600MW超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁的热应力分析

建立了超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁的热应力场有限元计算模型。结果表明,鳍片限制管壁变形从而在接触面产生热应力,最大热应力值为1.301 GPa,而在水冷壁管的向火侧可自由膨胀导致此处的热变形最大,最大变形量为0.306mm;水冷壁最大热应力随管壁厚度的增大而增大,而随鳍片厚度的增大反而减小,厚度每增加1mm,最大热应力变化量分别为30MPa和40MPa,水垢厚度对水冷壁最大热应力的影响较小。     

燃煤电厂锅炉辐射受热面温度及热应力分析

建立了超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁有限元数学模型,结合炉膛分区热力计算的相关理论,求得管内对流换热系数和管外炉侧平均热流密度。应用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件,模拟得出各区段水冷壁截面温度及热应力分布。结果表明:各区段温度及热应力的分布规律基本相同,最高温度集中在鳍片向火侧的顶点附近;最大热应力集中在管内向火侧的壁面附近;针对区段4研究了管壁厚度变化、鳍片厚度变化、鳍片长度变化,得出结论:温度和热应力具有同等的变化属性,随着管壁厚度和鳍片长度的变化呈正比变化趋势;随着鳍片厚度的变化呈反比趋势。     

600MW锅炉机组膜式水冷壁壁温的试验研究及理论分析

在６００ＭＷ锅炉机组水冷壁热力试验的基础上,为找到使壁温发生波动的根本原因,利用有限元分析的方法对低倍率锅炉膜式水冷壁管壁温度分布随传热工况的动态变化进行了分析。分析表明：导致水冷壁管壁温度波动最根本的原因是管内传热恶化;单面受热水冷壁在管内发生传热恶化时其向火这内外壁温差随时间的波动较小,而水冷壁周向温差则随向炎侧外壁的壁温波动而剧烈波动。     

膜式壁鳍片温度与宽度关系的有限元分析

膜式水冷壁鳍片温度一直是影响锅炉安全的重要因素之一,采用有限元法对某台SZS 10—2.5—Q锅炉膜式水冷壁温度分布特性进行数值分析,得出了在一定条件下膜式水冷壁鳍片的温度分布与鳍片宽度的关系。结果表明:随着鳍片宽度的增加,鳍片上特定点的温度更高,并且最大温度梯度更高;当鳍片超过70 mm时鳍片上的最高温度超过材料许用温度。     

膜式水冷壁管管壁温度计算方法

引言随着我国电站锅炉工业的迅速发展,将愈来愈多地采用膜式水冷壁管子。所谓膜式水冷壁管就是带有矩形或梯形鳍片的水冷壁管(见图1)。在运行中膜式水冷壁一面受到炉膛火焰的强烈热辐射,另一面则涂以绝热材料。在一般运行工况下,鳍片的端部(图1中A 点)壁温最高(有时壁温最高点在管子正面B 点)。为了保证膜式水冷壁的安全运行,除了核算管子本体材料的强度(按向火侧正面的内外壁平均温     

循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管与鳍片上的温度分布

研究了循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管的传热，并通过采用二维传热分析方法，讨论了带有竖直鳍片和横向鳍片的水冷壁管上温度与热流分布。探讨了炉膛侧传热系数、水冷壁管水侧传热系数、水温、床温、水冷壁管材的导热率以及竖直鳍片部最高，然后逐渐下降，但在横向鳍处理的根部又会上升。为了验证传热分析的真实性，在1台6MWth循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管的横裁面内安置了0.8mm的热电偶，测量子水管横截面上的一些点的温度。实际测量值符合得相当好。     

附加鳍片对CFB锅炉膜式水冷壁管屏热变形影响的数值分析

基于世界首台600 MW超临界循环流化床(CFB)锅炉实炉实验数据,采用ANSYS软件建立高度×宽度为4.6 m×2 m的膜式水冷壁管屏计算模型,开展了100%BMCR(锅炉最大连续蒸发量)工况下水冷壁管屏热变形的数值模拟,分析了背火侧附加鳍片及其尺寸对水冷壁管屏热变形的影响。结果表明：由于炉内热负荷分布不同,随着炉膛高度的增加,水冷壁管屏向火侧热变形先增大后减小,在炉膛高度39.5 m处达到最大值,最大热变形量为1.43 mm;在水冷壁管背火侧焊接一块附加鳍片,可有效减小水冷壁管屏热变形,当附加鳍片尺寸为6 mm×4 mm时,水冷壁管屏向火侧热变形量减至0.57 mm。     

膜式水冷壁特定点温度相关性的研究

为了监测电站锅炉膜式水冷壁向火侧危险点壁温,基于温度场数值模拟结果研究了向火侧危险点温度和背火侧特定点温度的关系。首先用数值模拟方法计算了大量工况下水冷壁截面温度场分布,然后根据数值模拟结果拟合背火侧3个特征点温度差值与向火侧2个危险点温度的关系表达式,并进行了实验验证。通过监测水冷壁背火侧3个特征点温度,根据关系式即可实现在线间接监测向火侧危险点温度。图3表3参8     

超超临界锅炉垂直管圈水冷壁焊缝交错区域温度场建模及热应力模拟

以某660 MW超超临界锅炉为对象,构建垂直管圈水冷壁焊缝交错区域温度场模型,研究热应力分布对裂纹的影响。结果表明：焊缝交错区域管环焊缝向火侧顶点的温度高于直管段管壁向火侧顶点温度,发生超温时比直管段管壁向火侧更容易开裂;水冷壁管最大轴向拉应力位于焊缝交错区域管环焊缝焊趾向火侧顶点附近,在变负荷运行工况下易导致交变热应力,产生沿管环焊缝焊趾延伸的横向裂纹;焊缝交错区域应力集中处的等效应力大于直管段对应处,背火侧管环焊缝焊趾与鳍片角焊缝交接处等效应力最大,超过对应的高温屈服强度,材料在交变热应力作用下会诱发裂纹,裂纹沿管环焊缝焊趾向背火侧管壁延伸。     

膜式水冷壁管壁温度计算方法

我国在5万和12.5万千瓦以上的大容量高参数锅炉机组中大都采用膜式水冷壁结构。由于鳍片管的几何形状复杂,在70年代初期还没有一套准确实用的计算方法。根据国外一些有关文献计算所得的鳍片壁温与实际情况有很大的出入。本文在分析了膜式水冷壁管的结构特点和工作条件以后,提出了比较接近实际工况的简化假设,比较准确地处理了管子和鳍片部分对炉膛辐射的照度系数,热流沿管壁的均流系数和鳍端温度计算     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996