Natural gas internal combustion engine hybrid passenger vehicle

The implementation of hybrid electric vehicles powered with alternative fuels is critical in reducing national dependence on imported crude oil, addressing the detrimental environmental impact of increasing petroleum usage worldwide, and sustaining the national economy. The question is not whether changes should be made, but instead centers on identifying pathways that will lead to the greatest environmental and economic benefits. To avoid misuse of limited infrastructure investment, the objective of this research is to consider a broad range of relevant factors to determine desirable power plant–fuel combinations for hybrid electric vehicles. In the long term, fuel cells may dominate this application, but at least in the short term, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) will not likely offer immediate substantial benefit over internal combustion (IC) engines. Environmentally friendly operation of the PEMFC results partly due to low‐temperature operation but primarily due to the requirement of a clean fuel, hydrogen. In addition, the differential benefits from power plant choice can be overshadowed by the advantages obtained from hybrid electric vehicle technology and alternative fuels. Consequently, the fuel flexibility of IC engines provides an advantage over the relatively fuel inflexible PEMFC. The methane/hythane IC engine hybrid option, as developed and presented here, is a promising pathway that avoids the barriers encountered with conventional non‐hybrid natural gas vehicles, namely range, power and fueling infrastructure difficulties. Dynamometer testing of the natural gas hybrid prototype on the certification FTP‐72 duty cycle revealed very low emissions and mileage greater than 33 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent. This hybrid option utilizes a domestic, cost‐effective fuel with renewable sources. With multi‐fuel capability (methane, hythane and gasoline) it is also designed for use within the emerging hydrogen market. This hybrid option offers reliability and cost‐effective technology with immediate wide spread market availability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程.结果 表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响.当喷...     

船用柴油机应用柴油/甲醇二元燃料的性能特性研究

在柴油/甲醇二元燃料(DMDF)燃烧模式下,研究了不同负荷下甲醇替代率对船用柴油机性能的影响,以及不同喷油时刻对DMDF燃烧的影响。试验结果表明:不改变原机喷油定时的情况下,发动机25%负荷率时最大替代率为57. 8%,50%负荷率时最大替代率为59. 6%,100%负荷率时最大替代率为36. 7%;受喷醇流量的限制,在75%和90%负荷率时,甲醇替代率分别只做到49. 1%和39%。据试验情况分析,限制甲醇替代率提高的因素有发动机失火和发动机最高燃烧压力过高等,因此,除受试验条件限制的负荷区域(50%～90%负荷率)外,将DMDF在船用柴油机上的非稳定运行的区间分为失火限制区和最高燃烧压力限制区,分别对应的负荷率范围大致为0～50%和90%～100%。另,喷油时刻太靠后会限制甲醇替代率提升,其主要原因是发动机易失火;而喷油时刻太靠前则因最高燃烧压力升高限制了甲醇替代率的提升。     

Emission characteristics of jatropha oil blends using waste wood producer gas

This paper reports about the release qualities of preheated jatropha oil mixes alongside producer gas from waste wood pieces of babul in double-fuel direct injection diesel motor. Jatropha oils were inspected in both individual and double-fuel modes at a consistent gas stream rate of 21.69 kg/h at all loading conditions. From the results it might be inferred that oxides of nitrogen and smoke emission decrease although carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) increase for all test fuels in double-fuel operation contrasted with that of a single mode at diverse loading conditions. All fuel blends show preferable emissions over that of diesel.     

Leveling the playing field of transportation fuels: Accounting for indirect emissions of natural gas

Natural gas transportation fuels are credited in prior studies with greenhouse gas emissions savings relative to petroleum-based fuels and relative to the total emissions of biofuels. These analyses, however, overlook a source of potentially large indirect emissions from natural gas transportation fuels, namely the emissions from incremental coal-fired generation caused by price-induced substitutions away from natural-gas-fired electricity generation. Because coal-fired generation emits substantially more greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutants than natural-gas-fired generation, this indirect coal-use change effect diminishes potential emissions savings from natural gas transportation fuels. Estimates from a parameterized multi-market model suggest the indirect coal-use change effect rivals in magnitude the indirect land-use change effect of biofuels and renders natural gas fuels as carbon intensive as petroleum fuels.     

