溶胀对膜萃取传质性能的影响

溶剂对膜的溶胀,使膜的物理结构发生变化,进而对膜萃取传质性能产生一定的影响。本文以３０％ＴＢＰ（煤油）－醋酸－水,正丁醇－醋酸－水和２０％７３０１（煤油）－醋酸－水为实验体系在聚砜和聚四氟乙烯微孔平板膜器中系统地了溶胀地膜萃取总传质系数的影响。结果表明,微孔膜发生溶胀后孔隙率发生明显的变化,其总传质系数有较大的下降。     

聚四氟乙烯膜气体吸收数学模型和孔隙率的影响

膜吸收是将膜分离与传统的吸收技术相结合的一种新型分离技术。在这些过程中经常使用多孔膜,多孔膜对过程的传质性能有一定的影响。对不同孔隙率的微孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)疏水性平板膜的膜气体吸收过程中液相传质性能进行了实验研究。当采用去离子水-CO2吸收体系时,多孔膜的孔隙率对液相传质性能没有影响;当采用NaOH水溶液-CO2吸收体系时,多孔膜的孔隙率对液相传质性能有明显的影响。在相同流速下,孔隙率大的膜液相传质系数高于孔隙率小的膜。以双膜理论为指导,建立了多孔膜气体吸收过程中液相传质模型。用该模型描述多孔膜孔隙率对液相传质系数的影响,其结果与实验数据具有良好的一致性。     

Performance of hollow fiber supported liquid membrane on the extraction of mercury(II) ions

The extraction and recovery or stripping of mercury ions from chloride media using microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber supported liquid membranes (HFSLM) has been studied. Tri-n-octylamine (TOA) dissolved in kerosene was used as an extractant. Sodium hydroxide was used as a stripping solution. The transport system was studied as a function of several variables: the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the feed solution, the concentration of TOA in the liquid membrane, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the stripping solution, the concentration of mercury ions in the feed solution and the flow rates of both feed and stripping solutions. The results indicated that the maximum percentages of the extraction and recovery of mercury ions of 100% and 97% were achieved at the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the feed solution of 0.1 mol/l, the concentration of TOA at 3% v/v, the concentration of sodium hydroxide at 0.5 mol/l and the flow rates of the feed and stripping solutions of 100 ml/min. However, the concentration of mercury ions from 1–100 ppm in the feed solution had no effect on the percentages of extraction and recovery of mercury ions. Thus, these results have identified that the hollow fiber supported liquid membrane process has high efficiency on both the extraction and recovery of mercury (II) ions. Moreover, the mass transfer coefficients of the aqueous phase (k _i ) and membrane or organic phase (k _m ) were calculated. The mass transfer coefficients of the aqueous phase and organic phase are 0.42 and 1.67 cm/s, respectively. The mass transfer coefficient of the organic phase is higher than that of the aqueous phase. Therefore, the mass transfer controlling step is the diffusion of the mercury ions through the film layer between the feed solution and the liquid membrane.     

Microporous anisotropic phase inversion membranes from bisphenol A polycarbonate: Effect of additives to the polymer solution

Phase inversion is a very flexible technique to obtain membranes with a large sort of morphologies. Membrane properties can vary greatly depending on the kind of polymer system used. Bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) could be used as a phase inversion membrane base polymer, and presents very good properties. Nevertheless, very little information on membrane preparation using PC and the phase inversion process can be found in the literature. In this work flat‐sheet microporous membranes were obtained by the phase inversion process using the immersion precipitation technique. A new polymer system was studied, consisting of polycarbonate, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as solvent, water as the nonsolvent, and an additive. The influence of some parameters on membrane morphology, such as polymer solution composition, exposition time before immersion into the precipitation bath, and the kind of additive was investigated. Precipitation was followed using light transmission experiments and membrane morphology was observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The viscosity and cloud points of all polymer solutions were also determined. The results were related to the studied synthesis parameters, using the basic principles of membrane formation by the phase inversion technique, looking forward to establishing criteria to control the morphology of flat‐sheet membranes using polycarbonate as the base polymer. The results showed that both additives were able to increase pore interconnectivity and even suppress macrovoid formation. The decrease in the miscibility region of the polymer system and increase in mass transfer resistance are found to be the determining factors during polymer solution precipitation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3085–3096, 2002     

