conduct laboratory tests for every environmental condition, but the tests can produce a conservative estimate of the situation during transport. This paper analyses the so-called leakproofness test as one of the design-type tests for packagings covered by the United Nations' (UN) recommendations for dangerous goods.     

乘客安全气囊工厂包装件的改进探索

目的采用改进包装的方式降低乘客安全气囊(PAB)工厂包装件的运输危险性。方法依据乘客安全气囊在联合国外部火烧试验(UN6c试验)的结果,结合LS-DYNA动力有限元软件的分析,先后采用网格式和条栅式金属丝网笼包装控制金属迸射物的产生。结果条栅式金属丝网笼包装成功束缚了所有动能大于8 J和动能大于20 J的金属迸射物,使乘客安全气囊工厂包装件成功通过了联合国外部火烧试验。结论改进后的包装符合联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书(TDG)中对危险品包装的有关要求,将原分类为第1类(爆炸品)的乘客安全气囊工厂包装件降低为第9类(杂项危险品),使乘客安全气囊(PAB)工厂包装件适合更多形式的运输。     

铁路危险货物集装箱运输中的包装问题

影响危险货物集装箱运输安全的因素很多,其中最主要的因素是危险货物的包装材料及包装方式.研究了包装材料及包装方式与运输安全的密切关系,提出了集装箱内装货物的包装应采用"小包装"的建议.     

民航运输弹药包装探讨

以联合国国际民航组织颁布的《危险品航空安全运输技术细则》为依据,分析了我国利用民航货机运输弹药的操作中,弹药包装存在的不足,探讨了通过提高弹药包装标准化程度、增加危险品标识、改进包装设计等措施,改善我军弹药航空运输包装的设想。     

中散包装与危险品包装生命周期评价比较研究

对中散包装与危险品包装生命周期进行了评价研究。利用Simapro 软件对2 种固体危险货物包装形式———一般包装(瓦楞纸箱)和中型散装容器(纤维板箱IBC)进行了生命周期分析,并将结果进行了对比。可以看出中型散装容器与一般包装相比优势明显,在分析所涉及的11 个环境类别的影响上均小于一般包装,其中,差距最大的为臭氧层耗竭损害,仅为一般包装的60%,最小的为酸化/ 富营养化,为一般包装的90%。结果显示IBC 优势明显,在大量货物运输的过程中,若2 种包装类型均能达到运输效果,应选取对环境影响较小的IBC 进行运输。     

Sift‐proofness of Dangerous Goods Packagings – An Incompletely Defined Requirement

Sift‐proofness is a requirement for different types of dangerous goods packagings for solid substances according to the international Dangerous Goods Regulations. In these regulations, a sift‐proof packaging is defined as a packaging that is completely impermeable to dry contents. This means indirectly that absolutely no mass transport of solid substances is allowed. Moreover, this requirement applies both to the original filling substance and to fine solid material generated during transport. Further specifications, test conditions or tolerable limit values are not given. This is in contrast to physical principles and the usual practice in other fields of technology in which sift‐proofness is relevant. This paper shows the necessary steps for how the requirements for sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings can be defined more precisely. Physical basics of the term ‘sift‐proofness’ are explained. A qualitative as well as a quantitative approach is possible. In any case, it is essential to carry out appropriate vibration tests to assess the sift‐proofness. There is a need for systematical investigations of the sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

危险品包装的发展及常见质量问题探讨

介绍了危险品包装的含义及发展趋势,针对多种形式的危险品包装在检测过程中的常见质量问题,进行了原因分析。并结合危险品包装的发展趋势,为危险品包装的实验室检测提出了应对建议,以期为危险品包装生产者及相关方提供借鉴。     

危险品包装的安全监管与检测技术

包装是危险品物流及贸易的基础,从危险品包装的特殊功能和要求入手,综述了国内外关于危险品包装质量及安全监管方面的法律法规和标准,并归纳了相关的检测技术,提出了对提高危险品包装安全监管水平的若干思路.     

危险货物包装检测关键点分析与质量控制

目的控制危险货物包装检测关键点来保证性能检验质量。方法根据危险货物包装种类并结合其性能检验过程中的难点,逐一对其6项常规性能测试指标进行分析。结果归纳和提炼了危险货物包装检测的关键点并在实际检测工作中加以应用。结论对于危险货物包装检验鉴定机构以及生产企业做好产品质量检验具有较强的现实指导意义。     

Explosion protection for vehicles intended for the transport of flammable gases and liquids--an investigation into technical and operational basics

In Europe, the transport of flammable gases and liquids in tanks has been impacted by new developments: for example, the introduction of the vapour-balancing technique on a broad scale and the steady increase in the application of electronic components with their own power sources; furthermore, new regulatory policies like the ATEX Directives are being enforced in the European Union. With this background in mind, the present investigation aims to provide a basis for future developments of the relevant explosion protection regulations in the safety codes for the transport of dangerous goods (RID/ADR). Specifically, the concentration of gas in the air was measured under various practical conditions while tank vehicles were being loaded with flammable gases or liquids. These spot-test data were supplemented by systematic investigations at a road tanker placed in our test field. With respect to non-electrical ignition sources, a closer investigation of the effect of hot surfaces was carried out. With regard to improving the current regulations, the results of our investigation show that it would be reasonable to implement a stronger differentiation of the characteristics of the dangerous goods (gaseous/liquid, flashpoint) on the one hand and of the techniques applied (loading with and without vapour-balancing system) on the other hand. Conclusions for the further development of the current international regulations are proposed.     