Liquefied natural gas submerged combustion vaporization facilities: process integration with power conversion units

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporization facilities offer an excellent opportunity of primary energy saving by means of integration with power conversion units that is still weakly exploited in actual installations. This work focuses on the evaluation of primary energy saving achievable by the integration of an LNG vaporization facility with a gas turbine and with a cogenerative combined gas‐steam power plant. The fuel energy saving ratio is used as the main performance parameter to evaluate the primary energy saving derived by system integration, with respect to conventional submerged combustion vaporization. Twelve possible configurations are analyzed with steady‐state calculations. Results show that a primary energy saving greater than 15% with peak values up to 27%, corresponding to 2.98 TJ/year, is achievable. The paper shows that the fuel energy saving ratio can be used as a synthetic and effective parameter to estimate the energy‐saving potential of different plant configurations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴油引燃天然气发动机燃烧过程的研究

对柴油引燃天然气发动机的着火过程、燃烧过程进行研究,提出了相应的数学模型,并进行了试验验证。着火模型的基本框架仍然采用Shell模型,但考虑到CH4对柴油着火过程的影响,修正了Shell模型。对CH4的均质燃烧过程,以简单的一步表观反应动力学概念的阿伦纽斯(Arrhenius)公式为基础,综合湍流脉动对化学动力学的影响,提出了一个新的燃烧模型。模拟计算借助了KIVA-3软件,修正的Shell模型和燃烧模型作为独立子程序与KIVA-3进行了耦合。研究表明,讨论的模型能够较好模拟柴油引燃天然气发动机的着火和燃烧过程。     

天然气汽车的储气技术

推广和应用天然气汽车是降低汽车排放污染的有效途径，天然气作为汽车燃料的一个技术关键是天然气贮气技术。文章介绍了目前车用天然气贮存方法的现状及研究中的贮气技术。     

天然气/柴油双燃料发动机不同天然气供给量计算方法及试验研究

基于试验的方法研究等热值法、理论等空气消耗量法和实际等空气消耗量法3种不同的计算方法对发动机动力性、经济性及排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:等热值法和理论等空气消耗量法对发动机的性能影响差异较小,各工况差异低于5%。实际等空气消耗量法确定的天然气供给量能明显提升发动机动力性,平均增加动力42.33%。不同天然气供给量计算方法在未对燃料供给进行优化时,未能有效降低发动机有效燃料消耗率,在大负荷工况有效燃料消耗率偏差平均为6.85%。双燃料模式下NOx排放得到明显改善,HC+NOx排放在中、高负荷工况时能满足排放限值要求,CO排放在低转速工况满足排放限值要求。     

双燃料发动机天然气逃逸的仿真研究

以Z6170型柴油机改造后的进气总管喷射进气柴油/LNG双燃料发动机为研究对象,在Fluent软件环境中,运用动网格技术模拟气门重叠期天然气逃逸过程,定量分析转速、进气提前角和排气迟闭角对双燃料发动机气门重叠期天然气逃逸的影响。仿真结果表明:进气总管喷射进气双燃料发动机气门重叠期存在天然气逃逸现象;在其他条件相同的情况下,发动机转速升高,一个工作循环内气门重叠期CH_4逃逸量减少;气门重叠角大小对气门重叠期CH_4逃逸的影响最大,特别是进气提前角影响尤为突出。     

Effect of natural gas enrichment with hydrogen on combustion characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine

Environmental benefits are one of the main motivations encouraging the use of natural gas as fuel for internal combustion engines. In addition to the better impact on pollution, natural gas is available in many areas. In this context, the present work investigates the effect of hydrogen addition to natural gas in dual fuel mode, on combustion characteristics improvement, in relation with engine performance. Various hydrogen fractions (10, 20 and 30 by v%) are examined. Results showed that natural gas enrichment with hydrogen leads in general to an improved gaseous fuel combustion, which corresponds to an enhanced heat release rate during gaseous fuel premixed phase, resulting in an increase in the in-cylinder peak pressure, especially at high engine load (4.1 bar at 70% load). The highest cumulative and rate of heat release correspond to 10% Hydrogen addition. The combustion duration of gaseous fuel combustion phase is reduced for all hydrogen blends. Moreover, this technique resulted in better combustion stability. For all hydrogen test blends, COV_IMEP does not exceed 10%. However, no major effect on combustion noise was noticed and the ignition delay was not affected significantly. Regarding performance, an important improvement in energy conversion was obtained with almost all hydrogen blends as a result of improved gaseous fuel combustion. A maximum thermal efficiency of 32.5%, almost similar to the one under diesel operation, and a minimum fuel consumption of 236 g/kWh, are achieved with 10% hydrogen enrichment at 70% engine load.     