膜萃取过程的传质特性研究

膜萃取是一种新型的分离技术。本文在中空纤维膜器中研究了膜萃取过程的传质特性。通过四种不同体系的实验,求取了基于水相的总传质系数,提出了求算膜萃取过程中各分传质系数k_(?)、k_(?)、k_(?)的半经验关联式。研究表明,减小膜阻可以强化膜萃取过程,提高过程的总传质系数.比较和分析膜萃取过程中各部分传质阻力,可以看出,对于萃取相平衡常数m1的体系应选用疏水膜器,对于m1体系则应选用亲水膜器。     

Sorption,diffusion, and pervaporation separation of water–acetic acid mixtures through the blend membranes of sodium alginate and guar gum‐grafted‐polyacrylamide

Nonporous homogeneous dense membranes were prepared from the blends of sodium alginate (Na–Alg) with guar gum‐grafted polyacrylamide (GG‐g‐PAAm) in the ratios of 3 : 1 and 1 : 1 and these were tested for the pervaporation separation of water–acetic acid mixtures at 30°C. Blend compatibility was studied in solution by measuring the viscosity and the speed of sound. Membranes were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The GG‐g‐PAAm polymer and the crosslinked blend membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra. High separation selectivity was exhibited by the pure Na–Alg membrane for water–acetic acid (HAc) mixtures containing 20 mass % of water. The permeation flux increased with increasing mass percent of water in the feed as well as with an increase in the amount of GG‐g‐PAAm in the blend, but separation selectivity decreased. Sorption selectivity was higher for the Na–Alg membrane than for the blend membranes, but it decreased with increasing mass percent of GG‐g‐PAAm in the blends. Diffusion selectivity values vary systematically with the blend composition, but not with the amount of water in the feed. Diffusion coefficients of the water–HAc mixtures were calculated from Fick's equation using sorption data and compared with those calculated from flux values obtained in pervaporation experiments. The Arrhenius activation parameters were calculated for the 20 mass % of water in the feed using flux and diffusion data obtained at 30, 40, and 50°C. The diffusion and pervaporation results are explained in terms of solution–diffusion concepts. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 259–272, 2002     

螺旋状中空纤维膜萃取传质特性

在对中空纤维膜萃取以及螺旋管技术进行充分调研的基础上 ,选择水 -苯酚 - 30 %TBP煤油为实验体系 ,溶质由水相萃取到有机相 ,在不同结构的单束螺旋状中空纤维膜器中研究了螺旋管纤维膜管内外流速以及螺旋管结构等因素对传质系数的影响 .实验结果表明 ,螺旋管中空纤维膜可以有效地提高中空纤维膜的传质特性 .随着管内流速的增加 ,传质系数将有很大提高 ,而管外流速对于传质系数的影响则较小 .至于螺旋结构的影响为 :随着螺旋内径的减小或者是螺旋螺距的减小 ,总传质系数相应地有很大提高 .最后得到了在本实验条件下计算总传质系数K的关联式     

逆向热致相分离法(RTIPS)制备PES/DMAc/DEG体系微孔膜及其性能表征

以PES/DMAc/DEG低临界共溶温度(LCST)体系为铸膜液,利用低临界共溶温度(LCST)的热致相分离(LCST-TIPS,简称RTIPS)法制备PES微孔膜.探究影响PES微孔膜理化性能及其结构的2个主要因素:凝胶浴温度、非溶剂(DEG)/溶剂(DMAc)的质量比.运用扫描电镜(SEM)﹑纯水通量﹑BSA截留率...     