A finite element‐based approach for whole‐system simulation of packaging systems for their improved design and operation

The introduction of legislation to minimize packaging waste requires consumer goods manufacturers to use lighter‐weight materials and increase the use of recycled materials. This is demanding that machinery manufacturers provide highly flexible machines and tooling capable of handling these materials and new package designs. However, the ability of manufacturers to achieve this is all but prevented by a lack of fundamental understanding of machine–material interactions and an ability to generate such understanding. One way to overcome this is to use advanced simulation tools to represent the whole system including machine, process, materials and product. A finite element‐based simulation has been created to represent the in‐process behaviour of a packing system. The simulation focuses on the critical transition between flattened and erected states of a carton. In order to successfully simulate such a complex process, there are a number of major challenges concerning the representation of packaging materials and their properties, changing material behaviour during processing, machinery simulation and process modelling (simulating the interfacial interactions that take place during processing). The application of the whole‐system simulation for the purposes of improved design and operation are discussed with respect to four activities: design and set‐up of tooling, determination of optimal process settings, specification of material properties and the design of the pack. In all cases, a strong correlation was observed between the theoretical results and those obtained practically, thereby enabling quantitative understanding and quantitative rules to be generated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗菌塑料包装的应用及安全评估研究进展

目的 介绍抗菌剂在塑料包装中的应用及国内外的研究进展,阐述抗菌剂在改善包装材料抗菌性能方面的作用机理及优缺点,并重点关注抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域中的安全性评估。方法 总结国内外抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域的研究现状,简单介绍抗菌剂分类和抗菌塑料的制备方法,并重点整理分析抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域的应用和进展,讨论塑料中抗菌剂在安全方面的问题。结果 虽然塑料包装中的抗菌剂能够提高包装材料的抗菌性能,但同时也可能在与食品接触的过程中迁移到食品中;对抗菌塑料中抗菌成分的迁移机理进行了深入研究,有助于人们认识食品接触材料的安全性和更好地发展食品接触材料。结论 抗菌塑料包装在应用中既要为包装材料提供抗菌性,还需要保证其安全性。     

山东出口危险货物包装检验监管分析与建议

目的提升山东地区出口危险货物包装检验监管水平,帮扶企业规避贸易风险、提高产品质量、扩大出口。方法根据山东地区2016年出口危险货物包装业务基本情况(包装检验46 424批,8799万件),总结业务变化(同比分别增长28.9%,27.1%)和检验的不合格信息。结果 2016年危险货物包装性能检验批次、数量分别同比增长了17.4%,13.8%;包装使用鉴定批次、数量分别同比增长了32.2%,64.5%。危险货物包装性能检验与使用鉴定之间成正比关系,性能检验逐年增长,相应的危险货物包装使用鉴定也随之出现了井喷式增长态势。结论归纳了天津"8.12"事件后山东地区业务激增原因和性能检验与使用鉴定不合格情况,从信息化、技术性贸易措施、安全特性检验管理3个方面提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

包装测试中的危险品包装试验

为了保护环境，危险品包装件在进入流通领域前必须进行测试。文章综述了危险品包装通用的试验方法及要求，并以一个特殊的危险品包装件为例，描述了其整个试验过程以及对试验结果的评价。     

绿色包装材料研究进展

目的 为更好地推动绿色包装材料的研发及利用,综述以纸包装、金属包装、玻璃包装和可降解塑料包装为代表的绿色包装材料的研究进展,以及国内外针对不同类型材料的回收体系。方法 主要总结可降解材料在应用方面存在的一些问题和不同降解机理材料之间存在的差异,介绍4种绿色包装材料的市场地位和回收系统的改进措施。结果 目前绿色包装材料的制造工艺及回收体系仍有较大的改进空间,开发经济型的环保材料并改进材料回收处理工艺对当今环境污染的防治具有重要意义。结论 传统包装材料会持续占有较大市场份额,随着可降解材料研究的深入或将逐步代替传统塑料,成为未来的主流包装材料。     

单向排气和充气技术在包装中的应用

应用单向排气和充气技术的包装主要有自动排气包装、真空包装、充气包装3种形式。自动排气包装主要通过单向阀实现自动排气功能,在咖啡包装、微波加工食品包装、特种危险品包装等领域应用较多;真空包装主要通过单向阀将包装内的气体向外抽排,主要应用于家庭真空储物袋;充气包装有充气袋包装和充气垫包装2种形式,主要通过单向阀实现充气功能,其缓冲性能与缓冲垫的充气量、长宽尺寸、薄膜的阻隔性能及所处环境的温度相关,主要应用于质量较小的电子产品、酒类、易损坏贵重物品、精密仪器等包装。