双燃料发动机天然气供气系统设计

详细介绍了自主设计建造的匹配DF机及ME-GI机的低压和高压天然气供气系统的基本构成、主要设备选型以及相关设计要点。研究成果可为船舶天然气供气系统的设计,或客户在确认供气系统时提供参考。     

Emission characteristics of diesel fuel composed of linseed oil (Linum Usitatissium) blends utilizing rice husk producer gas

This paper highlights the experimental investigation of the emission characteristics of linseed oil blended with rice husk producer gas in a diesel engine modified to dual mode. Linseed oil was assessed in both single and dual-fuel mode with a constant gas flow rate of 21.69 kg/h at distinctive load conditions. From the experimental values it is seen that both oxides of nitrogen (NO) and smoke opacity diminish; however, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon (HC) increase for all test fuel blends in dual-fuel mode in comparison to that of a single mode at various loading conditions. It is noted that all fuel blends show better emissions over that of diesel for both the modes.     

Natural gas‐based transportation in the USA: economic evaluation and policy implications based on MARKAL modeling

The recent divergence in domestic energy costs between oil and natural gas drives an investigation of the potential for further demand‐side utilization of natural gas in the USA. An economic assessment of the US transportation sector was conducted with a focus on the penetration of technologies that use natural gas as a fuel. Bottom‐up modeling of the US energy system using the market allocation framework enabled estimation of the optimal technology mix in both the light‐duty and heavy‐duty vehicle segments, over a 40‐year time horizon, under various scenarios of technical learning rates and natural gas prices. A modified functional form of Moore's law was developed and anchored to municipal transit bus data, to represent technical learning with regard to natural gas vehicle costs. Modeling results suggest that the present levels of natural gas vehicle penetration are suboptimal and a number of market failures were identified, which are most likely to propagate under‐adoption into the foreseeable future. Some policy guidelines, aimed at the federal level, were outlined as potential responses to the market failures discussed herein. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

车用发动机柴油天然气双燃料改装研究综述

对在用柴油发动机进行柴油—天然气双燃料改装不仅可以降低燃料费用成本,而且可以显著减少汽车尾气污染物的排放。基于不同的天然供给方式和柴油引燃量的控制方法,分析国内外柴油—天然气双燃料改装的不同技术特点和存在的问题,并对柴油—天然气双燃料改装市场初期的技术选用提出基本准则。     

不同简化机理对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放影响研究

基于三维CFD仿真软件模拟了高压直喷天然气船机的燃烧过程,探讨了四种不同简化程度机理对燃烧和排放的影响规律。结果表明：四种机理均能很好的预测高压直喷天然气船机在不同喷射时刻下的缸压和放热率。四个机理预测的燃烧相位和最高爆发压力随喷射时刻提前或推迟变化趋势一致;预测的不同燃烧相位的温度、当量比和NO_x分布存在较小差异。但35步机理和27步机理预测的碳烟排放比334步机理和250步机理高。整体上,受船机大尺度计算资源高限制,耦合简化的35步和27步机理的CFD模型预测的燃烧参数最大误差小于4.3%,预测的NO_x排放最大误差小于12.0%,能够满足船机工程开发需求。     

Small‐scale production of synthetic natural gas by allothermal biomass gasification

The gasification of biomass can be coupled to a downstream methanation process that produces synthetic natural gas (SNG). This enables the distribution of bioenergy in the existing natural gas grid. A process model is developed for the small‐scale production of SNG with the use of the software package Aspen Plus (Aspen Technology, Inc., Burlington, MA, USA). The gasification is based on an indirect gasifier with a thermal input of 500 kW. The gasification system consists of a fluidized bed reformer and a fluidized bed combustor that are interconnected via heat pipes. The subsequent methanation is modeled by a fluidized bed reactor. Different stages of process integration between the endothermic gasification and exothermic combustion and methanation are considered. With increasing process integration, the conversion efficiency from biomass to SNG increases. A conversion efficiency from biomass to SNG of 73.9% on a lower heating value basis is feasible with the best integrated system. The SNG produced in the simulation meets the quality requirements for injection into the natural gas grid. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NOx increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2006, 24(5): 394–401 [译自:内燃机学报]     

Controlling Mechanism and Resulting Spray Characteristics of Injection of Fuel Containing Dissolved Gas

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双燃料燃气轮机燃料快速切换技术分析与试验研究

通过分析国外机组资料和实际燃料切换运行曲线,逆推双燃料切换控制策略,并利用现有燃烧试验台,在保证燃烧室出口温度稳定波动的前提下,对规定时间内完成燃料快速切换的燃烧室内火焰稳定性加以验证。试验结果表明:某型机组试验可依据理论切换时间30 s换算燃机最大负荷时燃料的变化量,保证机组在60 s内完成燃料的快速切换,在此切换过程中,燃烧室内火焰稳定,动态压力最大值为4.55 k Pa。由于燃烧试验台条件与整机试验环境存在较大的差异性,试验过程得出燃料变化量仅可作为参考,主要用于减少整机试验次数并规避试验风险,最终值仍应以整机试验结果为准。