Analysis of Extraction of Cu(II) by Strip Dispersion Hybrid Liquid Membrane (SDHLM) using PMBP as Carrier

A liquid membrane system, denoted a strip dispersion hybrid liquid membrane (SDHLM) containing 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐benzoyl‐pyrazolone –5 as carrier in xylene, was reported for the transport and separation of Cu(II) from Zn (II) ions. The effects of various factors on the transport of copper(II) ions through SDHLM were systematically investigated by orthogonal tests. The optimum transport conditions of copper ions were summarized. In the overall mass transfer process the mass transfer resistance due to the aqueous boundary layer diffusion and diffusion in the microporous membrane is dominant. The accumulation of the Cu(II)‐carrier coordination compound in the membrane shows that the transfer in SDHLM possesses the characteristic of nonequlibrium mass transfer in this study. The rheologic experiments verified that the organic phase in the SDHLM system was the non‐Newtonian fluid and the organic phase after transport of 6 hr was a system of thixotropy in our experimental conditions. The lag ring experiments proved that the thixotropy of the organic phase in the SDHLM system was relevant to the composition of the membrane. In the experimental comparison of two types of liquid membrane, SDHLM has superiority over SLM in respect of transport flux, permeability coefficient, recovery percentage or concentration of solute in the stripping solution, efficiency of uphill transport, loss of membrane solution, and the separation efficiency of the membrane.     

下压式多段混合搅拌槽的实验研究

用饱和NaCl溶液作示踪剂,计算机动态数据采集,研究了0.65L下压式多段混合搅拌槽(DPSTMM)流通截面放大25倍、体积放大100倍后轴向扩散、混合时间准数以及单位体积能耗等的变化。对放大后的DPSTMM,在煤油/辛醇(体积比10:1)-醋酸-水体系中,应用串级萃取原理分析了实验测定的总效率,计算出了不同混合段数时的总传质系数K_(od)α。结果表明DPSTMM具有良好的流体力学性能和传质性能。     

Simultaneous Transport and Separation of Cu(II) and Zn(II) in Cu-Zn-Co Sulfate Solution by Double Strip Dispersion Hybrid Liquid Membrane (SDHLM)

A double strip dispersion hybrid liquid membrane (SDHLM) was successfully used in the simultaneous extraction and separation of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) from Cu-Zn-Co dilute feed phase. In the double SDHLM system, Acorga M5640-loaded membrane was placed between the 1st and the 2nd compartment, whereas the mono(2-ethylhexyl) 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate [HEH(EHP)]-loaded membrane was placed between the 1st and the 3rd compartment of the transport cell. The feed solution was filled in the central feed compartment(1st compartment) of the transport cell. The effect of the different experimental variables on separation was examined. The optimum separation conditions were summarized.

An analysis of mass transfer resistances in the double SDHLM system shows that the mass transfer resistance for the diffusion of Zn(II) ions in the microporous membrane phase is dominant and the mass transfer resistances for the diffusion of copper (II) ions in the aqueous boundary layer and in the microporous membrane phase are dominant in comparison with the overall mass transfer resistance. The experiments verify that the double strip dispersion hybrid liquid membrane (SDHLM) possesses the nonequlibrium mass transfer characteristic.     

硅橡胶复合膜处理含酚废水

采用了一种新的硅橡胶复合中空纤维膜处理苯酚废水。实验中复合膜硅橡胶厚度小于10μm,较前人使用硅橡胶管处理废水时苯酚的透过速率大大加快。处理高浓度（8.977 g/L）和低浓度（0.939 g/L）的苯酚废水时,去除效果分别能达到99.9%和96.9%。通过相应的模型计算,低浓度苯酚传质系数能达到3.92×10－7m/s,比硅橡胶管处理苯酚废水传质系数（1.29×10－7m/s）有很大的提高。实验发现碱液的浓度对苯酚传质系数没有太大的影响,与作者的传质模型比较吻合。也研究了含氯化钠的苯酚的传质,发现氯化钠的存在大大增加了苯酚的传质系数。     

The performance of composite supported polymeric liquid membranes in the Membrane Aromatic Recovery System (MARS)

This study investigates the possibility of using a composite-supported polymeric liquid membrane (CSPLM) configuration for the Membrane Aromatic Recovery System (MARS). The membrane was prepared by impregnating the liquid membrane phase into the pores of a composite flat sheet membrane consisting of a microporous support and a thin non-porous layer. A polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF) microporous support coated with a thin non-porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer was chosen as a composite membrane due to its superior combination of mass transfer rates and chemical resistance among the membranes tested and polypropylene glycol (PPG) was used as a liquid membrane phase due to its high affinity for phenol. The resulting membrane showed uniform selectivity and operational stability under the continuous MARS operating conditions for more than two months. The mass transfer rates () were 5 times higher than those of the silicone rubber tubing () which is used in commercial scale MARS technology. The CSPLM also exhibited reduced water flux and low sodium ion transfer. The partition coefficient of phenol between PPG/water was measured as 84. A marked effect of ionic strength on partition coefficient of phenol was observed with partition coefficient increase to 134 when measured in the presence of 20 wt% KCl in phenol aqueous solution.     

Fabrication and characterization of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene membranes with high antifouling properties

In this study, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene microporous flat‐sheet membranes were prepared via a thermally induced phase separation method with a mixture of dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate as a diluent. The effects of the polymer composition and coagulation bath temperature on the morphology and performance of the fabricated membranes were investigated. The hydrophilicity results of the membranes demonstrated that membrane modification reduced the water contact angle by about 45°, whereas the pure water flux was enhanced about four times. The antifouling behavior of the fabricated membranes was also investigated in a membrane bioreactor. The results show that the pure water flux, membrane pore size, and porosity decreased, whereas the antifouling performance was improved with increasing polymer concentration and decreasing bath temperature. Finally, the results reveal that the removal efficiency of contaminates was independent on the membrane characterization and was done exclusively through biological removal. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43857.     

Removal of chlorine from dilute salt aqueous solution with a flat microporous membrane

This paper reports on a new technology for removing chlorine from dilute aqueous solutions produced in electrolysis of potassium chloride using a flat Teflon microporous membrane. Preliminary experiments indicate that at 55°C the overall mass transfer coefficient is 5.5 × 10⁻⁵ m/s. The treatment capacity of 2.78 × 10⁻⁵ m³/m²· s was examined. This technology is superior to conventional air blow-out methods and has considerable commercial potential.     

Mass transfer coefficients in a pulsed packed extraction column

The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients have been measured in a pulsed packed extraction column using diffusion model for the toluene/acetone/water system. The experiments were carried out for both mass transfer directions. The effects of operational variables such as pulsation intensity and dispersed and continuous phases flow rates on volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients have been investigated. The experimental findings indicate that pulsation intensity and mass transfer direction have great influence on volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient. Significant, but weaker, are the effects of continuous and dispersed phase flow rates. The experimental results obtained in the present work are compared with some other types of extraction columns. Finally, two empirical correlations for prediction of the continuous phase overall mass transfer coefficient is derived in terms of Sherwood and Reynolds numbers. Good agreement between prediction and experiments was found for all operating conditions that were investigated.     

紫外光诱导接枝共聚制备离子识别性聚丙烯微孔膜

以聚丙烯微孔膜(MPPM)为支撑,采用物理包埋和紫外光诱导共价键合组合法固定光引发剂,再通过紫外光诱导接枝共聚制得离子印迹复合膜。考察了制备条件对离子印迹聚合物接枝量的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)-能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)对复合膜表面及截面离子印迹聚合物的分布进行了分析。静态水接触角和纯水通量实验结果显示,离子印迹复合膜具有良好的表面亲水性和渗透性,纯水通量可达(2 077±77)L/(m2.h)。再生性研究表明,离子印迹复合膜具有良好的再生性能,10次吸附-脱吸附循环后,膜对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量和选择性系数分别能维持在90%和80%以上。     

Mass Transfer Studies in Stirred AirLift Reactor

In the present work, water and three phase compositions of Solka-Floc, a cellulose fiber for simulating the biomass in bacteria, yeast, and fungal fermentation were studied in a 1.4?m³ stirred airlift reactor. The fractional dispersed phase holdup and the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured. The dispersed phase riser gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients both increased with increasing riser superficial dispersed phase velocity (0.02–0.1?ms^?1) and agitator speed in the range of 0–5?rs^?1. An increase in the Solka-Floc concentration (1–3% w/v) was found to reduce ?_GR and K _L a _L . Empirical correlations have been developed for fractional dispersed phase gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients.